Specialty Imaging: Temporomandibular Joint and Sleep-Disordered Breathing. Edition No. 2

Table of Contents

SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and Neck

Roya Sohaey, MD

14 TMJ Embryology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

20 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD

26 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract Morphology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS

40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Mart?n, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS

48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory System

Alberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ Biomechanics

Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD

58 4D Mandibular Movements

Domingo Mart?n, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD

64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory Tract

Jay Harris Levy, DDS

72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ Posture

Jay Harris Levy, DDS

80 The Tricentric Concept of Occlusion

Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ Biomechanics

Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments

Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ

118 TMJ Osseous Components

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

130 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

136 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

144 TMJ Innervation

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

146 TMJ Vasculature

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

MUSCLES 150 Muscles of Mastication

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

178 Tongue

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

182 Posterior Cervical Muscles

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

JAWS 186 Mandible

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

192 Maxilla

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

200 Teeth

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

TEMPORAL BONE 206 Temporal Bone

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

222 Sinonasal Overview

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

236 Ostiomeatal Unit

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

240 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

250 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

256 Hypopharynx

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

SKULL BASE 266 Skull Base Overview

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

272 Anterior Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

278 Central Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

284 Posterior Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ 294 Cranial Nerves Overview

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

318 Facial Nerve (CNVII)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

332 Vagus Nerve (CNX)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS 348 Cervical Spine

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

366 Craniocervical Junction

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

380 Hyoid Bone

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

388 Imaging Decision Making

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

HARD TISSUE IMAGING

390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJ

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory Tract

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

398 Arthrography

Richard W. Katzberg, MD

400 Introduction to CBCT Imaging

Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.

408 CBCT Analysis of TMJ

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

424 Radiation Dose in CBCT

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS

428 Introduction to MDCT Imaging

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SOFT TISSUE IMAGING

442 Introduction to MR Imaging

Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA

450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Se?il Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD

454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging

Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and G?rkan ?nsal, DDS, PhD

460 Introduction to US Imaging

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc

468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and G?rkan ?nsal, DDS, PhD

474 Arthroscopy

Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD

482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic Findings

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

494 Functional Disorders of Muscles

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS 508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJ

Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS

520 Hemifacial Microsomia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

524 Pierre Robin Sequence

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

528 Treacher Collins Syndrome

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS

530 Condylar Hypoplasia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

534 Condylar Hyperplasia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

540 Coronoid Hyperplasia

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

544 Hemimandibular Elongation

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

550 Foramen Tympanicum

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

TRAUMA

552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

558 TMJ Dislocation

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

560 Bifid Condyle

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

564 Osteochondritis Dissecans

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

566 Rheumatoid Arthritis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

572 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

578 Septic Arthritis

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

582 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

588 Degenerative Joint Disease

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

592 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

598 Synovial Cyst

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

600 TMJ Ganglion Cyst

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS

602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

612 Overview of Disc Displacements

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

618 Disc Displacement With Reduction

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

624 Disc Displacement Without Reduction

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

630 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

636 Adhesions

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

638 US of TMJ Internal Derangement

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and G?rkan ?nsal, DDS, PhD

ACQUIRED CONDITIONS

644 Dual Bite

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum Formation

Alberto Canabez, MD, Domingo Mart?n, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD

654 Fibrous Ankylosis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

656 Bony Ankylosis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

658 Osteoradionecrosis

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

662 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

666 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

672 Osteochondroma

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

678 Osteoma

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

680 Chondrosarcoma

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

684 Osteosarcoma

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

686 Metastasis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

MISCELLANEOUS

688 Simple Bone Cyst

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

690 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

694 Fibrous Dysplasia

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS

698 Attrition

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

700 Abfraction

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

701 Hypercementosis

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

702 Cemental Fractures

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

704 Alveolar Process Exostosis

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

706 Torus Mandibularis

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

708 Torus Palatinus

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

SECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS

ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD

712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal Origin

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections

Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR

720 Osteomyelitis of Jaw

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

724 Perineural Tumor Spread

Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

TMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES

728 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMD

Ben J. Balough, MD

736 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging Issues

Karen L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

742 EAC-Acquired Cholesteatoma

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

743 Necrotizing External Otitis

Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

744 Keratosis Obturans

Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

745 EAC Osteoma

Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

746 Medial Canal Fibrosis

Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

747 EAC Basal Cell Carcinoma

Nayela Keen, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J.

Balough, MD

748 EAC Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Hilda E. Stambuk, MD

749 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

750 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent Otomastoiditis

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

751 Labyrinthitis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD

752 Pars Flaccida Cholesteatoma

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

753 Temporal Bone Fibrous Dysplasia

Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

754 Temporal Bone Fractures

Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, and

Bradley Strong, MD

756 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid Malignancy

Hilda E. Stambuk, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MD

CERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO TMD OR SDB

758 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ

Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

762 Cervical Spondylosis

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

763 Cervical Facet Arthropathy

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

764 Ankylosing Spondylitis

Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

766 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine

Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

770 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical Spine

Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

771 Ligamentous Injury

Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

772 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

773 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

774 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition,

Cervical Spine

Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

775 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis

Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

MASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS

776 Masticator Space Overview

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

780 Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry

Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

781 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

782 CNV3 Motor Denervation

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

784 Masticator Space Abscess

Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS,

DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

786 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

787 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

788 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

790 Masticator Space Sarcoma

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

792 Bell Palsy

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

793 Hemifacial Spasm

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD

794 Trigeminal Neuralgia

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD

SECTION 6: SDB-RELATED UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DIAGNOSES

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SDB

798 Classification of SDB Disorders

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Se?il Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Ulas Oz, DDs, PhD

800 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of SDB

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD

806 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of SDB to

Radiographic Findings

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD, Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

808 Nasal Risk Factors for SDB

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

810 Paranasal Sinus Risk Factors for SDB

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

812 Nasopharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

814 Oropharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

816 Cervical Spine-Related Risk Factors for SDB

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS THAT CARRY RISK FOR SDB

818 Cleft Lip and Palate

Roya Sohaey, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

822 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

824 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Kara G. Gill, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

826 Klippel-Feil Spectrum

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

830 Mucopolysaccharidosis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

831 CHARGE Syndrome

William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

832 Cherubism

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SINONASAL COMPLEX ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY

834 Nasal Cycle, Normal Physiology

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL

836 Deviated Nasal Septum

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

838 Concha Bullosa

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

840 Accessory Ostia

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

842 Sinus Hypoplasia/Aplasia

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

846 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

847 Choanal Atresia

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

848 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

849 Nasal Glioma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

850 Nasal Dermal Sinus

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

851 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

852 Upper Airway Infantile Hemangioma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

853 Skull Base CSF Leak

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL

854 Acute Rhinosinusitis

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

858 Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Philip R. Chapman, MD

859 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

860 Odontogenic Sinusitis

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

862 Sinus Mycetoma

Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

863 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

864 Sinonasal Polyposis

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

865 Solitary Sinonasal Polyp

Philip R. Chapman, MD

866 Sinonasal Mucocele

Philip R. Chapman, MD

870 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

872 Sinonasal Organized Hematoma

Philip R. Chapman, MD

873 Silent Sinus Syndrome

Philip R. Chapman, MD

874 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)

Philip R. Chapman, MD

875 Nasal Cocaine Necrosis

Philip R. Chapman, MD

BENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL

876 Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

877 Sinonasal Osteoma

Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

878 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A.

Michel, MD

879 Juvenile Angiofibroma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

880 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

881 Sinonasal Hemangioma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

882 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath Tumor

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

883 Sinonasal Benign Mixed Tumor

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

MALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL

884 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

888 Esthesioneuroblastoma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

889 Sinonasal Melanoma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

890 Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma

Blair A. Winegar, MD

891 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

892 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Blair A. Winegar, MD

893 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Blair A. Winegar, MD

894 Sinonasal Chondrosarcoma

Blair A. Winegar, MD

895 Sinonasal Osteosarcoma

Blair A. Winegar, MD

896 Rhabdomyosarcoma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

897 Skull Base Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

NASOPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY

ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX

898 Tornwaldt Cyst

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

899 Fossa Navicularis Magna

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD

900 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal

C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX

901 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal Space

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

902 Adenoid Vegetation/Hypertrophy

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

BENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

906 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

907 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and Neck

Daniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

908 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

909 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and Neck

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD

910 Invasive Pituitary Macroadenoma

C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

MALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

911 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Aparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

912 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal

Space

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

913 Extraosseous Chordoma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

914 Skull Base Plasmacytoma

Philip R. Chapman, MD

OROPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY

ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX

915 Congenital Vallecular Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

916 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

917 Lingual Thyroid

Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX

918 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

919 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

920 Tonsillar Inflammation

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

921 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar Abscess

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

BENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX

922 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

923 Carotid Space Schwannoma

Karen L. Salzman, MD

924 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed Tumor

Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

MALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARYNX

925 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

926 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal Space

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

927 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

928 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and Neck

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

929 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Aparna Singhal, MD

930 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

931 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal Space

Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

932 Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Kathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

934 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD

SECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

CONDYLAR POSITION

938 Anterior Condylar Position

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

944 Posterior Condylar Position

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

950 Superior Condylar Position

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

956 Inferior Condylar Position

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE

962 Small Condyle

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

968 Large Condyle

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

972 Large Coronoid Process

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONDYLAR EROSION

974 Well-Defined Erosion

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

980 Poorly Defined Erosion

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

CHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY

984 TMJ Low-Density Entities

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

986 TMJ High-Density Entities

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

MISCELLANEOUS

990 Calcifications Associated With the TMJ

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

992 Soft Tissue Calcifications, Head and Neck

Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

SECTION 8: TMJ CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

RANGE OF MOTION

998 Limited Oral Opening

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1004 Hypermobility

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SOUNDS

1006 Joint Sounds

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1008 Tinnitus

C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OCCLUSION/SYMMETRY CHANGES

1014 Asymmetry

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1020 Anterior Open Bite

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1026 Posterior Open Bite

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 9: SDB RISK FACTORS, RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES

1034 Blocked Nasal Valves

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1038 Large Nasal Turbinates

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1042 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous Lesions

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1044 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony Destruction

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1048 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony Destruction

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1052 Perforated Nasal Septum

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1054 Nasal Lesion Without Bony Destruction

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1058 Nasal Lesion With Bony Destruction

Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

NASOPHARYNX

1062 Soft Tissue Entities in Nasopharynx

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OROPHARYNX

1068 Soft Tissue Enlargement of Lateral Pharyngeal Wall

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1072 Soft Tissue Between Tongue and Epiglottis

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 10: SDB RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

CHANGES IN CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND POSITION

1078 Convex Facial Profile

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1080 Small Maxilla

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1082 Forward Head Posture

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN BREATHING PATTERN

1084 Nasal Obstruction

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD

CHANGES IN TEETH

1088 Flared and Proclined Teeth

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1092 Crossbite

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OTHER FACIAL CHANGES

1096 Dark Circles Under Eyes

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 11: IMAGING OF TMJ PROCEDURES

OROFACIAL PAIN AND TMJ INJECTIONS

1100 TMJ Injection

Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

1102 Trigeminal Nerve Injection

Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1106 Scalp Block for Migraines and Facial Pain

Daewoong Lee, MD

1110 Trigger Points

Daewoong Lee, MD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA

TMJ SURGERY

1112 Total Joint Replacement

Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD

1124 TMJ Disc Replacement

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD

1126 TMJ Arthroscopic Surgery Cascade

Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 12: IMAGING OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR SDB

SINONASAL PROCEDURES

1132 Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction

Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1134 Adenoidectomy

Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1136 Tonsillectomy

Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

MAXILLARY-MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT

1138 Introduction to Orthognathic Surgery

Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1144 LeFort 1 Osteotomy

Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1148 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomies

Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1154 MMA for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

Authors

Dania Tamimi Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Consultant, Private Practice, Orlando, Florida, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, Adjunct Assistant Professor, College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS RCPS (Glasg),
graduated with a dental degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and trained at Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, where she earned a Doctorate of Medical Science (DMSc) and certificate of fellowship in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She is board certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She runs her own oral radiology private practice in Orlando, FL.