+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, 2022

  • Report

  • 348 Pages
  • October 2022
  • Region: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
  • Kalorama Information
  • ID: 5673422

The Asia Pacific (APAC) region is a fast-growing in vitro diagnostics (IVD) market, which is witnessing increasing focus by leading global players in the market. Southeast Asia has been identified as one of the key regions in APAC region offering significant opportunities for IVD companies.

This report focuses on three IVD markets in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. These three countries together represent a fast-growing geographic region offering significant opportunity for IVD companies. The total population of these three countries is over 310 million, which is close to the population in the United States.

Among these three countries, Singapore has established world class healthcare service capabilities in terms of infrastructure as well as skilled manpower. Though the population is less than 6 million, the Singapore market is attractive for IVD companies and it has become a medical tourism hub in the region. Indonesia, on the other hand, is a country with a huge population of about 275 million people. The country is taking significant steps to improve its healthcare infrastructure, which is offering considerable opportunities for IVD companies. The Malaysian market, with a population of about 32 million falls in between these two countries, both in terms of healthcare service capabilities and growth potentials.

In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, 2022 covers the following segments:

  • POC
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Immunoassays
  • Molecular Assays
  • Hematology
  • Coagulation
  • Microbiology and Virology
  • Blood Testing and Typing
  • Histology and Cytology

The report also profiles key companies in the market:

  • Abbott Diagnostics
  • ARKRAY
  • Beckman Coulter, Inc. / Danaher
  • Becton, Dickinson, and Company (BD)
  • BioCytech Corporation
  • bioMérieux Inc.
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
  • Caris Life Sciences
  • Cephei
  • CTK Biotech Inc
  • Danaher Corporation
  • Dexcom
  • DiaSorin S.p.A
  • Grifols S.A.
  • Healgen Scientific LLC
  • Hologic, Inc.
  • Horiba Medical
  • Lucence Diagnostics
  • Medical Innovation Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (Mediven)
  • Mindray (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical Electronics Co., Ltd.)
  • MiRXES Pte Ltd.
  • OraSure Technologies, Inc.
  • Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Ortho)
  • PerkinElmer, Inc. (PE)
  • QIAGEN
  • Reszon Diagnostics International
  • Roche Diagnostics
  • Sysmex Corporation
  • Vela Diagnostics
  • Veredus Laboratories Pte Ltd

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Executive Summary
  • Malaysia: Healthcare and Regulatory Landscape
  • Regulation of Medical devices in Malaysia
  • IVD Market Size Estimation and Forecast for Malaysia
  • Table 1-1: Malaysia’s IVD Market, by Segment (POC, Clinical Chemistry, Immunoassays, Molecular Assays, Hematology, Coagulation, Microbiology and Virology, Blood Testing and Typing, & Histology and Cytology), 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Indonesia: Healthcare and Regulatory Landscape
  • Market Drivers and Challenges
  • The Health Insurance System
  • Table 1-2: Indonesia’s Medical Device Demand, Local Production, Exports, and Imports, 2018-2021, ($ Billions)
  • Policies on Procurement, Import, Market Authorization, and Halal Certification of IVDs
  • IVD Market Size Estimation and Forecast for Indonesia
  • Table 1-3: Indonesia’s IVD Market, by Segment (POC, Clinical Chemistry, Immunoassays, Molecular Assays, Hematology, Coagulation, Microbiology and Virology, Blood Testing and Typing, & Histology and Cytology), 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Singapore: Healthcare and Regulatory Landscape
  • The Health Insurance System
  • Policies on Import, Registration, and Distribution of IVDs in Singapore
  • Recovery of the Medical Tourism Sector
  • IVD Market Size Estimation and Forecast for Singapore
  • Table 1-4: Indonesia’s IVD Market, by Segment (POC, Clinical Chemistry, Immunoassays, Molecular Assays, Hematology, Coagulation, Microbiology and Virology, Blood Testing and Typing, & Histology and Cytology), 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • The Combined IVD Markets of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Table 1-5: Total IVD Market Size in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore and Forecasts, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 1-6: Market Shares of the Leading IVD Companies (Roche, Abbott, Siemens Healthineers, Beckman Coulter, bioMérieux, Bio-Rad, Sysmex, and Others) in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 2: COVID-19 Testing Market Trends
  • COVID-19 Testing Trends in Malaysia (2020-2022)
  • Table 2-1: COVID-19 Self-Tests Approved in Malaysia (As of February 2022)
  • Table 2-2: Covid-19 Testing Markets (Molecular Assays, Immunoassays, and POC Tests) in Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 2-3: COVID-19 Testing Types (Immunoassay Lab-based, Molecular Diagnostics Lab-based, and Rapid-POC) and their Shares in Malaysia, 2022, ($ Millions)
  • COVID-19 Testing Trends in Indonesia (2020-2022)
  • Table 2-4: Covid-19 Testing Markets (Molecular Assays, Immunoassays, and POC Tests) in Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 2-5: COVID-19 Testing Market Segments (Immunoassay Lab-based, Molecular Diagnostics Lab-based, and Rapid-POC) and their Shares in Indonesia, 2022, ($ Millions)
  • COVID-19 Testing Trends in Singapore (2020-2022)
  • Table 2-6: Covid-19 Testing Markets (Molecular Assays, Immunoassays, and POC Tests) in Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 2-7: COVID-19 Testing Market Segments (Immunoassay Lab-based, Molecular Diagnostics Lab-based, and Rapid-POC) and their Shares in Singapore, 2022 ($ Millions)
  • Table 2-8: COVID-19 Testing Market Segments (Immunoassay Lab-based, Molecular Diagnostics Lab-based, and Rapid-POC) and their Combined Shares in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022 ($ Millions)
  • Table 2-9: COVID-19 Testing Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
Chapter 3: Point-of-Care Tests
  • Pregnancy and Fertility Testing
  • Cancer Testing
  • Lipid Testing
  • Drug of Abuse (DOA) Testing
  • Infectious Disease Testing
  • HIV
  • Hepatitis
  • Table 3-1: Prevalence of Co-infection of HIV with HBV and HCV in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Tropical Diseases
  • Dengue
  • Filariasis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Malaria
  • Typhoid
  • Table 3-2: Selected List of Companies Offering POC Tests for Tropical Diseases in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Respiratory Diseases
  • Sexual Health
  • Diabetes Testing - Blood Glucose Monitoring
  • Other POC tests
  • Table 3-3: POC Test Sales by Category (Fertility/ Pregnancy, Covid-19, Other Infectious diseases, Glucose (self), Glucose Continuous, Glucose Professional, HbA1c POC, Fecal Occult Blood Critical care POC, Coagulation, Cardiac Markers, Hematology, Drug of Abuse, Cholesterol, and Other), Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 3-4: POC Test Sales by Category (Fertility/ Pregnancy, Covid-19, Other Infectious diseases, Glucose (self), Glucose Continuous, Glucose Professional, HbA1c POC, Fecal Occult Blood Critical care POC, Coagulation, Cardiac Markers, Hematology, Drug of Abuse, Cholesterol, and Other), Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 3-5: POC Test Sales by Category (Fertility/ Pregnancy, Covid-19, Other Infectious diseases, Glucose (self), Glucose Continuous, Glucose Professional, HbA1c POC, Fecal Occult Blood Critical care POC, Coagulation, Cardiac Markers, Hematology, Drug of Abuse, Cholesterol, and Other), Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 3-6: POC Test Sales in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 3-7: Estimation of Market Shares of the Leading Companies (Abbott, Roche, and Siemens Healthineers) in the POC Testing Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 4: Core Lab and Clinical Chemistry
  • Workstation Consolidation and Laboratory Automation
  • Core Lab: Market Analysis
  • Table 4-1: Core Lab Automation Solutions Used by a Selected List of Hospitals (MOH Hospitals [General Hospitals], MOH [District Hospitals], University Hospitals, and Private Hospitals) in Malaysia
  • Table 4-2: Core Lab Solution Sales in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore; 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 4-3: Leading Companies (Roche, Abbott, Siemens, Healthineers, Beckman Coulter, and Other) in the Core Lab Solutions Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
  • Clinical Chemistry Market Analysis
  • Blood Gases and Electrolytes
  • Urinalysis
  • Table 4-4: Clinical Chemistry Sales by Test Category (General Chemistry, Blood Gases, and Urinalysis), Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 4-5: Clinical Chemistry Sales by Test Category (General Chemistry, Blood Gases, and Urinalysis), Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 4-6: Clinical Chemistry Sales by Test Category (General Chemistry, Blood Gases, and Urinalysis), Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
Chapter 5: Immunoassays
  • Cardiac Markers
  • Tumor Markers
  • Diabetes
  • Thyroid
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Other Immunoassay Segments
  • Table 5-1: Immunoassay (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales by Category (Diabetes, Tumor Markers, Thyroid, Proteins, Cardiac Markers, and Other), Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 5-2: Immunoassay (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales by Category (Diabetes, Tumor Markers, Thyroid, Proteins, Cardiac Markers, and Other), Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 5-3: Immunoassay (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales by Category (Diabetes, Tumor Markers, Thyroid, Proteins, Cardiac Markers, and Other), Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 5-4: Immunoassay (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore; 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 5-5: Leading Companies (Roche, Abbott, Siemens Healthineers, and Others) in the Immunoassays (Non-Infectious Diseases) Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 6: Molecular Assays
  • Oncology
  • Table 6-1: Selected List of NGS-based Cancer Tests Approved for Clinical Use in Singapore
  • Table 6-2: NGS-based Cancer Testing in Singapore: Key Challenges
  • Genetic Diseases and Disorders
  • Prenatal Testing, Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing, etc.
  • Transplant Diagnostics
  • Table 6-3: Molecular Diagnostics (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales* by Category (Oncology Assays, Genetic Diseases, and Transplant Testing), Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 6-4: Molecular Diagnostics (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales* by Category (Oncology Assays, Genetic Diseases, and Transplant Testing), Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 6-5: Molecular Diagnostics (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales* by Category (Oncology Assays, Genetic Diseases, and Transplant Testing), Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 6-6: Molecular Diagnostics (Non-Infectious Diseases) Sales* in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore; 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 6-7: Leading Companies (Roche, Abbott, QIAGEN, and Others) in the Molecular Diagnostics (Non-Infectious Diseases) Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 7: Hematology
  • Laboratory-based Hematology: Technology and Market Trends
  • Table 7-1: Laboratory-based Hematology Sales in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore; 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 7-2: Leading Companies (Sysmex, Beckman Coulter/Danaher, Mindray, Roche, and Others) in the Laboratory-based Hematology Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 8: Coagulation
  • Impact of COVID-19
  • Lab-based Coagulation Testing
  • Table 8-1: Lab-based Coagulation Test Sales, Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 8-2: Lab-based Coagulation Test Sales, Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 8-3: Lab-based Coagulation Test Sales, Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 8-4: Lab-based Coagulation Test Sales in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 8-5: Estimation of Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Lab-based Coagulation Testing Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 9: Microbiology and Virology
  • Antibiotic Resistant Infections: Challenges and Solutions
  • Syndromic Testing
  • Diagnosis of Prevalent Infectious Diseases in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Hepatitis Testing
  • Table 9-1: Selected List of Commercial Clinical Microbiology Immunoassays and Molecular Assays for Hepatitis in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Sepsis and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) Testing
  • HIV Testing
  • Table 9-2: Selected List of Commercial Clinical Microbiology Immunoassays and Molecular Assays for HIV in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Testing
  • Table 9-3: Selected List of Commercial Clinical Microbiology Immunoassays and Molecular Assays for STDs* in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • ToRCH
  • Respiratory Infection Testing
  • Clinical Microbiology and Virology Market Segments
  • Tuberculosis (TB) Testing
  • Other Prevalent Infectious Diseases and their Diagnosis in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • ID/AST: Market Analysis
  • ID/AST Systems: Panels, Auto, and Supplies
  • Table 9-4: ID/AST Systems Market Distribution by Product Type (Panels, Supplies, and Auto) in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Blood Culture
  • Chromogenic Media
  • Rapid Tests Performed on Colonies from Culture Media
  • Table 9-5: Microbiology ID/AST Markets in Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-6: Microbiology ID/AST Markets in Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-7: Microbiology ID/AST Markets in Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-8: ID/AST Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Microbiology Immunoassays
  • Table 9-9: Laboratory-based Microbiology Immunoassays Markets in Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-10: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Lab-based Microbiology Immunoassay Markets in Malaysia, 2022
  • Table 9-11: Laboratory-based Microbiology Immunoassays Markets in Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-12: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Lab-based Microbiology Immunoassay Markets in Indonesia, 2022
  • Table 9-13: Laboratory-based Microbiology Immunoassays Markets in Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-14: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Lab-based Microbiology Immunoassay Markets in Singapore, 2022
  • Table 9-15: Combined Clinical Laboratory-Based Microbiology Immunoassay Market by Pathogen in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022 ($ millions)
  • Table 9-16: Microbiology Immunoassays (Lab-based) Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Molecular Microbiology (Laboratory-based)
  • Table 9-17: Laboratory-based Molecular Microbiology Markets in Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-18: Laboratory-based Molecular Microbiology Markets in Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-19: Laboratory-based Molecular Microbiology Markets in Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 9-20: Combined Clinical Molecular Microbiology Market by Pathogen in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022 ($ millions)
  • Table 9-21: Microbiology Mole
  • Table 9-22: Microbiology ancular Diagnostics Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)d Virology Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
Chapter 10: Blood Banking Services
  • Blood Typing and Grouping
  • Blood Testing
  • Market Trends Triggered by COVID-19 Pandemic
  • Blood Banking Service Markets in Malaysia
  • Table 10-1: Blood Testing and Typing Market by Category, Malaysia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 10-2: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Blood Testing and Typing Markets in Malaysia, 2022
  • Blood Banking Service Markets in Indonesia
  • Table 10-3: Distribution of Blood Centers (BCs) in Indonesia, by Province
  • Table 10-4: Blood Testing and Typing Market by Category, Indonesia, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 10-5: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Blood Testing and Typing Markets in Indonesia, 2022
  • Blood Banking Service Markets in Singapore
  • Table 10-6: Blood Testing and Typing Market by Category, Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 10-7: Blood Testing and Typing Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
Chapter 11: Histology and Cytology
  • HPV Testing: A Fast-Growing Market Segment
  • Technological Advancements in Histology and Cytology
  • Market Trends
  • Table 11-1: Cervical Cancer Incidences in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, 2020
  • Table 11-2: Cervical Cancer Deaths in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, 2020
  • Table 11-3: Leading Vendors Offering Cervical Cancer Screening Products in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Histology and Cytology Markets in Malaysia
  • Digital Pathology Solutions in Malaysia
  • Table 11-4: The Histology and Cytology IVD Markets in Malaysia, by Type: 2022 -2027
  • Histology and Cytology Markets in Indonesia
  • Digital Pathology Solutions in Indonesia
  • Table 11-5: The Histology and Cytology IVD Markets in Indonesia, by Type: 2022 -2027
  • Histology and Cytology Markets in Singapore
  • Digitization of Histology Laboratories in Singapore
  • Table: 11-6: The Histology and Cytology IVD Markets in Singapore, by Type: 2022 - 2027
  • Table 11-7: Histology and Cytology Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022-2027 ($ Millions)
  • Table 11-8: Market Shares of the Leading Companies in the Histology and Cytology Markets in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, 2022
Chapter 12: Company Profiles
  • The Top Tier IVD Companies in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Abbott Diagnostics
  • Beckman Coulter, Inc./Danaher
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Immunoassays
  • Hematology
  • Microbiology and Blood Banking
  • Core Lab Systems
  • Flow Cytometry
  • COVID-19
  • Becton, Dickinson, and Company (BD)
  • Cytology
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Traditional Microbiology and ID/AST
  • Blood Collection
  • Flow Cytometry
  • COVID-19
  • bioMérieux Inc.
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunoassays
  • Blood Culture
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • COVID-19
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
  • Quality Control
  • Blood Bank
  • Diabetes
  • Immunoassays
  • Liquid Biopsy and Droplet Digital PCR
  • COVID-19
  • Cepheid/Danaher
  • COVID-19
  • Danaher Corporation
  • DiaSorin S.p.A
  • COVID-19
  • Grifols S.A.
  • Hologic, Inc.
  • Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Ortho)
  • Blood Bank
  • Core Lab/Immunoassays
  • COVID-19
  • PerkinElmer, Inc. (PE)
  • COVID-19
  • QIAGEN
  • Prenatal Testing
  • Cervical Cancer
  • Transplant Medicine
  • COVID-19
  • Roche Diagnostics
  • Hematology
  • Immunoassays
  • HIV
  • Core Molecular
  • Diabetes Care
  • Coagulation
  • POC
  • HPV
  • Blood Bank
  • Transplant Medicine
  • Cancer Companion Testing
  • Prenatal
  • COVID-19
  • Siemens Healthineers
  • Core Lab
  • Lab Automation
  • Immunoassays
  • Hematology
  • Molecular
  • COVID-19
  • Sysmex Corporation
  • Hematology
  • Coagulation
  • Urinalysis
  • Immunoassays
  • Flow Cytometry
  • COVID-19
  • Company Profiles: The Second Tier - Multinationals, Regional Companies, etc.
  • ARKRAY
  • Dry Chemistry/Immunoassays
  • Urinalysis
  • Diabetes
  • Molecular
  • BioCytech Corporation
  • Caris Life Sciences
  • CTK Biotech Inc
  • Dexcom
  • New Manufacturing Facility in Malaysia
  • Healgen Scientific LLC
  • Horiba Medical
  • Lucence Diagnostics
  • Medical Innovation Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (Mediven)
  • Mindray (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical Electronics Co., Ltd.)
  • MiRXES Pte Ltd.
  • OraSure Technologies, Inc.
  • COVID-19
  • Reszon Diagnostics International
  • Vela Diagnostics
  • COVID-19
  • Veredus Laboratories Pte Ltd
  • COVID-19
  • IVD Distributors in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore
  • Table 12-1: Selected List of IVD Distributors in Malaysia
  • Table 12-2: Selected List of IVD Distributors in Indonesia
  • Table 12-3: Selected List of IVD Distributors in Singapore

Companies Mentioned

  • Abbott Diagnostics
  • ARKRAY
  • Beckman Coulter, Inc. / Danaher
  • Becton, Dickinson, and Company (BD)
  • BioCytech Corporation
  • bioMérieux Inc.
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
  • Caris Life Sciences
  • Cephei
  • CTK Biotech Inc
  • Danaher Corporation
  • Dexcom
  • DiaSorin S.p.A
  • Grifols S.A.
  • Healgen Scientific LLC
  • Hologic, Inc.
  • Horiba Medical
  • Lucence Diagnostics
  • Medical Innovation Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (Mediven)
  • Mindray (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical Electronics Co., Ltd.)
  • MiRXES Pte Ltd.
  • OraSure Technologies, Inc.
  • Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Ortho)
  • PerkinElmer, Inc. (PE)
  • QIAGEN
  • Reszon Diagnostics International
  • Roche Diagnostics
  • Sysmex Corporation
  • Vela Diagnostics
  • Veredus Laboratories Pte Ltd