Designed with the busy practitioner in mind, ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine, third edition, quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. This superbly illustrated resource covers more than 275 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, presenting parallel groups of anatomically based differentials, generic imaging patterns, modality-specific findings, and clinically based differentials for each area. Now fully revised and up-to-date, this practical reference clearly guides you through useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine.
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Presents multiple clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but significant; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues�
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Reflects changes in 2021 WHO CNS tumor grading and nomenclature�
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Contains newly identified entities, new differential diagnoses, and updated references�
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Shows both typical and variant manifestations of each possible diagnosis�
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Includes more than 7,000 high-quality print and online images��
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Features updated genetic information now available in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)�
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Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference�
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Assists you in building either a definitive diagnosis from an imaging study or a carefully refined list of reasonable differential diagnoses�
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Includes an eBook version that enables you to access all text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud�
Table of Contents
SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAINSCALP, SKULL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
4 Skull Normal Variants
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
6 Scalp Mass, Child
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
10 Scalp Mass, Adult
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
18 "Hair on End"
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
20 Thick Skull, Generalized
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
24 Thick Skull, Localized
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
26 Thin Skull, Generalized
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
28 Thin Skull, Localized
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
30 Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
34 Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
44 Macrocrania/Macrocephaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD
50 Microcephaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD
MENINGES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
56 Dural Calcification(s)
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
58 Dural-Based Mass, Solitary
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
62 Dural-Based Masses, Multiple
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
66 Falx Lesions
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
70 Pial Enhancement
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
74 Dural Tail Sign
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
76 Ventricles, Normal Variants
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
84 Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
90 Lateral Ventricle Mass
Karen L. Salzman, MD
94 Thick Septum Pellucidum
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
96 Foramen of Monro Mass
Troy A. Hutchins, MD
100 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior
Karen L. Salzman, MD
104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior
Karen L. Salzman, MD
106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
112 4th Ventricle Mass, Child
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
116 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult
Karen L. Salzman, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
122 Ependymal Enhancement
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
126 Ventriculomegaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD
132 Small Ventricles
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
134 Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
138 Irregular Lateral Ventricles
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
142 Periventricular Enhancing Lesions
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
150 Periventricular Calcification(s)
Luke L. Linscott, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC
154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
158 Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
160 Epidural Mass
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC
164 Enlarged Sulci, Generalized
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
168 Effaced Sulci, Generalized
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
172 Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts
Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
176 CPA Mass, Adult
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
180 Cystic CPA Mass
Karen L. Salzman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
184 Prepontine Cistern Mass
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
190 Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD
194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
206 Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
210 CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
212 Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC
216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
218 Pneumocephalus
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
220 Extraaxial Flow Voids
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
222 T1-Hyperintense CSF
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
224 FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
232 Hyperdense CSF
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
266 Cyst With Nodule
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
272 Solitary Parenchymal Calcification
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
276 Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications
Blair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions
Troy A. Hutchins, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
336 Restricted Diffusion, General
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
342 Restricted Diffusion, Cortex
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
364 Epilepsy, Child
Luke L. Linscott, MD
370 Epilepsy, Adult
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
372 Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA
378 Thick Cerebral Cortex
Luke L. Linscott, MD
384 Thin Cortex
Karen L. Salzman, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
390 Focal Cortical Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD
396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR
Karen L. Salzman, MD
400 Cortical Enhancement
Karen L. Salzman, MD
402 Solitary White Matter Lesion
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD
406 Confluent White Matter Lesions
Karen L. Salzman, MD
412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum
Luke L. Linscott, MD
418 Corpus Callosum Holes
Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect
Karen L. Salzman, MD
422 Corpus Callosum Mass
Karen L. Salzman, MD
424 Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion
Troy A. Hutchins, MD
428 Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
434 Hippocampal Lesion
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
438 Basal Ganglia Calcification
Karen L. Salzman, MD
442 Hyperdense Basal Ganglia
Karen L. Salzman, MD
444 Hypodense Basal Ganglia
Karen L. Salzman, MD
448 T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
Karen L. Salzman, MD
452 T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
Karen L. Salzman, MD
456 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Karen L. Salzman, MD
458 Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions
Karen L. Salzman, MD
462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
466 Putamen Lesion(s)
Karen L. Salzman, MD
468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)
Karen L. Salzman, MD
472 Unilateral Thalamic Lesion
Karen L. Salzman, MD
474 Bithalamic Lesions
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
478 Pulvinar Sign
Karen L. Salzman, MD
480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion
Karen L. Salzman, MD
INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
482 Large Brainstem
Karen L. Salzman, MD
484 Small Brainstem
Karen L. Salzman, MD
486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal
Karen L. Salzman, MD
488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse
Karen L. Salzman, MD
490 Midbrain Lesion
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
494 Pontine Lesion
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
500 Medulla Lesion
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)
Nancy J. Fischbein, MD
508 Cerebellar Atrophy
Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
512 Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
518 Vermis Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
522 Low Cerebellar Tonsils
Luke L. Linscott, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion
Luke L. Linscott, MD
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult
Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
540 Pineal Region Mass, General
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA
544 Pineal Gland Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
546 Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass
Chang Yueh Ho, MD
548 Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions
Karen L. Salzman, MD
550 Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
552 Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
556 Enlarged Pituitary Gland
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
558 Intrasellar Lesion
Blair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
560 Cystic Intrasellar Mass
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
562 Suprasellar Mass, Child
Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
568 Suprasellar Mass, Adult
Karen L. Salzman, MD
572 Suprasellar Cystic Mass
Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
576 Calcified Suprasellar Mass
Blair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
578 Enhancing Suprasellar Mass
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
584 Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk
Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
586 Thick Infundibular Stalk
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
588 Hypothalamus Lesion
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
592 Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
ARTERIES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
596 Multifocal Arterial Narrowing
Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD
600 Vessel Wall Abnormalities
Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD
604 Fusiform Arterial Enlargement
Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and Chang Yueh Ho, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery
Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS, Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
608 Dural Sinus Lesion, General
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
612 Enlarged Cortical Veins
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD
614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins
Karen L. Salzman, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD
618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins
Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS
620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass
Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD, Marinos Kontzialis, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
Blair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR
628 Meckel Cave Lesion
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
632 Hyperdense Dural Sinus
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD
636 GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities
Kalen Riley, MD, MBA and Miriam E. Peckham, MD
CRANIAL NERVES
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
638 Hemifacial Spasm
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
652 Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia
Blair A. Winegar, MD and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD
658 Homonymous Hemianopsia
Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD
662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
668 Trigeminal Neuralgia
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
678 Horner Syndrome
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
SECTION 2: SPINE TRANSSPATIAL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
690 Thoracic Bony Trauma
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
692 Lumbar Bony Trauma
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
694 Kyphosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
696 Kyphoscoliosis, Child
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
698 Platyspondyly, Diffuse
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
700 Sacral Mass, Adult
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
708 Sacral Deformity
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
712 Multicompartmental Mass
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
736 Lower Extremity Pain
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
740 Back Pain, Adult
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
746 Back Pain, Pediatric
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
750 Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
762 C1-C2 Instability
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
766 Odontoid Deformity
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
768 Congenital Vertebral Anomalies
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
770 Cervical Bony Fusion
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
772 Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
774 Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
776 Dysmorphic Vertebral Body
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD
778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 782 Enlarged Neural Foramen
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
786 Spondylolisthesis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
790 Bony Lesion, Aggressive
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
794 Fracture, Vertebral Body
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
798 Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
800 Fracture, Posterior Element
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
802 Pedicle Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
828 Disc Contour Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
836 Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
844 Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
EXTRADURAL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
846 Epidural Mass
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
854 Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
856 Extradural Lesions, Multiple
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
858 Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
860 Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
864 Epidural Fluid
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
868 Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
870 Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
878 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
880 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
898 Subarachnoid Space Narrowing
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
912 Intradural Lesion, Serpentine
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
932 Cauda Equina Syndrome
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
INTRAMEDULLARY
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
934 Intramedullary Mass
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
938 Conus Abnormality
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
942 Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
948 Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD
958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
982 Myelopathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
