Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry explains analytical chemistry in an accessible manner for students. The book provides basic and practical knowledge that helps the learner to understand the methods used in conducting experiments. Readers will understand the key concepts of qualitative and quantitative analysis through easy-to-read chapters written for chemistry students.Volume 1 covers the topic of volumetric analysis in detail. Topic-wise chapters introduce the reader to volumetric titrations and then explain the range of titration techniques which include aqueous acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, redox titration, complexometric titration and some miscellaneous methods like diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl’s method and the oxygen flask combustion method.The combination of basic and advanced methods makes this an ideal textbook for chemistry students at graduate and undergraduate levels as well as an ideal handbook for the laboratory instructor.
Table of Contents
FOREWORDPREFACE
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Sapna Kumari, Anju Goyal, Madhukar Garg and Harish Verma
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO VOLUMETRIC TITRATION
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Volumetric Analysis
WHAT IS TITRATION?
Simple Titrations
Types of Volumetric Titrations
Acid-Base Titrations
Redox Titrations
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Steps Involved in Titrimetric Analysis
Primary Standard Solution
Methods of Expressing Concentrations in Volumetric Analysis
Calculation of Equivalent Weights
Equivalent Weight in Neutralization Reactions
Equivalent Weight in Oxidation -reduction Reactions
Equivalent Weight of Complex Formation and Precipitation Reactions
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Nidhi Garg, Anju Goyal and Payal Das
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF VOLUMETRIC TITRATIONS
Acid-Base Titration
Redox Titrations
Permanganate Titrations
Dichromate Titrations
Iodometric and Iodometric Titrations
Precipitation Titrations
Complexometric Titrations
PROCEDURE FOR VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
IMPORTANCE OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 AQUEOUS ACID-BASE TITRATIONS
Astha Sharma, Monika Gupta and Anju Goyal
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Arrhenius Concept
Bronsted-Lowry
Lewis Acids
Law of Mass Action
Ion Product Constant of Water
COMMON ION EFFECT
ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
INDICATOR
Neutralisation Indicator
Ostwald Theory
Mixed Indicators
Universal Indicator
NEUTRALISATION CURVES
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base
Titration of a Weak Base with a Weak Acid
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
Sunaina Aggarwal, Upasna Kaushik and Shivani Sharma
INTRODUCTION
SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SOLVENT
SOLVENTS EMPLOYED IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATION
Glacial Acetic Acid
Acetonitrile
Alcohols
Dioxane
Dimethylformamide
INDICATORS IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
- Crystal Violet
- 1-Naphtholbenzein
- Nile Blue A
- Oracet Blue B
- Quinaldine Red
- Thymol Blue
- Azovoilet
ESTIMATION OF ACIDS
ASSAY OF ETHOSUXIMIDE
ASSAY OF CHLORTHALIDONE
ACIDIMETRY
ESTIMATION OF AMINES AND AMINE SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS
ASSAY OF METHYLDOPA
ASSAY OF NITRAZEPAM
ESTIMATION OF HALOGEN ACID SALTS OF BASES
Assay of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride
ADVANTAGES OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
LIMITATIONS OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 REDOX TITRATIONS
- Sapna Kumari, Anju Goyal and Madhukar Garg
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF REDOX TITRATION METHOD
- Principle and Theory
OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
- Oxidizing Agents
- KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
- K2Cr2O7 (Potassium Dichromate)
- Iodine Solution
- Potassium Iodate
- Bromate-bromide Mixture
EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
OXIDATION NUMBER (O.N.)
- Rules of Assigning Oxidation Number
FACTORS AFFECTING REDOX TITRATIONS
- Redox Indicators
- Types of Redox Indicators
- Based on the Titrant Used
- Permanganate Titration
- Dichromate Titration
- Iodine Titration
- Based on the Method
- Direct Titration
- Back Titration
- Calculating Titration Curve
- Determining End Point
- Use of Visual Indicator
- Use of Potentiometric Method
- Applications of the Redox Titrations
- Use of Redox Titrimetry in the Inorganic Analysis
- Use of Redox Titrations in Organic Analysis
- Quantification of Lithium
- Conclusion
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
- Anju Goyal, Ramninder Kaur, Sandeep Arora and Komalpreet Kaur
INTRODUCTION
COMPLEXATION
CHELATE
LIGANDS
- Classification of Ligands
- Monodentate Ligand
- Bidentate and Multidentate Ligands
COVALENT BOND
WERNER’S COORDINATE NUMBER (WCN)
STABILITY CONSTANT
STABILITY
TYPES OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
TYPES OF TITRATIONS: MASKING AND DEMASKING AGENTS
- Masking Agents
- Need
- Examples of Masking Agents
- Demasking Agents
COMMON EXAMPLES
- Mordant Black-II
- Murexide (ammonium purpurate)
- xylenol orange (lemon to yellow)
- solochrome dark blue or mordant black-17 or calcon
- alizarin fluorine complex or alizarine fluorine blue or alizarine complex one
- assay of magnesium sulphate
- preparation and standardization of 0.05m edta solution
- standardisation
- assay of aluminium hydroxide gel
- assay of calcium gluconate
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 DIAZOTIZATION METHOD
- Kamya Goyal, Navdeep Singh, Shammy Jindal, Rajwinder Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rajendra Awasthi
- Principle
- Theory
- End Point Detection
- Preparation and Standardization of the Sodium Nitrite Solution
Author
Anju Goyal - EditorHarish Kumar - Editor
