This report addresses the current status of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), their structure, major applications, standardization and markets. The Intelligent Transportation Systems aim to improve the economy by reducing the number of road accidents (making driving safer), the amount of car air pollutions and making smooth flow of the traffic.
The advances in the ITS are presently tied with the development of a “Connected Car” (CC) - a moving car that is wirelessly connected with surrounding cars and the infrastructure (as well as supporting connectivity inside of a car). Such a car opens a spectrum of new and exciting opportunities for automakers, service providers and users.
The report concentrates on those leaders; and analyzes their characteristics, parameters, marketing statistics, industries and the spectrum of applications. It also compares these technologies and their applicability to CC communications.
5.9 GHz DSRC technology is being tested and trialed in the U.S. for the last 23 years, and a rich collection of communications channels statistics has been gathered. This technology was considered for standardization by the U.S. DOT for CC communications. It has many attractions, such as the economies of scale based on the IEEE 802.11p standard, network simplicity and other. It also standardized and accepted in Europe. Note that the 2020 FCC rulemaking regarding the 5.9 GHz spectrum sharing established a solid ground for C-V2X technologies to lead CC communications.
Utilization LTE-A and its modifications for C-V2X communications attracts users by longer reaches, higher speeds, possibility of low latency (1-3 ms), and utilization of the cellular infrastructure in which CC communications will be only one of many use cases. The standard was finalized in Release 14 of the 3GPP; and the technology is lately under extensive testing and trialing. Two methods are being developed: a) D2D communications, and b) Broadcast communications. They are discussed in the report.
The report details specifics of 5.9 GHz DSRC and LTE-A for CC communications, their marketing aspects, and the related legislative work. It also concentrates on benefits and limitations of each technology and surveys related industries.
The industry concentrated attention on design and production of electronics that can support both technologies in one package - this is the current main trend in CC communications chipsets manufacturing.
The report is intended for a wide audience of technical and managerial staff involved in the ITS development; and particular concerns with marketing and technological aspects of a connected car; and for specialists in communications technologies that support advances in connected cars programs. For them, it will provide the following up-to-date information and results of the analysis:
The advances in the ITS are presently tied with the development of a “Connected Car” (CC) - a moving car that is wirelessly connected with surrounding cars and the infrastructure (as well as supporting connectivity inside of a car). Such a car opens a spectrum of new and exciting opportunities for automakers, service providers and users.
CC programs are now under development all around the globe. Though there are many technological choices to support CC communications, two technologies are leading:
- 5.9 GHz DSRC, and
- C-V2X.
The report concentrates on those leaders; and analyzes their characteristics, parameters, marketing statistics, industries and the spectrum of applications. It also compares these technologies and their applicability to CC communications.
5.9 GHz DSRC technology is being tested and trialed in the U.S. for the last 23 years, and a rich collection of communications channels statistics has been gathered. This technology was considered for standardization by the U.S. DOT for CC communications. It has many attractions, such as the economies of scale based on the IEEE 802.11p standard, network simplicity and other. It also standardized and accepted in Europe. Note that the 2020 FCC rulemaking regarding the 5.9 GHz spectrum sharing established a solid ground for C-V2X technologies to lead CC communications.
Utilization LTE-A and its modifications for C-V2X communications attracts users by longer reaches, higher speeds, possibility of low latency (1-3 ms), and utilization of the cellular infrastructure in which CC communications will be only one of many use cases. The standard was finalized in Release 14 of the 3GPP; and the technology is lately under extensive testing and trialing. Two methods are being developed: a) D2D communications, and b) Broadcast communications. They are discussed in the report.
The report details specifics of 5.9 GHz DSRC and LTE-A for CC communications, their marketing aspects, and the related legislative work. It also concentrates on benefits and limitations of each technology and surveys related industries.
The industry concentrated attention on design and production of electronics that can support both technologies in one package - this is the current main trend in CC communications chipsets manufacturing.
The report is intended for a wide audience of technical and managerial staff involved in the ITS development; and particular concerns with marketing and technological aspects of a connected car; and for specialists in communications technologies that support advances in connected cars programs. For them, it will provide the following up-to-date information and results of the analysis:
- ITS features, major goals, structure and market analysis
- CC concept, applications, properties, specifics and market analysis
- CC 5.9 GHz DSRC technology, standardization, protocols, industry and market analysis
- C-V2X LTE-A technology, standardization process, specifics and current status
- Comparison 5.9 GHz DSRC and C-V2X LTE-A technologies as they apply to CC communications
- Analysis of the LTE technology: benefits, properties, industry and market
- Survey of patents related to IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction1.1 Statistics
1.2 Goal
1.3 Scope
1.4 Research Methodology
1.5 Target Audience
2.0 ITS: Systems in Actions
2.1 General
2.2 Composition
2.2.1 Formation
2.2.2 Subsystems
2.2.3 Layers and Components-Roadways
2.3 Key Technologies
2.4 ITS Standardization: In Progress
2.4.1 Overview
2.4.2 ETSI - Europe
2.4.3 U.S.
2.4.3.1 General
2.4.3.2 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP)
2.4.3.2.1 Scope
2.4.3.2.2 Family
2.4.4 International
2.4.4.1 General
2.4.4.2 ITU
2.4.5 Summary
2.5 ITS Functionalities
2.5.1 Intelligent Infrastructure
2.5.2 Intelligent Vehicles
2.6 ITS Market Statistics
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Assumptions
2.6.3 Estimate
3.0 Connected Car Specifics
3.1 General
3.1.1 Types of Connectivity
3.2 Legislation
3.2.1 U.S.
3.2.1.1 NHTSA Actions and Plans
3.2.2 Directions
3.2.2.1 EU and England
3.2.2.2 Varieties
3.2.2.3 2021 Major Trends – Support of CC Development
3.3 Properties and Requirements
3.3.1 Methods
3.3.2 Network Requirements: 5G
3.3.3 Functional Technologies
3.3.3.1 Wi-Fi (in addition to 802.11p)
3.3.3.2 Bluetooth Smart
3.3.3.3 Near Field Communication (NFC)
3.3.3.4 Integrated GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
3.3.3.5 Automotive Ethernet
3.3.3.6 Fiber Connectivity
3.4 CC: Driving Forces
3.5 Major Use Cases
3.6 Market
4.0 5.9 GHz DSRC
4.1 General
4.1.1 History- Spectrum
4.1.1.1 Recent Developments – Spectrum Sharing
4.1.1.2 Opinions
4.1.1.3 FCC Ruling
4.2 Industry Efforts - Cooperation
4.3 Place
4.4 Structure and Protocols
4.4.1 Requirements
4.4.2 Milestones
4.4.3 IEEE 802.11p
4.4.3.1 General
4.4.3.2 Objectives and Status
4.4.3.3 ASTM Contributions
4.4.3.4 Characteristics
4.4.4 IEEE 1609
4.4.4.1 General
4.4.4.2 Overview
4.4.4.3 IEEE 1609 in Use
4.4.5 ETSI ITS-G5 – Major Features
4.4.6 ISO and DSRC
4.4.7 SAE and DSRC
4.5 Components and Procedures
4.5.1 Components
4.5.2 Procedures
4.6 Major Applications
4.6.1 EPS
4.7 Spectrum – DSRC - International
4.7.1 Channels Designation
4.8 Services
4.8.1 Major Services
4.8.2 Service Categories/QoS
4.8.3 Service Requirements
4.9 Summary: 5.9 GHz DSRC Characteristics
4.10 Benefits and Limitations – 5.9 GHz DSRC
4.10.1 General
4.10.2 Toll Industry Benefits
4.10.3 Limitations
4.11 Comparison
4.11.1 915 MHz DSRC and 5.9 GHz DSRC
4.11.2 CEN278 (5.8 GHz) DSRC and 5.9 GHz DSRC
4.12 Market Segment
4.12.1 Market Drivers
4.12.2 Market Requirements
4.12.3 Market Estimate
4.13 Industry
4.13.1 Industry Coalition
4.13.2 Recent Progress
4.13.3 Vendors
- AutoTalks
- Cohda Wireless
- Delphi
- Kapsch
- NXP
- Redpine Signals
- Qualcomm
- Savari
- Unex
- u-blox
4.14 Opinions
4.15 Advancements: 802.11bd
5.0 Cellular Technologies and Connected Car
5.1 Two Groups
5.2 3GPP Activities
5.2.1 Modes of Operations
5.2.2 D2D Communications
5.2.3 C-V2X Broadcast
5.2.4 Performance Comparison
5.2.5 Further Steps
5.3 Industry
- Autotalks
- AT&T/Audi-Tesla
- Broadcom
- Commsignia
- Cohda Wireless
- Ficosa
- GM
- Savari
- Qualcomm
6.0 Comparison: DSRC-802.11p and C-V2X
6.1 General
6.2 Details
6.2.1 Readiness
6.2.2 Networking
6.2.3 Range
6.2.4 Response
6.2.5 Scalability
6.2.6 Economics
6.2.7 Speed of Transmission
6.2.8 Versatility
6.2.9 Telematics
6.2.10 5G Vision
6.2.10.1 Potential Benefits of LTE-based V2X
6.3 Trend
7.0 Connected Car - Groups and Alliances
7.1 Open Automotive Alliance
7.2 4G Venture Forum for Connected Cars
7.3 Apple – iOS in the Car
7.4 Connected Vehicle to Everything of Tomorrow Consortium (ConVeX)
7.5 WWW Consortium
7.6 GSMA Connected Car Forum
7.7 Car Connectivity Consortium
7.8 Towards 5G Partnership
7.9 5GAA
8.0 Conclusions
Appendix I: Patents Survey – DSRC 5.9 GHz - IEEE 802.11p (2018-2021)
Appendix II: Patents Survey – Cellular V2X (2018-2021)
Appendix III: LTE Technology and Markets
A.1 De-Facto Standard
A.2 Broadband Wireless Communications Stages
A.2.1 LTE Standardization-Industry Collaboration
A.2.1.1 Industry Initiative
A.2.1.2 LTE Timetable
A.2.1.3 3GPP Releases
A.3 Key Features of LTE
A.3.1 Comparison
A.4 Details
A.4.1 Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) - eNB
A.4.2 UE Categories
A.4.3. Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
A.4.4 LTE Layers
A.5 LTE Advanced
A.6 Self-organized Network (SON)
A.7 Market: LTE
A.7.1 General
A.7.2 Market Drivers
A.7.3 Demand: Wireless Broadband
A.7.4 LTE Market Projections
A.8 Summary: LTE Benefits
A.9 Industry
- Altran
- Cisco
- CommAgility
- Ericsson
- Fujitsu
- Huawei
- Lime Microsystems
- Motorola Solutions
- Nokia
- Qualcomm
- Sequans
- TI
- u-blox
- ZTE
List of Figures Figure 1: Wireless Communications: ITS Environment
Figure 2: Europe – Standardization Organizations
Figure 3: Standardization Organizations – ITS U.S.
Figure 4: NTCIP Structure
Figure 5: International –Standardization Bodies
Figure 6: Estimate: Global ITS Market ($B)
Figure 7: Estimate: ITS WICT- Global Market ($B)
Figure 8: ITS Equipment Sales by Regions ($B)
Figure 9: NHTSA DSRC Project – Prior 2015
Figure 10: NHTSA – Further DSRC Project Development
Figure 11: Connected Car: Network Requirements
Figure 12: Connected Car: Communications Technologies
Figure 13: Estimate – Connected Car Market Value - Global ($B)
Figure 14: Estimate – Global – Service Providers Revenue – Connected Car ($B)
Figure 15: Estimate – Global Auto Market – CC Sales (Mil.)
Figure 16: 5.9 GHz DSRC – Frequencies Allocation and Channelization
Figure 17: DSRC - Modified Spectrum
Figure 18: Industry Cooperation
Figure 19: ITS-5.9 GHz DSRC - Illustration
Figure 20: Communications Model – 5.9 GHz DSRC
Figure 21: 802.11p - Communications
Figure 22: 1609 Protocols - Illustration
Figure 23: Signals Logical Flow – 5.9 GHz DSRC
Figure 24: Collision Detection/Avoidance System
Figure 25: Work Zone Warning
Figure 26: “Smart” Car
Figure 27: DSRC Worldwide – Spectrum Allocation
Figure 28: DSRC: Spectrum Allocation Details (Global)
Figure 29: Channel Assignment – 5.9 GHz DSRC U.S.
Figure 30: 5.9 GHz DSRC Transmission Characteristics and Channelization
Figure 31: Spectrum Details – Overlapping Wi-Fi
Figure 32: Major Categories-DSRC Services
Figure 33: 5.9 GHz DSRC Rate vs. Distance
Figure 34: 5.9 GHz DSRC Protocols – Summary
Figure 35: Estimate: CC Market Value– U.S. – 5.9 GHz DSRC ($B)
Figure 36: C-V2X Modes of Communications
Figure 37: 3GPP Schedule – D2D Communications (V2X)
Figure 38: D2D Communications – Evolution
Figure 39: LTE ProSe Functions – Discovery and Communications
Figure 40: Further Evolution – C-V2X
Figure 41: Networking
Figure 42: C-V2X Development Time Schedule (2019)
Figure 43: Evolution Path
Figure 44: Towards Wireless Mobile Broadband
Figure 45: Release 15 Timeline
Figure 46: Updates (2020) in 3GPP Releases Schedule
Figure 47: LTE – IP
Figure 48: Major LTE Advantages
Figure 49: LTE – Reference Architecture
Figure 50: LTE Layers
Figure 51: Estimate: LTE-Subscribers’ Base-Global (Bil)
Figure 52: LTE Equipment Global Sales ($B)
Samples
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Companies Mentioned
- Altran
- AT&T
- Audi
- Autotalks
- Broadcom
- Cisco
- Cohda Wireless
- CommAgility
- Commsignia
- Delphi
- Ericsson
- Ficosa
- Fujitsu
- GM
- Huawei
- Kapsch
- Lime Microsystems
- Motorola Solutions
- Nokia
- NXP
- Qualcomm
- Redpine Signals
- Savari
- Sequans
- Tesla
- TI
- u-blox
- Unex
- ZTE
Methodology
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various Web sites was studied and analyzed; evaluation of publicly available marketing and technical publications was conducted.
Telephone conversations and interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives. In addition to these interviews and primary research, secondary sources were used to develop a more complete mosaic of the market landscape, including industry and trade publications, conferences and seminars.
The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the information content.
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