Transformer Report Edition 12, 2024 - Vol 1 & 2

1.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
1.1.1. Growth leaders
1.2. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
1.2.1. Changes in the structure of the transformer stock
1.3. Definitions of power and distribution transformers
1.4. Accuracy and relative error
1.5. Transformer prices
1.6. Transformer categories
1.7. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
1.8. The impact of Covid
1.9. Low voltage transformers
1.10. Regional analysis - North America
1.10.1. LPT shortage of production
1.10.2. Demand for transformers
1.11. Regional analysis Europe
1.12. Reginal analysis CIS
1.13. Regional analysis Middle East
1.14. Regional analysis Asia Pacific
1.14.1. China
1.14.2. Asia Pacific not including China
1.14.3. Japan
1.14.4. India
1.14.5. Korea
1.14.6. Taiwan
1.14.7. ASEAN
1.15. Regional analysis LAC
1.16. Regional analysis Africa
1.17. Recent trends in Central and Distributed Generation
1.18. Long-term demand cycle
1.19. Transformer: generator capacity ratios - MVA - MW
1.20. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region

3.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
3.1.1. The shifting patterns of the transformer market
3.2. Installed base of transformers, capacity ratios & numbers of distribution transformers

4.1. The North American Markets
4.1.1. USMCA
4.1.2. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
4.1.3. Purchase considerations and delivery channels
4.2. United States
4.2.1. The US networks
4.2.2. The utility market in the United States
4.2.3. Utility investment
4.2.4. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
4.2.5. CEE- Consortium for Energy Efficiency
4.2.6. MEPS standards
4.2.7. Market drivers
4.2.8. Cost of raw materials and lead times
4.2.9. Distribution transformer production shortage
4.2.10. Large power transformer production shortage
4.2.11. Demand for distribution transformers
4.2.12. Manufacturing industry review - facilities
4.2.13. Power transformer manufacturers
4.2.14. Distribution transformer manufacturers
4.2.15. MV Dry type transformers
4.2.16. LV dry type transformers
4.2.17. Technology company
4.3. CANADA
4.3.1. Canadian standards
4.3.2. Canadian transformer manufacturers
4.3.3. Dumping of transformers
4.4. MEXICO
4.4.1. MEPS Standards
4.4.2. Mexican transformer manufacturers

5.1. The LAC transformer market
5.2. BRAZIL
5.2.1. Market drivers
5.2.2. Brazilian transformer manufacturers

6.1. The European transformer markets
6.1.1. Production shares
6.1.2. Transformer voltages in the utility network and industry
6.1.3. Voltage differences in the European distribution networks
6.1.4. Losses and high efficiency transformers
6.1.5. A changing network landscape - distributed power - smart transformers
6.1.6. Market drivers
6.1.7. MEPS Standards
6.1.8. European transformer manufacturing industry review
6.1.9. Austria
6.1.10. Belgium
6.1.11. Bulgaria
6.1.12. Croatia
6.1.13. Cyprus
6.1.14. Czech Republic
6.1.15. Denmark
6.1.16. Estonia
6.1.17. Finland
6.1.18. Greece
6.1.19. Hungary
6.1.20. Ireland
6.1.21. Netherlands
6.1.22. Norway
6.1.23. Poland
6.1.24. Portugal
6.1.25. Romania
6.1.26. Serbia
6.1.27. Slovakia
6.1.28. Slovenia
6.2. FRANCE
6.2.1. Market drivers
6.2.2. Market leaders - GE, Schneider Electric
6.2.3. French transformer manufacturers
6.3. GERMANY
6.3.1. Market drivers
6.3.2. Market leader - Siemens Energy
6.3.3. SGB-SMIT
6.3.4. Energiewende , the German energy transition and utility reorganisation
6.3.5. German transformer manufacturers
6.4. ITALY
6.4.1. Market drivers
6.4.2. Italian transformer manufacturers
6.5. SPAIN
6.5.1. Market drivers
6.5.2. Spanish transformer manufacturers
6.6. SWITZERLAND
6.6.1. Hitachi Energy
6.6.2. Swiss transformer manufacturers
6.7. UNITED KINGDOM
6.7.1. UK transformer manufacturers

7.1. RUSSIA
7.1.1. Siemens Energy
7.1.2. Hitachi Energy
7.1.3. Schneider Electric
7.1.4. General Electric
7.1.5. Alstom
7.2. Russian electrical industry
7.2.1. Russian transformer manufacturers
7.3. UKRAINE
7.3.1. Ukrainian electricity infrastructure
7.3.2. Ukrainian transformer manufacturer

8.1. The African transformer markets
8.2. North African transformer manufacturers
8.2.1. Egypt
8.2.2. Algeria
8.2.3. Morocco
8.2.4. Tunisia
8.3. Sub-Saharan Africa
8.3.1. South Africa
8.3.2. Nigeria
8.3.3. Ethiopia
8.3.4. Ghana
8.3.5. Tanzania

9.1. The Middle Eastern transformer markets
9.2. IRAN
9.2.1. Iranian transformer manufacturers
9.3. SAUDI ARABIA
9.3.1. Saudi transformer manufacturers
9.4. TURKEY
9.4.1. Turkish transformer manufacturers
9.5. United Arab Emirates - UAE
9.5.1. UAE transformer manufacturers

10.1. China transformer market
10.1.1. UHV AC and HVDC transformer markets in China
10.1.2. UHV equipment manufacture
10.1.3. Chinese suppliers and foreign suppliers
10.1.4. UHV market participants
10.1.5. International companies in China’s UHV Market
10.1.6. Power and distribution transformers = 220 kV = UHV
10.1.7. Power and distribution transformers = 220 kV
10.1.8. Distribution transformers for MV and LV distribution
10.1.9. Market drivers
10.1.10. MEPS Standards
10.1.11. The structure of the Chinese power sector
10.1.12. Chinese manufacturing industry review

11.1. The Asian lead in Investment as a % of GDP
11.2. The Asia Pacific transformer market
11.3. JAPAN
11.3.1. Transformer stock
11.3.2. Market drivers
11.3.3. MEPS Standards
11.3.4. Japanese transformer manufacturers
11.3.5. Overseas production
11.4. INDIA
11.4.1. Transformer stock
11.4.2. Electrification
11.4.3. Captive generation
11.4.4. Market drivers
11.4.5. MEPS Standards
11.4.6. The transmission and distribution networks
11.4.7. Example Grids in Delhi and Bhopal
11.4.8. BRPL, BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd Distribution company in Delhi
11.4.9. Medium voltage (11 kV)
11.4.10. Low voltage (400 V)
11.4.11. Rural feeder Delhi
11.4.12. Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Co Ltd, Bhopal.
11.4.13. Urban feeder Bhopal
11.4.14. Indian manufacturing industry review
11.4.15. Capacity, utilization and production
11.4.16. Indian transformer production
11.4.17. Out-sourcing engineering skills
11.5. INDONESIA
11.5.1. Electrical utility
11.5.2. Market drivers
11.5.3. Transformer manufacturers
11.6. KOREA
11.6.1. Market drivers
11.6.2. Korean transformer manufacturers
11.7. MALAYSIA
11.7.1. Electrical utilities
11.7.2. Malaysian transformer manufacturers
11.8. PHILIPPINES
11.8.1. Electrical utilities
11.8.2. Philippine transformer manufacturers
11.9. TAIWAN
11.9.1. Electrical utilities
11.9.2. Market drivers
11.9.3. Taiwanese transformer manufacturers
11.10. THAILAND
11.10.1. Electrical utilities
11.10.2. Industrialisaton
11.10.3. Market drivers
11.10.4. Thai transformer manufacturers
11.11. VIETNAM
11.11.1. Electrical utilities
11.11.2. Industrialisaton
11.11.3. Vietnamese transformer manufacturers

12.1. Regional differences
12.2. The ratios of power to distribution transformers

13.1. The EV industry- Introduction
13.2. EV Charging Methods and Levels
13.3. Requirement for transformers for chargers
13.4. EVs by wheel base
13.4.1. India
13.4.2. Indonesia
13.4.3. Thailand
13.4.4. Vietnam
13.4.5. Japan
13.4.6. Brazil
13.4.7. Nigeria
13.4.8. China

14.1. Prices of raw material
14.2. PPI - Producer Price Index
14.2.1. USA
14.2.2. EU
14.2.3. China
14.2.4. Japan
14.3. The core - electrical steel
14.4. Amorphous steel
14.5. The coil - windings - copper and aluminium
14.5.1. Advantages of copper windings
14.5.2. Disadvantages of copper windings
14.5.3. Advantages of aluminium windings
14.5.4. Disadvantages of aluminium windings
14.6. Transformer oil

15.1. Installed capacity versus demand

16.1. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
16.2. Capacity utilisation
16.3. National producers are covered in more detail in the chapters outlining the markets.
16.3.1. North America (United States, Canada)
16.3.2. Japan
16.3.3. Europe
16.3.4. CIS
16.3.5. Mexico
16.3.6. Latin America (excluding Mexico)
16.3.7. China
16.3.8. India
16.3.9. Korea
16.3.10. Africa
16.3.11. South Africa

17.1. Central and distributed generation
17.2. In terms of size
17.3. Definition of distributed generation
17.4. DG in the USA
17.5. DG in Europe
17.5.1. DG in Germany
17.5.2. DG in Italy
17.5.3. DG in Spain
17.5.4. DG in the UK
17.5.5. DG in Japan
17.6. DG in Brazil
17.7. DG in China

19.1. 3 stages of statistical error analysis
19.1.1. Raw data sources
19.1.2. Sources of error - production data
19.1.3. Asymmetry in trade data
19.2. Some asymmetries in transformer trade records
19.3. Historical records of installed transformer capacity
19.4. Uncertainty
19.5. Market quantification
19.5.1. Value-based - 57 countries
19.5.2. Volume-based - 27 countries
19.6. The calculation of error
19.6.1. Value based, sum of values
19.6.2. Volume based, product of volume and price
19.6.3. The final market error

20.1. Methodology of the Transformer Report prior to Ed 10 2022
20.2. Long-term demand trends
20.3. The need for a new methodology by 2022 to reflect the energy transition
20.4. The new methodology of Ed 10, 2022
20.4.1. Estimation of CGSU and DGSU transformer capacity
20.4.2. Generating capacity database
20.4.3. Model for the estimation of central and distributed generating CGSU and DGSU transformers based on generating capacity (MW).
20.4.4. Model for the estimation of utility- and industry-owned distribution transformer capacity
20.5. The estimation of utility- and industry-owned transmission transformer capacity
20.6. The current market size for transformers
20.7. Forecasting the transformer market (USD and MVA)

Figure 1: Development of delivery lead times for transformers in the USA, Q1/2022 to Q4/2023.
Figure 2: Shares of transformer types in 2023 and cagr of each type from 2023 to 2030 $ value
Figure 3: Shares of transformer types in 2023 and cagr of each type from 2023 to 2030, MVA
Figure 4: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 1950 to 2020
Figure 5: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 2001 to 2022
Figure 6: USA Electric power system with substation types
Figure 7: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 1950 to 2020
Figure 8: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 2001 to 2022
Figure 9: Development of delivery lead times for transformers in the USA, Q1/2022 to Q4/2023.
Figure 10: Imports of total power transformers into United States, 1991 to 2023
Figure 11: A large power transformer
Figure 12: Share of distribution lines by voltage category in Europe, 2020
Figure 13: Voltage levels and ranges used for power distribution in Europe, 2020
Figure 14: Changes in generating energy sources, MW, 1980 to 2030
Figure 15: RWE and E.ON reorganize the German power sector, splitting up Innogy.
Figure 16: Market shares for UHV AC and HVDC transformers in China
Figure 17: Market shares of leading transformer manufacturers for SGCC’s HV, MV and LV tenders
Figure 18: Structure of the Chinese electric power industry
Figure 19: Investment as a % of GDP, selected countries and economic groupings, 1980-2020
Figure 20: World Installed transformer base GVA
Figure 21: World installed GSU transformer base, 1990 to 2023
Figure 22: Installed transformer base, Europe, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 23: Installed transformer base, USA, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 24: Installed transformer base, Japan, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 25: Installed transformer base, China, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 26: Installed transformer base, India, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 27: Installed transformer base, Brazil, GVA, 1980 to 2023.
Figure 28: EV Charging Levels.
Figure 29: Installed base of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030.
Figure 30: Annual sales of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030.
Figure 31: Share of costs in transformer production
Figure 32: Prices of transformer materials 2011 to Q/4 2022
Figure 33: Prices of copper in the European market, 2019 to 2024
Figure 34: Producer Price Indices for power and distribution transformers in the USA 1967 to 2024
Figure 35: EU Producer Price Index for industrial manufactures 2015 to 2024
Figure 36: China Producer Price Index for machine manufactures 2013 to 2024
Figure 37: The manufacturing processes for CRGO and CNRGO
Figure 38: Installed capacity of power and distribution transformers, GVA, 1900 - 2050
Figure 39: Global installed transformation capacity and demand, GVA, 1900 - 2050
Figure 40: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity, GVA,
Figure 41: Regional growth of distributed generation 1990 to 2030
Figure 42: Distributed energy, gas and electricity
Figure 43: Overview of distributed generation and of typical uses
Figure 44: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, USA, GVA, 2000 to 2030
Figure 45: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Europe, GVA, 1900 to 2030
Figure 46: The smart grid and distributed generation
Figure 47: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Germany, GVA, 1900 to 2030
Figure 48: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Japan, GVA, 1900 to 2030
Figure 49: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, China, GVA, 1900 to 2030
Figure 50: Difference in the value of goods exported to and imported by the US, 2016
Figure 51: Trade flows between countries
Figure 52: The linkages in the estimation of the different aspects of the transformer market
Figure 53: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity as percentages of generating capacity from 1990 to 2030
Figure 54: The growth in distributed generation transformer capacity DGSU, 1990 to 2030 by region

Table 1: Relative errors in the transformer market estimates, world and regions, 2023.
Table 2: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 3: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 4: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, US$
Table 5: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 6: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer summary category, 2023-2030, US$
Table 7: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer summary category, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 8: World, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 9: World, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 10: World, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MUSD
Table 11: World, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 12: World, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 13: World, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 14: World, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity. 2023
Table 15: World, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 16: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 17: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 18: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 19: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 20: North America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 21: North America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 22: North America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 23: North America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 24: North America, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 25: North America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 26:: North America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 27: North America, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 28: Imports of power transformers (Oil filled = 10 MVA), into the United States, 2020-2023 $ value.
Table 29: United States, production shares
Table 30: Canada, production shares
Table 31: Mexico, production shares
Table 32: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 33: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2030, MVA
Table 34: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 35: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 36: Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 37: Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 38: South & Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 39: South & Central America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 40: South & Central America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 41: South & Central America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 42: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, nominal $
Table 43: South & Central America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 44: South & Central America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 45: South & Central America, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 46: Brazil production shares
Table 47: Brazil production shares
Table 48: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 49: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2030, MVA
Table 50: Europe, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 51: Europe, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 52: Europe, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 53: Europe generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
Table 54: Europe, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 55: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 56: Europe, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 57: Europe, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 58: Europe, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 59: Europe production shares
Table 60: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ million
Table 61: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 62: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
Table 63: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 64: CIS, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 65: CIS, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 66: CIS, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 67: CIS, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 68: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 69: CIS, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 70:: CIS, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 71: CIS, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 72: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 73: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 74: North Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
Table 75: North Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 76: Sub-Saharan Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2030, $ million
Table 77: Sub-Saharan Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2030, MVA
Table 78: North Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 79: North Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 80: Sub-Saharan Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 81: Sub-Sharan Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 82: Africa, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023,    $ nominal
Table 83: Africa, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 84: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 85: Africa, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 86:: Africa, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 87: Africa, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 88: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 89: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 90: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
Table 91: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 92: Middle East, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 93: Middle East, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 94: Middle East, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
Table 95: Middle East, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 96: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 97: Middle East, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 98: Middle East, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 99: Middle East, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 100: Iran production shares
Table 101: Saudi Arabia production shares
Table 102: Turkish production shares, 2021
Table 103: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 104: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 105: China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 106: China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 107: China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 108: China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 109: China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 110: China, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 111: China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
Table 112: China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
Table 113: China, numbers of distribution transformers
Table 114: The operational UHV circuits in China in 2024
Table 115: UHV circuits under construction in China in 2025
Table 116: Key Technologies for UHV AC systems
Table 117: Key technologies for UVH DC systems
Table 118: Voltage sequence of distribution networks in China
Table 119: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 120: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 121: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
Table 122: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
Table 123: Asia Pacific excluding China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
Table 124: Asia Pacific excluding China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
Table 125: Asia Pacific excluding China, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 126: Asia Pacific excluding China, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
Table 127: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
Table 128: Asia Pacific excluding China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
Table 129:: Asia Pacific excluding China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
Table 130: Asia Pacific excluding China, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
Table 131: Transformer manufacturers in Japan
Table 132: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.
Table 133: Classification of distribution transformer loads on the rural 11 kV feeders in Delhi.
Table 134: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.
Table 135: Comparison of relevant 11 kV grids in Delhi and Bhopal.
Table 136: Indian transformer production capacity MVA
Table 137: Indian production shares, 2021
Table 138: Indonesia production shares
Table 139: Malaysia production shares
Table 140: Thailand production shares
Table 141: Installed base of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030.
Table 142: Annual sales of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030.
Table 143: The top 30 transformer manufacturers, GVA, 2023
Table 144: CIS, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA
Table 145: China, capacity of leading producers of power and distribution transformers, GVA
Table 146: India, capacity of leading producers of power and distribution transformers,
Table 147: Top 40 importers of oil-filled transformers by KVA, 2022
Table 148: Top 40 exporters of oil-filled transformers by kVA, 2022
Table 149: Top 40 importers of dry type transformers by kVA, 2022
Table 150: Top 40 exporters of dry type transformers by kVA, 2022
Table 151: Relative errors in transformer market estimates for transformers, by region and country
Table 152: The generating capacity database for 184 countries
Table 153: Renewables MW capacity to DGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
Table 154: Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
Table 155: Non-Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA and DGSU capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
Table 156: Consumption by end-user groups in India, GWh
Table 157Average power in MW providing electricity for each user group in India
Table 158: Installed DT (liquid and dry) capacity in MVA in India
Table 159: Installed capacity of utility and industrial power and distribution transformers in India

2.1. Transformer types
2.2. Network transmission and distribution layout
2.3. Low voltage background information
2.3.1. European and America network design
2.4. Offshore systems
2.5. Gas to Wire GTW
2.6. Solar PV and Transformer less inverters
2.7. Renewables and hosting capacity
2.8. Channels to market
2.9. Efficiency transformers
2.10. MEPS Standards
2.11. Smart transformers
2.12. Redundancy
2.13. Logistics
2.14. Electrification

3.1. Power transformers
3.1.1. Large Power Transformers (LPT)
3.1.2. Medium Power Transformers (MPT)
3.1.3. Small Power Transformers (SPT)
3.1.4. Generator step-up transformers (GSU)
3.1.5. System intertie (interconnecting) transformers.
3.1.6. Special power transformers.
3.1.7. Distribution Transformers
3.1.8. Single Phase Transformers
3.1.9. 3 Phase transformer
3.1.10 Dry-type transformers
3.1.11 Pad mounted distribution transformers
3.1.12 Pole-mounted distribution transformers
3.1.13 Industrial transformers

4.1. Voltage definitions for this report
4.2. Low voltage terminology
4.3. Low voltage differences in Europe and the United States
4.3.1. North American system
4.3.2. European system
4.3.3. European LV for industrial users
4.3.4. Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types commonly used behind the meter in the United States
4.3.5. Examples of LV projects in the United States
4.4. Industry
4.4.1. USA industrial motor market
4.5. Residential buildings
4.5.1. Power distribution in small buildings
4.5.2. Power distribution in large residential or commercial buildings
4.5.3. Large buildings, the vertical supply system (rising mains).
4.5.4. Burj Khalifa Dubai,
4.6. Conclusion

5.1. Transformerless inverters
5.1.1. High Frequency Inverters (HF)
5.1.2. Low Frequency Inverters (LF)
5.1.3. TL in Europe
5.1.4. TL in China
5.1.5. TL in the USA
5.1.6. TL in Australia
5.1.7. Impact of TL inverters on the distribution transformer market

6.1. The layout stages of a network
6.1.1. Stage 1 - Generator step-up to the transmission network
6.1.2. Stage 2 - step-down from EHV to HV
6.1.3. Stage 3 - step-down to MV
6.1.4. Stage 4 - step-down to LV
6.1.5. Stage 5 - behind-the-meter MV and/or LV step-down t utilisation level
6.2. European grid systems
6.3. Network configurations for distribution - Radial, Loop and Network systems
6.4. Industry
6.5. Review of regional utility network practices - The link from medium voltage to low voltage
6.5.1. North America
6.5.2. Japan
6.5.3. Europe
6.6. Types of transformer
6.6.1. Liquid dielectric transformers
6.6.2. Dry-type transformers
6.6.3. Gas filled transformers
6.6.4. Evolution of power transformers by size and capacity
6.7. Offshore systems

8.1. Ownership of GSU transformers

9.1. Problems which can occur with excess load
9.1.1. Overvoltage
9.1.2. Overloading and power loss problems
9.1.3. Power quality problem
9.1.4. Protection problems
9.2. Solutions
9.2.1. Network reconfiguration and reinforcement
9.2.2. Reactive power control
9.2.3. Active power curtailment
9.3. Battery energy storage technologies (BESS)
9.4. Costs
9.5. Conclusion

10.1. Smart transformers and the smart grid
10.2. Basic characteristics of smart transformers
10.3. The basic technical requirements of smart transformers
10.4. Smart transformer in current infrastructure
10.5. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)

11.1. Network failure
11.2. Transformer failure
11.3. Industrial reliability
11.4. Redundancy criteria
11.4.1 N+1 Redundancy
11.4.2 N+2 Redundancy
11.4.3 2N Redundancy
11.4.4 2N+1 Redundancy
11.5. Fault tolerance
11.6. Network reliability
11.7. N+1 and the networks
11.8. Reliability standards SAIFI and SAIDI
11.8.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
11.8.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
11.9. Electricity transmission
11.9.1 Large power transformers (LPTs)
11.9.2 Transformer/generator ratios and redundancy
11.9.3 Generation
11.9.4 Transmission
11.9.5 Distribution

12.1. MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards)
12.2. United States
12.2.1 Efficiency regulations
12.3. Canada
12.3.1 Dry-type transformers in Canada
12.3.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Canada
12.4. Brazil
12.4.1 Liquid-filled transformers in Brazil
12.5. Mexico
12.5.1 Liquid-filled transformers in Mexico
12.6. European Union
12.6.1 Exemptions from the regulation include transformers specifically designed and used in applications such as the following are excluded:
12.6.2 Dry-type transformers
12.6.3 Liquid-filled transformers
12.7. Israel
12.7.1 Dry-type transformers in Israel
12.7.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Israel
12.8. Australia and New Zealand
12.8.1 Dry-type transformers in Australia and New Zealand
12.8.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Australia and New Zealand
12.9. Japan
12.9.1 Dry-type transformers in Japan
12.9.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Japan
12.10. China
12.10.1.Dry-type transformers in China
12.10.2Liquid-filled transformers in China
12.11. Korea
12.11.1Dry-type transformers in Korea
12.11.2Liquid-filled transformers in Korea
12.12. India
12.12.1Liquid-filled transformers in India
12.13. Vietnam
12.13.1Liquid-filled transformers
12.14. Summary of efficiency standards

13.1. Development of a new technology - amorphous core transformers
13.1.1 The market for AMTs
13.2. AMT manufacturers
13.3. Amorphous metal ribbon manufacturers
13.4. Amorphous metal transformers - AMTs
13.4.1 United States
13.4.2 Japan
13.4.3 China
13.4.4 India
13.4.5 Taiwan
13.4.6 Other
13.5. HTS - high temperature superconductor transformers

14.1. The political dimension of the global supply chains
14.2. US Federal Executive Order - Telecoms
14.3. Supply of transformers
14.4. Electrical system equipment
14.5. US LPT Seizure
14.6. Japanese programme to diversify Chinese supplies
14.7. Australia
14.8. Market impacts
14.9. Global supply chains
14.10. Key global supply chains for transformers
14.10.1Tap Changers - OLTC suppliers
14.10.2EHV bushings suppliers

15.1. Example of a LPT logistical operation from China to the USA
15.2. Guidance for the safe transport of transformers
15.2.1Design of transformers
15.2.2 Preparation of a Transformer
15.3. Faults or damages to transformers
15.3.1 Voyage Assessment
15.3.2 Transport execution
15.3.3 Carriers’ responsibilities
15.3.4 Handling
15.3.5 Securing
15.3.6 Impact Recorders
15.4. Rail transport - Schnabel cars
15.4.1 North America
15.4.2 Europe
15.4.3 Asia Pacific
15.5. Road transport - Goldhofer
15.6. Clearance

16.1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa
16.1.2 Asia
16.1.3 MENA
16.1.4 Latin America
16.1.5 Europe
16.1.6 CIS
16.1.7 North America
16.2. The impact of electrification on the electrical supply industry

Figure 1: Example of an electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
Figure 2: LPT, 265 MVA, 525 kV
Figure 3: MPT 60 MVA, 275 kV.
Figure 4: SPT with 12.5 MVA with OLTC ( On-Load Tap Changer)
Figure 5: An 800 kV UHVDC converter transformer by HITACHI ENERGY
Figure 6: 1 phase
Figure 7: 3 phase oil-filled distribution transformer,
Figure 8: Dry-type distribution transformer
Figure 9: Pad-mounted distribution transformer
Figure 10: Single pole mounted transformer
Figure 11: A bank of 3 single phase pole top distribution transformers for 3 phase supply
Figure 11: The German Electricity Grid
Figure 12: American distribution system
Figure 13: European distribution system
Figure 14: Electrical distribution system for a small building
Figure 15: Single rising main
Figure 16: Grouped supply
Figure 17: Individual floor supply
Figure 18: A large building using distributed transformers - splitting the system into two supply sections with 2 transformer modules with 3 × 630 kVA each.
Figure 19: Top 20 markets for solar PV additions, 2018 to 2022.
Figure 20: Example of electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
Figure 21: Basic scheme of an electric power system
Figure 22: The UK electrical power transmission and distribution system
Figure 23: The traditional centralised electricity system compared with distributed power
Figure 24: North American versus European distribution layouts.
Figure 25: GTW development Options
Figure 26: The overall concept of GTW
Figure 27: Evolution of transformers in voltage kV and capacity MVA
Figure 28: Proportion of capacity (MVA) generator, utility and private industry ownership of power and distribution transformers by region, 2018
Figure 29: International DSOs’ experience and rules of thumb for DG integration
Figure 30: HC enhancement techniques
Figure 31: Conventional grid with unidirectional power flow
Figure 32: Active distribution grid with intelligent transformer substations
Figure 33: The vast majority of countries have yet to take such action.
Figure 34: The world’s largest HVDC transformer at Xiangjiaba, China
Figure 35: Schnabel car with load
Figure 36: The largest load ever transported by road in the United Kingdom
Figure 37: Goldhofer heavy duty load
Figure 38: Goldhofer rear wheel drive vehicle
Figure 39: The trailer approaches a narrow turning
Figure 40: The trailer’s rear wheels begin the turn
Figure 41: The trailer has turned the corner
Figure 42: Overhead obstructions
Figure 43: Transformer off the road
Figure 44: Share of people without electricity access for developing countries, 2016
Figure 45: World electrification - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
Figure 46: World electrification - number and % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
Figure 47: Selected major countries - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
Figure 48: Selected major countries - Number of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
Figure 49: Regional totals of electrified households 2010 to 2050
Figure 50: Additions of electrified households in each decade by region, 2010 to 2050

Table 1: Typical applications for distribution transformer technologies
Table 2: Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types used behind the meter
Table 3: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in the USA
Table 4: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in USA by kVA capacity
Table 5: Population of electric motors in US industry, 2021
Table 6: Population and residential housing stock in the United States and Europe
Table 7: Highest voltage levels of distribution in Europe
Table 8: Average consumers per LV distribution transformer in selected countries, 2018
Table 9: Network losses by region
Table 10: A summary of liquid filled distribution transformer efficiency programmes
Table 11:Summary of dry-type distribution transformer efficiency programmes
Table 12: Manufacturers of energy efficient transformers in China, 2013
Table 13: Population and electrical parameters of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa