Nutrition and Neurological Disorders

Table of Contents

Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders: 1. Neurological disorders in the context of the global burden of disease

Part I
Alzheimer's disease and dementias2. Lifestyle modifications and nutrition in Alzheimer's disease; 3. The Gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease; 4. The Mediterranean diet: Unsaturated fatty acids and prevention of Alzheimer's disease; 5. Malnutrition and early-stage Alzheimer's disease

Part II
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis6. Hydration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; 7. Diet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); 8. Nutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ALS; 9. Fatty acid profiling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Part III
Brain injury10. High-fat diets in traumatic brain injury: A ketogenic diet resolves what the western diet messes up: Neuroinflammation and beyond; 11. Brain injury, anthropometry, and nutrition; 12. Calorie and protein intake in traumatic brain injury patients; 13. Lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and traumatic brain injury; 14. Brain trauma, ketogenic diets, ketogenesis, and via enteral nutrition

Part IV
Cerebral palsy15. Nutrition and cerebral palsy; 16. Metabolic syndrome in adult cerebral palsy: Implications for diet; 17. Gut microbiota characteristics in children with cerebral palsy; 18. Swallowing problems: Major components of nutritional deficits in adults with cerebral palsy

Part V
Dietary neurotoxins19. Dietary neurotoxins: An overview; 20. Alcohol consumption induces oxidative damage, neuronal injury, and synaptic impairment: Consequences for our brain health; 21. Dietary effects of lead as a neurotoxicant; 22. Environmental toxicants (OPs and heavy metals) in the diet: What are their repercussions on behavioral/neurological systems?

Part VI
Epilepsy23. Hypercholesterolemic diet and status epilepticus; 24. Low glycemic index therapy: What it is and how it compares to other epilepsy diets; 25. Ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsies

Part VII
Headaches and migraines26. The value of fruit and vegetable consumption in pediatric migraine; 27. Dietary trigger factors of migraine

Part VIII
Multiple sclerosis28. Diet and nutrition in multiple sclerosis management; 29. Dietary fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A new narrative; 30. Linking diet, gut microbiota, and multiple sclerosis; 31. Restoration of myelination in the central nervous system via specific dietary bioactive lipids: An opportunity to halt disease progression in multiple sclerosis

Part IX
Neuroinflammation32. Effect of diet and nutrition on neuroinflammation: An overview; 33. High-fat diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation: Alteration of brain functions and associated aliments; 34. Neural implications of a high-fructose diet

Part X
Parkinson's disease35. Role of mediterranean diet in Parkinson's disease; 36. Role of dietary antioxidants and redox status in Parkinson's disease; 37. Beverages, caffeine, and Parkinson's disease; 38. The association of diet and its components with changes in gut microbiota and improvement in Parkinson's disease

Part XI
Peripheral neuropathy39. Alcohol-related autonomic dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy 40. Dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and peripheral neuropathy41. Caloric restriction as a nutrition strategy in counteracting peripheral neuropathies

Part XII
Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment42. The interplay between stress and nutrition during pregnancy: Influence on fetal brain development 43. Maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infants44. Early nutrition, growth, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant 45. Breast milk and cognitive performance in children 46. Effects of ketogenic diets and ketone supplementation on the nervous system during development: Applications to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia

Part XIII
Stroke47. Fluids, energy intake, and stroke; 48. Cachexia after stroke; 49. Linking stroke and dietary pattern: An Indian perspective; 50. Dietary lipids: The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on stroke-related neuronal damage; 51. Diet quality and stroke; 52. Recommended resources for diet and nutrition in neurological disorders

Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders: 1. Vitamins and minerals in the context of reference values and requirements

Part I
Alzheimer's disease and dementias2. a-Tocopherol for Alzheimer's disease; 3. Cognitive impairment and micronutrients: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine and implications for dementia; 4. Magnesium and Alzheimer's disease; 5. Copper, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia; 6. Chromium and Alzheimer's disease

Part II
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis7. Riboflavin and lower motor neuron diseases

Part III
Brain injury8. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in brain injury; 9. Antioxidants in brain injury with or without antibiotics; 10. Vitamin D and traumatic brain injury; 11. Zinc and traumatic brain injury

Part IV
Cerebral palsy12. Cerebral palsy: Evaluating vitamin D levels

Part V
Dietary neurotoxins13. Linking copper and neurotoxic activities

Part VI
Epilepsy14. Epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration and vitamin E; 15. Selenium use in epilepsy; 16. Reduced vitamin C and minerals in epilepsy; 17. Thiamine, transporters, and epilepsy

Part VII
Headaches and migraines18. Riboflavin usage in pediatric migraine; 19. Vitamin B12, folate, and migraine; 20. Vitamin D and migraine

Part VIII
Multiple sclerosis21. Iron, zinc, and multiple sclerosis patients; 22. Considerations on vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis

Part IX
Neuroinflammation23. Neuroinflammation: Role of magnesium; 24. Vitamin B12 as a neuroprotectant in neuroinflammation; 25. Vitamin D3 (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; 26. Vitamin C and neuroinflammation; 27. Vitamin A and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on neuroinflammatory changes in the brain; 28. Fluoride excess and neuroinflammation

Part X
Parkinson's disease29. Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease; 30. Tocotrienols and Parkinson's disease: In vitro and in vivo modeling; 31. B vitamins: Pyridoxal phosphate and parkinsonism; 32. Antioxidant vitamins in Parkinson's disease: Vitamins A, C, E; 33. Role of calcium in Parkinson's disease; 34. Micronutrient levels in Parkinson's disease; 35. Genes and dietary metals in Parkinson's disease

Part XI
Peripheral neuropathy36. Vitamin D levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy; 37. B vitamins on the nervous system: A focus on peripheral neuropathy

Part XII
Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment38. Dietary B-vitamin deficiencies and maternal oversupplementation on neurodevelopment: An updated narrative; 39. Essential trace elements in neurodevelopment: An updated narrative; 40. Gestational folic acid in neuronal development of the hypothalamus

Part XIII
Stroke41. Vitamin B12, hyperhomocysteinemia, and stroke; 42. Sodium and stroke; 43. Calcium intake and the risk of stroke; 44. Recommended resources for the study and investigation of vitamins and minerals in neurological disorders

Treatments, Nutraceuticals, Supplements and Herbal Medicine in Neurological Disorders: Part I
Alzheimer's disease and dementias1. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.): Applications to Alzheimer's disease and dementias; 2. Herbs for Alzheimer's disease management; clinical studies: A narrative; 3. Reducing neurodegeneration and oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease: Role of the Nrf2 pathway activation by natural compounds; 4. Alzheimer's disease and green coffee bean extract; 5. Callistemon viminalis and protection in Alzheimer's disease; 6. Herbs for Alzheimer's disease management-Preclinical studies: A narrative; 7. Allicin as nutraceutical usage in Alzheimer's disease

Part II
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis8. Rutin and its application to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; 9. Kaempferol and kaempferide and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Part III
Brain injury10. French maritime pine bark extract and neurological disorders; 11. Angong Niuhuang pill could be an effective medicinal agent for stroke treatment; 12. Polyphenols as therapeutic interventions against cerebral ischemic injury; 13. Chinese herbal medicine in brain injury and other neurological disorders

Part IV
Dietary neurotoxins14. Protection by Coriandrum sativum against mercury neurotoxicity; 15. Taurine in symptom amelioration and recovery in lead induced neurotoxicity; 16. Omega-3 fatty acid as a protectant in lead-induced neurotoxicity

Part V
Epilepsy17. Dietary flavonoids and management of epilepsy; 18. Magnesium supplemental therapy in epileptogenesis and ictogenesis; 19. Curcumin usage in epilepsy; 20. Triheptanoin as a nutraceutical and its potential use in epilepsy

Part VI
Headaches and migraines21. Dietary supplementation in migraine: A focus on omega-3 fatty acids; 22. Headaches, migraine, and herbal medicine; 23. Magnesium and migraine

Part VII
Multiple sclerosis24. Betaine as a neuroprotective therapy in multiple sclerosis; 25. Natural products and their bioactive compounds in multiple sclerosis; 26. The crocin usage in multiple sclerosis

Part VIII
Neuroinflammation27. The potential role of herbal medicine and nutraceutical in neuroinflammatory disorders: A mechanistic insight via multisignaling cascades; 28. Arbutin as a natural soluble glycosylated phenol and usage in neuroinflammation; 29. Plant-based oils used to treat neuroinflammation; 30. Antineuroinflammatory potentials of Clinacanthus nutans leaf; 31. Nutraceuticals and bioactive components of herbal extract in the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders; 32. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on neuroinflammation; 33. Neuroprotective potential of quercetin as a nutraceutical targeting fused neuroinflammation in neurological disease

Part IX
Parkinson's disease34. Prebiotics and probiotics and Parkinson's disease; 35. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its use in Parkinson's disease; 36. The flavone chrysin and usage in Parkinson's disease; 37. Blackberry (Morus nigra) usage in Parkinson's disease

Part X
Peripheral neuropathy38. Use of coumarin osthole in peripheral neuropathy; 39. Therapeutic benefits of phenolic acids in peripheral neuropathy; 40. Resveratrol as a potential therapeutic molecule against neuropathy: A new narrative; 41. Nutrition and neurological disorders; 42. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala fruit on neuropathy

Part XI
Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment43. Nutritional supplementation for the prevention and treatment of neonatal brain injury: Breast milk and beyond; 44. Maternal naringenin supplementation during pregnancy disrupts the redox status in the developing rats' brain; 45. Tryptophan as a supplement in cerebral palsy; 46. Centella asiatica and protection in neurodevelopment

Part XII
Stroke47. Genistein and its use as a neuroprotective agent in stroke; 48. Leucine-enriched amino acid supplement and use in stroke; 49. Arginine and neuroprotection: A focus on stroke; 50. Isoflavones as nutraceuticals in stroke: Therapeutic targets and signaling pathways; 51. Trigonelline and its uses in stroke

Part XIII
Resources52. Recommended resources for studying nutraceuticals, botanical medicine, and neurological disorders

Authors

Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Vinood B. Patel Reader, University of Westminster, London, UK. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King's College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.