The Global Market for Renewable Materials (Bio-based, CO2-based and Recycled)

Table of Contents

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND FEEDSTOCKS MARKET
2.1 Types
2.2 Production capacities
2.3 Bio-based adipic acid
2.3.1 Applications and production
2.4 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
2.4.1 Applications and production
2.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
2.5.1 Applications and production
2.6 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
2.6.1 Applications and production
2.7 Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
2.7.1 Applications and production
2.8 Ethylene
2.8.1 Applications and production
2.9 Furfural
2.9.1 Applications and production
2.10 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
2.10.1 Applications and production
2.11 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
2.11.1 Applications and production
2.12 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
2.12.1 Applications and production
2.13 Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
2.14 Isosorbide
2.14.1 Applications and production
2.15 Itaconic acid
2.15.1 Applications and production
2.16 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)
2.16.1 Applications and production
2.17 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
2.17.1 Applications and production
2.18 Lactic acid (D-LA)
2.18.1 Applications and production
2.19 Lactic acid - L-lactic acid (L-LA)
2.19.1 Applications and production
2.20 Lactide
2.20.1 Applications and production
2.21 Levoglucosenone
2.21.1 Applications and production
2.22 Levulinic acid
2.22.1 Applications and production
2.23 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
2.23.1 Applications and production
2.24 Monopropylene glycol (MPG)
2.24.1 Applications and production
2.25 Muconic acid
2.25.1 Applications and production
2.26 Bio-Naphtha
2.26.1 Applications and production
2.26.2 Production capacities
2.26.3 Bio-naptha producers
2.27 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
2.27.1 Applications and production
2.28 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
2.28.1 Applications and production
2.29 Sebacic acid
2.29.1 Applications and production
2.30 Succinic acid (SA)
2.30.1 Applications and production

3 BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS MARKET
3.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics
3.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
3.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
3.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
3.2.1 Biodegradability
3.2.2 Compostability
3.3 Advantages and disadvantages
3.4 Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics
3.5 Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types
3.6 Regional/country production capacities, by main types
3.6.1 Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities, by country
3.6.2 Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, by country
3.6.3 Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, by country
3.6.4 Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, by country
3.6.5 Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, by country
3.6.6 Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, by country
3.6.7 Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, by country
3.6.8 Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, by country
3.6.9 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production capacities, by country
3.6.10 Starch blends production capacities, by country
3.7 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.7.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
3.7.1.1 Market analysis
3.7.1.2 Production
3.7.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
3.7.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
3.7.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
3.7.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
3.7.2.1 Market analysis
3.7.2.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
3.7.3.1 Market analysis
3.7.3.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
3.7.4.1 Market analysis
3.7.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
3.7.4.3 Producers and production capacities
3.7.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
3.7.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
3.7.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
3.7.5.1 Market analysis
3.7.5.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
3.7.6.1 Market analysis
3.7.6.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
3.7.7.1 Market analysis
3.7.7.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.7.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
3.7.8.1 Market analysis
3.7.8.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
3.7.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
3.7.9.1 Market analysis
3.7.9.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.8 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.8.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
3.8.1.1 Technology description
3.8.1.2 Types
3.8.1.2.1 PHB
3.8.1.2.2 PHBV
3.8.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
3.8.1.4 Market analysis
3.8.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
3.8.1.6 Markets for PHAs
3.8.1.6.1 Packaging
3.8.1.6.2 Cosmetics
3.8.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
3.8.1.6.3 Medical
3.8.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
3.8.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
3.8.1.6.4 Agriculture
3.8.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
3.8.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
3.8.1.7 Producers and production capacities
3.8.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
3.8.2 Polysaccharides
3.8.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
3.8.2.1.1 Market analysis
3.8.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
3.8.2.2 Nanocellulose
3.8.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
3.8.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
3.8.2.2.1.2 Properties
3.8.2.2.1.3 Production
3.8.2.2.1.4 Applications
3.8.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
3.8.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
3.8.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
3.8.2.2.2.1 Applications
3.8.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
3.8.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
3.8.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
3.8.2.2.3.1 Production
3.8.2.2.3.2 Applications
3.8.3 Protein-based bioplastics
3.8.3.1 Types, applications and producers
3.8.4 Algal and fungal
3.8.4.1 Algal
3.8.4.1.1 Advantages
3.8.4.1.2 Production
3.8.4.1.3 Producers
3.8.4.2 Mycelium
3.8.4.2.1 Properties
3.8.4.2.2 Applications
3.8.4.2.3 Commercialization
3.8.5 Chitosan
3.8.5.1 Technology description
3.9 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
3.9.1 North America
3.9.2 Europe
3.9.3 Asia-Pacific
3.9.3.1 China
3.9.3.2 Japan
3.9.3.3 Thailand
3.9.3.4 Indonesia
3.9.4 Latin America
3.10 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
3.10.1 Packaging
3.10.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
3.10.1.2 Applications
3.10.1.3 Flexible packaging
3.10.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2033
3.10.1.4 Rigid packaging
3.10.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2033
3.10.2 Consumer products
3.10.2.1 Applications
3.10.3 Automotive
3.10.3.1 Applications
3.10.3.2 Production capacities
3.10.4 Building & construction
3.10.4.1 Applications
3.10.4.2 Production capacities
3.10.5 Textiles
3.10.5.1 Apparel
3.10.5.2 Footwear
3.10.5.3 Medical textiles
3.10.5.4 Production capacities
3.10.6 Electronics
3.10.6.1 Applications
3.10.6.2 Production capacities
3.10.7 Agriculture and horticulture
3.10.7.1 Production capacities
3.11 NATURAL FIBERS
3.11.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
3.11.2 Advantages of natural fibers
3.11.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
3.11.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
3.11.5 Challenges
3.11.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
3.11.6.1 Seed fibers
3.11.6.1.1 Cotton
3.11.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.1.2 Kapok
3.11.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.1.3 Luffa
3.11.6.2 Bast fibers
3.11.6.2.1 Jute
3.11.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.2.2.1 Hemp
3.11.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.2.3 Flax
3.11.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.2.4 Ramie
3.11.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.2.5 Kenaf
3.11.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.3 Leaf fibers
3.11.6.3.1 Sisal
3.11.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.3.2 Abaca
3.11.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.4 Fruit fibers
3.11.6.4.1 Coir
3.11.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.4.2 Banana
3.11.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.4.3 Pineapple
3.11.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
3.11.6.5.1 Rice fiber
3.11.6.5.2 Corn
3.11.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
3.11.6.6.1 Switch grass
3.11.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
3.11.6.6.3 Bamboo
3.11.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2033
3.11.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
3.11.6.7 Modified natural polymers
3.11.6.7.1 Mycelium
3.11.6.7.2 Chitosan
3.11.6.7.3 Alginate
3.11.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
3.11.7.1 Wool
3.11.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
3.11.7.1.2 Producers
3.11.7.2 Silk fiber
3.11.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
3.11.7.2.1.1 Producers
3.11.7.3 Leather
3.11.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
3.11.7.3.1.1 Producers
3.11.7.4 Fur
3.11.7.4.1 Producers
3.11.7.5 Down
3.11.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
3.11.7.5.1.1 Producers
3.11.8 Markets for natural fibers
3.11.8.1 Composites
3.11.8.2 Applications
3.11.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
3.11.8.3.1 Properties
3.11.8.3.2 Applications
3.11.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
3.11.8.4.1 Automotive
3.11.8.4.2 Applications
3.11.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
3.11.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
3.11.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
3.11.8.7.1 Flax
3.11.8.7.2 Kenaf
3.11.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
3.11.8.9 Aerospace
3.11.8.9.1 Market overview
3.11.8.10 Automotive
3.11.8.10.1 Market overview
3.11.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.11.8.11 Building/construction
3.11.8.11.1 Market overview
3.11.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.11.8.12 Sports and leisure
3.11.8.12.1 Market overview
3.11.8.13 Textiles
3.11.8.13.1 Market overview
3.11.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
3.11.8.13.3 Geotextiles
3.11.8.14 Packaging
3.11.8.14.1 Market overview
3.11.9 Global production of natural fibers
3.11.9.1 Overall global fibers market
3.11.9.2 Plant-based fiber production
3.11.9.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
3.12 LIGNIN
3.12.1 Introduction
3.12.1.1 What is lignin?
3.12.1.1.1 Lignin structure
3.12.1.2 Types of lignin
3.12.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
3.12.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
3.12.1.3 Properties
3.12.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
3.12.1.5 Markets and applications
3.12.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
3.12.2 Lignin production processes
3.12.2.1 Lignosulphonates
3.12.2.2 Kraft Lignin
3.12.2.2.1 LignoBoost process
3.12.2.2.2 LignoForce method
3.12.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
3.12.2.2.4 A-Recovery
3.12.2.3 Soda lignin
3.12.2.4 Biorefinery lignin
3.12.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
3.12.2.5 Organosolv lignins
3.12.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin
3.12.3 Markets for lignin
3.12.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
3.12.3.2 Production capacities
3.12.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
3.12.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
3.12.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin
3.12.3.4 Prices
3.12.3.5 Heat and power energy
3.12.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas
3.12.3.7 Aromatic compounds
3.12.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
3.12.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
3.12.3.7.3 Vanillin
3.12.3.8 Plastics and polymers
3.12.3.9 Hydrogels
3.12.3.10 Carbon materials
3.12.3.10.1 Carbon black
3.12.3.10.2 Activated carbons
3.12.3.10.3 Carbon fiber
3.12.3.11 Concrete
3.12.3.12 Rubber
3.12.3.13 Biofuels
3.12.3.14 Bitumen and Asphalt
3.12.3.15 Oil and gas
3.12.3.16 Energy storage
3.12.3.16.1 Supercapacitors
3.12.3.16.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries
3.12.3.16.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries
3.12.3.16.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries
3.12.3.16.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
3.12.3.16.6 Sodium-ion batteries
3.12.3.17 Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
3.12.3.18 Chelating agents
3.12.3.19 Ceramics
3.12.3.20 Automotive interiors
3.12.3.21 Fire retardants
3.12.3.22 Antioxidants
3.12.3.23 Lubricants
3.12.3.24 Dust control
3.13 BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS COMPANY PROFILES (492 company profiles)

4 BIO-BASED FUELS MARKET
4.1 The global biofuels market
4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
4.2 Comparison of biofuel costs 2022, by type
4.3 Types
4.3.1 Solid Biofuels
4.3.2 Liquid Biofuels
4.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels
4.3.4 Conventional Biofuels
4.3.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.4 Feedstocks
4.4.1 First-generation (1-G)
4.4.2 Second-generation (2-G)
4.4.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.4.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.4.3 Third-generation (3-G)
4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.4.3.1.1 Properties
4.4.3.1.2 Advantages
4.4.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
4.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS
4.5.1 Biodiesel
4.5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
4.5.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
4.5.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
4.5.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
4.5.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
4.5.1.2.3.1 Production process
4.5.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
4.5.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
4.5.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
4.5.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
4.5.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
4.5.1.3 Global production and consumption
4.5.2 Renewable diesel
4.5.2.1 Production
4.5.2.2 Global consumption
4.5.3 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
4.5.3.1 Description
4.5.3.2 Global market
4.5.3.3 Production pathways
4.5.4 Costs
4.5.4.1 Biojet fuel production capacities
4.5.4.2 Challenges
4.5.4.3 Global consumption
4.5.5 Syngas
4.5.6 Biogas and biomethane
4.5.6.1 Feedstocks
4.5.7 Bio-naphtha
4.5.7.1 Overview
4.5.7.2 Markets and applications
4.5.7.3 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
4.5.7.4 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
4.6 ALCOHOL FUELS
4.6.1 Biomethanol
4.6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology
4.6.1.1.1 Production processes
4.6.1.1.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
4.6.1.1.1.2 Biomass gasification
4.6.1.1.1.3 Power to Methane
4.6.2 Bioethanol
4.6.2.1 Technology description
4.6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
4.6.2.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
4.6.2.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production
4.6.2.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
4.6.2.6 Gasification
4.6.2.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
4.6.2.7 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
4.6.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
4.6.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
4.6.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
4.6.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
4.6.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
4.6.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
4.6.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
4.6.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
4.6.3 Biobutanol
4.6.3.1 Production
4.7 BIOFUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE AND USED TIRES
4.7.1 Plastic pyrolysis
4.7.2 Used tires pyrolysis
4.7.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
4.8 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
4.8.2 Feedstocks
4.8.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
4.8.2.2 CO2 capture
4.8.3 Production
4.8.4 Electrolysers
4.8.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
4.8.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
4.8.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
4.8.5 Costs
4.8.6 Market challenges
4.8.7 Companies
4.9 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS
4.9.1 Technology description
4.9.2 Production
4.10 GREEN AMMONIA
4.10.1 Production
4.10.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
4.10.1.2 Green ammonia projects
4.10.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
4.10.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
4.10.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
4.10.2.3 Electrochemical production
4.10.2.3.1 Chemical looping processes
4.10.3 Blue ammonia
4.10.3.1 Blue ammonia projects
4.10.4 Markets and applications
4.10.4.1 Chemical energy storage
4.10.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
4.10.4.2 Marine fuel
4.10.5 Costs
4.10.6 Estimated market demand
4.10.7 Companies and projects
4.11 BIO-BASED FUELS COMPANY PROFILES (151 company profiles)

5 BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS MARKET
5.1 The global paints and coatings market
5.2 Bio-based paints and coatings
5.3 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
5.4 Types of bio-based coatings and materials
5.4.1 Alkyd coatings
5.4.1.1 Alkyd resin properties
5.4.1.2 Biobased alkyd coatings
5.4.1.3 Products
5.4.2 Polyurethane coatings
5.4.2.1 Properties
5.4.2.2 Biobased polyurethane coatings
5.4.2.3 Products
5.4.3 Epoxy coatings
5.4.3.1 Properties
5.4.3.2 Biobased epoxy coatings
5.4.3.3 Products
5.4.4 Acrylate resins
5.4.4.1 Properties
5.4.4.2 Biobased acrylates
5.4.4.3 Products
5.4.5 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
5.4.5.1 Properties
5.4.5.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
5.4.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
5.4.6.1 Properties
5.4.6.2 PHA coatings
5.4.6.3 Commercially available PHAs
5.4.7 Cellulose
5.4.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
5.4.7.1.1 Properties
5.4.7.1.2 Applications in paints and coatings
5.4.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers
5.4.7.2.1 Properties
5.4.7.2.2 Product developers
5.4.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
5.4.7.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
5.4.8 Rosins
5.4.9 Biobased carbon black
5.4.9.1 Lignin-based
5.4.9.2 Algae-based
5.4.10 Lignin
5.4.10.1 Application in coatings
5.4.11 Edible coatings
5.4.12 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
5.4.12.1 Plant derived proteins
5.4.12.2 Animal origin proteins
5.4.13 Alginate
5.5 Market for bio-based paints and coatings
5.5.1 Global market revenues to 2033, total
5.5.2 Global market revenues to 2033, by market
5.6 BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS COMPANY PROFILES (130 company profiles)

6 CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION AND STORAGE MARKET
6.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
6.2 CO2 as a commodity
6.3 Meeting climate targets
6.4 Market drivers and trends
6.5 The current market and future outlook
6.6 CCUS Industry developments 2020-2023
6.7 CCUS investments
6.7.1 Venture Capital Funding
6.8 Government CCUS initiatives
6.8.1 North America
6.8.2 Europe
6.8.3 China
6.9 Market map
6.10 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
6.10.1 Facilities
6.10.1.1 Operational
6.10.1.2 Under development/construction
6.11 CCUS Value Chain
6.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
6.13 What is CCUS?
6.13.1 Carbon Capture
6.13.1.1 Source Characterization
6.13.1.2 Purification
6.13.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
6.13.2 Carbon Utilization
6.13.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
6.13.3 Carbon storage
6.13.3.1 Passive storage
6.13.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
6.14 Transporting CO2
6.14.1 Methods of CO2 transport
6.14.1.1 Pipeline
6.14.1.2 Ship
6.14.1.3 Road
6.14.1.4 Rail
6.14.2 Safety
6.15 Costs
6.15.1 Cost of CO2 transport
6.16 Carbon credits
6.17 CARBON CAPTURE
6.17.1 CO2 capture from point sources
6.17.1.1 Transportation
6.17.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
6.17.1.3 By source
6.17.1.4 By endpoint
6.17.2 Main carbon capture processes
6.17.2.1 Materials
6.17.2.2 Post-combustion
6.17.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
6.17.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
6.17.2.5 Pre-combustion
6.17.3 Carbon separation technologies
6.17.3.1 Absorption capture
6.17.3.2 Adsorption capture
6.17.3.3 Membranes
6.17.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
6.17.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
6.17.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner
6.17.3.7 Other technologies
6.17.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
6.17.3.7.2 Microalgae Carbon Capture
6.17.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies
6.17.3.9 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separtion technologies
6.17.4 Opportunities and barriers
6.17.5 Costs of CO2 capture
6.17.6 CO2 capture capacity
6.17.7 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
6.17.7.1 Overview of technology
6.17.7.2 Biomass conversion
6.17.7.3 BECCS facilities
6.17.7.4 Challenges
6.17.8 Direct air capture (DAC)
6.17.8.1 Description
6.17.8.2 Deployment
6.17.8.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
6.17.8.4 Technologies
6.17.8.4.1 Solid sorbents
6.17.8.4.2 Liquid sorbents
6.17.8.4.3 Liquid solvents
6.17.8.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
6.17.8.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
6.17.8.4.6 Direct conversion
6.17.8.4.7 Co-product generation
6.17.8.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
6.17.8.4.9 Regeneration methods
6.17.8.5 Commercialization and plants
6.17.8.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
6.17.8.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
6.17.8.8 Markets for DAC
6.17.8.9 Costs
6.17.8.10 Challenges
6.17.8.11 Players and production
6.17.9 Other technologies
6.17.9.1 Enhanced weathering
6.17.9.2 Afforestation and reforestation
6.17.9.3 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
6.17.9.4 Biochar
6.17.9.5 Ocean fertilisation
6.17.9.6 Ocean alkalinisation
6.18 CARBON UTILIZATION
6.18.1 Overview
6.18.1.1 Current market status
6.18.1.2 Benefits of carbon utilization
6.18.1.3 Market challenges
6.18.2 Co2 utilization pathways
6.18.3 Conversion processes
6.18.3.1 Thermochemical
6.18.3.1.1 Process overview
6.18.3.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
6.18.3.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
6.18.3.2.1 Process overview
6.18.3.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
6.18.3.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
6.18.3.5 Biological conversion of CO2
6.18.3.6 Copolymerization of CO2
6.18.3.7 Mineral carbonation
6.18.4 CO2-derived products
6.18.4.1 Fuels
6.18.4.1.1 Overview
6.18.4.1.2 Production routes
6.18.4.1.3 Methanol
6.18.4.1.4 Algae based biofuels
6.18.4.1.5 CO2-fuels from solar
6.18.4.1.6 Companies
6.18.4.1.7 Challenges
6.18.4.2 Chemicals
6.18.4.2.1 Overview
6.18.4.2.2 Scalability
6.18.4.2.3 Applications
6.18.4.2.3.1 Urea production
6.18.4.2.3.2 CO2-derived polymers
6.18.4.2.3.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
6.18.4.2.3.4 Carbon nanotubes
6.18.4.2.4 Companies
6.18.4.3 Construction materials
6.18.4.3.1 Overview
6.18.4.3.2 CCUS technologies
6.18.4.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
6.18.4.3.4 Additives during mixing
6.18.4.3.5 Concrete curing
6.18.4.3.6 Costs
6.18.4.3.7 Companies
6.18.4.3.8 Challenges
6.18.4.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
6.18.4.4.1 Overview
6.18.4.4.2 Applications
6.18.4.4.2.1 Greenhouses
6.18.4.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
6.18.4.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
6.18.4.4.2.4 Food and feed production
6.18.4.4.3 Companies
6.18.5 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
6.18.5.1 Overview
6.18.5.1.1 Process
6.18.5.1.2 CO2 sources
6.18.5.2 CO2-EOR facilities and projects
6.18.5.3 Challenges
6.18.6 Enhanced mineralization
6.18.6.1 Advantages
6.18.6.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
6.18.6.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
6.18.6.4 Challenges
6.19 CARBON STORAGE
6.19.1 CO2 storage sites
6.19.1.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.19.1.2 Oil and gas fields
6.19.1.3 Saline formations
6.19.2 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.19.3 Costs
6.19.4 Challenges
6.20 COMPANY PROFILES (241 company profiles)

7 THE ADVANCED RECYCLING MARKET
7.1 Market drivers and trends
7.2 Industry developments 2020-2023
7.3 Industry collaborations, partnerships and licensing agreements
7.4 Capacities
7.5 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
7.6 Global market by recycling process
7.7 Chemically recycled plastic products
7.8 Market map
7.9 Value chain
7.10 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Recycling
7.11 Market challenges
7.12 TECHNOLOGIES
7.12.1 Applications
7.12.2 Pyrolysis
7.12.2.1 Technology overview
7.12.2.1.1 Pyrolysis of plastic waste
7.12.2.1.2 Thermal pyrolysis
7.12.2.1.3 Catalytic pyrolysis
7.12.2.1.4 Polystyrene pyrolysis
7.12.2.1.5 Pyrolysis for production of diesel fuel
7.12.2.1.6 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
7.12.2.1.7 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
7.12.2.2 Comparative analysis of pyrolysis processes
7.12.2.3 SWOT analysis
7.12.2.4 Pyrolysis plant capacities, current and planned
7.12.2.5 Companies
7.12.3 Gasification
7.12.3.1 Technology overview
7.12.3.1.1 Syngas conversion to methonol
7.12.3.1.2 Integrated Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
7.12.3.1.3 Chemcycling of waste to hydrogen
7.12.3.2 SWOT analysis
7.12.3.3 Companies
7.12.4 Dissolution
7.12.4.1 Technology overview
7.12.4.1.1 Processes
7.12.4.1.2 Recycling of polypropylene
7.12.4.1.3 Recycling of polystyrene
7.12.4.1.4 Recycling of multilayer films
7.12.4.1.5 Solid-liquid separation
7.12.4.1.6 Solvent recovery
7.12.4.2 SWOT analysis
7.12.4.3 Dissolution plant capacities, current and planned
7.12.4.4 Companies
7.12.5 Depolymerisation
7.12.5.1 Technology overview
7.12.5.1.1 Hydrolysis
7.12.5.1.2 Methanolysis
7.12.5.1.3 Glycolysis
7.12.5.1.4 Enzymolysis
7.12.5.1.5 Depolymerisation methods summary
7.12.5.1.6 Depolymerisation for the production of fuel
7.12.5.1.7 Depolymerisation for the production of feedstock
7.12.5.1.8 Depolymerisation for the production of plastic
7.12.5.1.9 Microwave technology for depolymerisation
7.12.5.1.10 Enzyme technology for depolymerisation
7.12.5.1.11 Ionic liquids
7.12.5.2 SWOT analysis
7.12.5.3 Depolymerisation plant capacities, current and planned
7.12.5.4 Companies
7.12.6 Emerging advanced recycling technologies
7.12.6.1 Microwave heating
7.12.6.2 Plasma
7.12.6.3 Supercritical fluids
7.12.6.4 Biotechnology
7.13 ADVANCED RECYCLING COMPANY PROFILES (134 company profiles)

8 REFERENCES

List of Tables
Table 1. List of Bio-based chemicals.
Table 2. Lactide applications.
Table 3. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
Table 4. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 5. Bio-naptha producers and production capacities.
Table 6. Type of biodegradation.
Table 7. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 8. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 9. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 10. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Table 11. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 12. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 13. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 14. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.
Table 15. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 17. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 18. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 19. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 20. PEF vs. PET.
Table 21. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 22. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 23. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 24. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 25. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 26. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 27. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 28. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 29. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 30. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 31. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 32.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 33. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 34. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 36. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 37. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 38. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 39. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 40. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 41. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 42. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).
Table 43. CNC sources, size and yield.
Table 44. CNC properties.
Table 45. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.
Table 46. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).
Table 47. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.
Table 48: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.
Table 49. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).
Table 50. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.
Table 51. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 52. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
Table 53. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 54. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 55. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 56. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 57. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 58. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.
Table 59. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 60. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by region, tons.
Table 61. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 62. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 63. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.
Table 64. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 65. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 66. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 67. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 68. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 69. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 70. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 71. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 72. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
Table 73. Market drivers for natural fibers.
Table 74. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 75. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 76. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 77. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 78. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 79. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 80. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 81. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 82. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 83. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 84. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 85. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 86. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 87. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 88. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 89. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
Table 90. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
Table 91. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 92. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 93. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 94. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 95. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 96. Alternative wool materials producers.
Table 97. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 98. Alternative silk materials producers.
Table 99. Alternative leather materials producers.
Table 100. Next-gen fur producers.
Table 101. Alternative down materials producers.
Table 102. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 103. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 104. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 105. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 106. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 107. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 108. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 109. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 110. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 111. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 112. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 113. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
Table 114. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 115. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 116. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 117. Technical lignin types and applications.
Table 118. Classification of technical lignins.
Table 119. Lignin content of selected biomass.
Table 120. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 121. Example markets and applications for lignin.
Table 122. Processes for lignin production.
Table 123. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 124. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 125. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 126. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
Table 127. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
Table 128. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
Table 129. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT).
Table 130. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.
Table 131. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers.
Table 132. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.
Table 133. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.
Table 134. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 135. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 136. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2022, by type.
Table 137. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
Table 138. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
Table 139. Classification of biomass feedstock.
Table 140. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 141. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 142. First-Generation Feedstocks.
Table 143. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 144. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 145. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 146. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
Table 147. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
Table 148. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 149. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
Table 150. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 151. Biodiesel production techniques.
Table 152. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 153. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 154. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 155. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.
Table 156. Main producers of HVO and capacities.
Table 157. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.
Table 158. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.
Table 159. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year).
Table 160. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year).
Table 161. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 162. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 163. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 164. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year).
Table 165. Biogas feedstocks.
Table 166. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
Table 167. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 168. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.
Table 169. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.
Table 170. Processes in bioethanol production.
Table 171. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.
Table 172. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres).
Table 173. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
Table 174. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 175. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 176. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
Table 177. Market challenges for e-fuels.
Table 178. E-fuels companies.
Table 179. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
Table 180. Blue ammonia projects.
Table 181. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
Table 182. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
Table 183. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 184. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
Table 185. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 186. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
Table 187. Types of alkyd resins and properties.
Table 188. Market summary for biobased alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers.
Table 189. Biobased alkyd coating products.
Table 190. Types of polyols.
Table 191. Polyol producers.
Table 192. Biobased polyurethane coating products.
Table 193. Market summary for biobased epoxy resins.
Table 194. Biobased polyurethane coating products.
Table 195. Biobased acrylate resin products.
Table 196. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
Table 197. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 198. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 199.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 200. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 201. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 202. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type.
Table 203. Types of nanocellulose.
Table 204: MFC production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 205. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
Table 206. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.
Table 207. CNC properties.
Table 208: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 209. Edible coatings market summary.
Table 210. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
Table 211. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 212. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD).
Table 213. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033(billions USD), conservative estimate.
Table 214. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high estimate.
Table 215. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 216. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends.
Table 217. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2023.
Table 218. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China.
Table 219. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.
Table 220. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.
Table 221. Key market barriers for CCUS.
Table 222. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 223. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.
Table 224. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 225. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.
Table 226. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.
Table 227. Methods of CO2 transport.
Table 228. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 229. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.
Table 230. Point source examples.
Table 231. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 232. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.
Table 233. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.
Table 234. Main capture processes and their separation technologies.
Table 235. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 236. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption.
Table 237. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 238. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 239. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture.
Table 240. Comparison of main separation technologies.
Table 241. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separtion technologies
Table 242. Opportunities and Barriers by sector.
Table 243. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon.
Table 244. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2.
Table 245. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 246. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 247. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 248. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 249. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 250. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 251. DAC projects in development.
Table 252. Markets for DAC.
Table 253. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 254. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 255. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 256. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 257. Biological CCS technologies.
Table 258. Biochar in carbon capture overview.
Table 259. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).
Table 260. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
Table 261. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.
Table 262. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 263. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 264. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products.
Table 265. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 266. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 267. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers.
Table 268. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies.
Table 269. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 270. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 271. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 272. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 273. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 274. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 275. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 276. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 277. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 278. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 279. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 280. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges.
Table 281. Storage and utilization of CO2.
Table 282. Global depleted reservoir storage projects.
Table 283. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects.
Table 284. CO2 EOR/storage projects.
Table 285. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects.
Table 286. Global storage capacity estimates, by region.
Table 287. Market drivers and trends in the advanced recycling market.
Table 288. Advanced recycling industry developments 2020-2023.
Table 289. Industry collaborations, partnerships and licensing agreements.
Table 290. Chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 291. Challenges in the advanced recycling market.
Table 292. Applications of recycled materials.
Table 293. Advanced recycling technologies overview.
Table 294. Comparative analysis of pyrolysis processes.
Table 295. Pyrolysis plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 296. Advanced recycling-pyrolysis companies and type used.
Table 297. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies
Table 298. Summary of dissolution processes.
Table 299. Pyrolysis plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 300. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 301. Depolymerisation methods.
Table 302. Depolymerisation plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 303. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies

List of Figures
Figure 1. Bio-based chemicals and feedstocks production capacities, 2018-2033.
Figure 2. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process
Figure 3. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
Figure 4. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 6. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 7. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 8. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
Figure 9. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 10. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 11. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2033.
Figure 12. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 13. Biobased naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 14. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 15. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 16. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 17. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 18. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 19. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE), 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 20. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
Figure 21. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 22. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 23. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 24. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 25. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 26. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 27. PHA production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 28. Starch blends production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033.
Figure 29. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 30. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
Figure 31. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 32. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 33. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 34. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 35. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 36. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 37. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 38. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 39. PHA family.
Figure 40. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 41. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.
Figure 42. CNC preparation.
Figure 43. Extracting CNC from trees.
Figure 44. CNC slurry.
Figure 45. CNF gel.
Figure 46. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 47. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 48. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 49. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 50. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020.
Figure 51. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.
Figure 52. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons.
Figure 53. PHA bioplastics products.
Figure 54. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 55. Bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 56. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 57. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 58. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 59. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
Figure 60. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes.
Figure 61. Camper Runner K21.
Figure 62. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 63. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 64. Biodegradable mulch films.
Figure 65. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 66. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 67. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.
Figure 68. Adidas algae-ink tees.
Figure 69. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.
Figure 70. Miratex watch bands.
Figure 71. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.
Figure 72. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 73. Cotton production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT).
Figure 74. Kapok production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 75. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
Figure 76. Jute production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT).
Figure 77. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2033 ( MT).
Figure 78. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 79. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 80. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 81. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 82. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 83. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT).
Figure 84. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).
Figure 85. Pineapple fiber.
Figure 86. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.
Figure 87. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT).
Figure 88. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 89. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 90. Frayme Mylo™?.
Figure 91. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 92. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
Figure 93. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
Figure 94. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
Figure 95. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
Figure 96. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
Figure 97. Coir mats for erosion control.
Figure 98. Global fiber production in 2021, by fiber type, million MT and %.
Figure 99. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2033.
Figure 100. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, MT.
Figure 101. Animal based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, million MT.
Figure 102. High purity lignin.
Figure 103. Lignocellulose architecture.
Figure 104. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
Figure 105. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
Figure 106. LignoBoost process.
Figure 107. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.
Figure 108. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.
Figure 109. A-Recovery chemical recovery concept.
Figure 110. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 111. Organosolv lignin.
Figure 112. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 113. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT).
Figure 114. Schematic of WISA plywood home.
Figure 115. Lignin based activated carbon.
Figure 116. Lignin/celluose precursor.
Figure 117. Pluumo.
Figure 118. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 119. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 120. MEDICELLU™.
Figure 121. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 122. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 123. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 124. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 125. Beyond Leather Materials product.
Figure 126. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 127. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
Figure 128. Fiber-based screw cap.
Figure 129. formicobio™ technology.
Figure 130. nanoforest-S.
Figure 131. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 132. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 133. sunliquid® production process.
Figure 134. CuanSave film.
Figure 135. Celish.
Figure 136. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
Figure 137. ELLEX products.
Figure 138. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 139. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 140. Color CNF.
Figure 141. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 142. DKS CNF products.
Figure 143. Domsjö process.
Figure 144. Mushroom leather.
Figure 145. CNF based on citrus peel.
Figure 146. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
Figure 147. Filler Bank CNC products.
Figure 148. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
Figure 149. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 150. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
Figure 151. Water-repellent cellulose.
Figure 152. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 153. PHA production process.
Figure 154. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
Figure 155. AVAPTM process.
Figure 156. GreenPower ™ process.
Figure 157. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 158. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 159. CNF gel.
Figure 160. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 161. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 162. Marine leather products.
Figure 163. Inner Mettle Milk products.
Figure 164. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 165. Dual Graft System.
Figure 166. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
Figure 167. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
Figure 168. Kel Labs yarn.
Figure 169. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
Figure 170. BioFlex process.
Figure 171. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 172. LX Process.
Figure 173. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 174. TransLeather.
Figure 175. Chitin nanofiber product.
Figure 176. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 177. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.571
Figure 178. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.
Figure 179. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 180. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 181. CNF slurries.
Figure 182. Range of CNF products.
Figure 183. Reishi.
Figure 184. Compostable water pod.
Figure 185. Leather made from leaves.
Figure 186. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.
Figure 187. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 188. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 189. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 190. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 191. XCNF.
Figure 192: Plantrose process.
Figure 193. LOVR hemp leather.
Figure 194. CNF insulation flat plates.
Figure 195. Hansa lignin.
Figure 196. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 197. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 198. 3D printed cellulose shoe.
Figure 199. Lyocell process.
Figure 200. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
Figure 201. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.
Figure 202. Spider silk production.
Figure 203. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
Figure 204. 2 wt.% CNF suspension.
Figure 205. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 206. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 207. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 208. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 209. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 210. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
Figure 211. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 212. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
Figure 213. CNF resin products.
Figure 214. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 215. Vegea production process.
Figure 216. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 217. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 218. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.
Figure 219. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 220. Worn Again products.
Figure 221. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
Figure 222. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends.
Figure 223. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 224. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 225. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).
Figure 226. Flow chart for biodiesel production.
Figure 227. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year).
Figure 228. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year).
Figure 229. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year).
Figure 230. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 231. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 232. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 233. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 234. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.
Figure 235. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.
Figure 236. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.
Figure 237. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.
Figure 238. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres).
Figure 239. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 240. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 241. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 242. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 243. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 244. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 245. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 246. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 247. E-liquids production routes.832
Figure 248. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 249. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 250. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.
Figure 251. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 252. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.
Figure 253. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.
Figure 254. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 255. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 256. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 257. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 258. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 259. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.
Figure 260. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 261. FBPO process
Figure 262. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 263. CRI process.
Figure 264. Colyser process.
Figure 265. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 266. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 267. Domsjö process.
Figure 268. FuelPositive system.
Figure 269. INERATEC unit.
Figure 270. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 271. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 272: Plantrose process.
Figure 273. O12 Reactor.
Figure 274. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 275. CO2 made car part.
Figure 276. The Velocys process.
Figure 277. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 278. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 279. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020.
Figure 280. PHA family.
Figure 281: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit.
Figure 282: Scale of cellulose materials.
Figure 283. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.
Figure 284: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses.
Figure 285. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 286: CNC slurry.
Figure 287. High purity lignin.
Figure 288. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 289. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD).
Figure 290. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
Figure 291. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high
Figure 292. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Biobased.
Figure 293: NCCTM Process.
Figure 294: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
Figure 295. Cellugy materials.
Figure 296. EcoLine® 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right).
Figure 297. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 298. DKS CNF products.
Figure 299. Domsjö process.
Figure 300. CNF gel.
Figure 301. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 302. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 303. BioFlex process.
Figure 304. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 305: Fluorene cellulose ® powder.
Figure 306. XCNF.
Figure 307. Spider silk production.
Figure 308. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite.
Figure 309. 2 wt.% CNF suspension.
Figure 310. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 311. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 312. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 313. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 314. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.
Figure 315. Bioalkyd products.
Figure 316. Carbon emissions by sector.
Figure 317. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 318. Pathways for CO2 use.
Figure 319. Regional capacity share 2022-2030.
Figure 320. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2022, millions USD.
Figure 321. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.
Figure 322. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.
Figure 323. Existing and planned CCS projects.
Figure 324. CCUS Value Chain.
Figure 325. Schematic of CCUS process.
Figure 326. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.
Figure 327. A pre-combustion capture system.
Figure 328. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.
Figure 329. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.
Figure 330. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.
Figure 331. Transport of CCS technologies.
Figure 332. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 333. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.
Figure 334. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 335. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.
Figure 336. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 337. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.
Figure 338. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021.
Figure 339. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.
Figure 340. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030.
Figure 341. Post-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 342. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Figure 343. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 344. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.
Figure 345. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 346. Amine-based absorption technology.
Figure 347. Pressure swing absorption technology.
Figure 348. Membrane separation technology.
Figure 349. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.
Figure 350. Process schematic of chemical looping.
Figure 351. Calix advanced calcination reactor.
Figure 352. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.
Figure 353. Microalgal carbon capture.
Figure 354. Cost of carbon capture.
Figure 355. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2.
Figure 356. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030.
Figure 357. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process.
Figure 358. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 359. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 360. DAC technologies.
Figure 361. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 362. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 363. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 364. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 365. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 366. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 367. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 368. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 369. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 370. Schematic of biochar production.
Figure 371. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.
Figure 372. Applications for CO2.
Figure 373. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.
Figure 374. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 375. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 376. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.
Figure 377. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.
Figure 378. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.
Figure 379. Econic catalyst systems.
Figure 380. Mineral carbonation processes.
Figure 381. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 382. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 383. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 384. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 385. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 386. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 387. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 388. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 389. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 390. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 391. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 392. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 393. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 394. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 395. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 396. Carbon mineralization pathways.
Figure 397. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 398. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use.
Figure 399. Subsurface storage cost estimation.
Figure 400. Air Products production process.
Figure 401. Aker carbon capture system.
Figure 402. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor.
Figure 403. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.
Figure 404. Aspiring Materials method.
Figure 405. Aymium’s Biocarbon production.
Figure 406. Carbonminer technology.
Figure 407. Carbon Blade system.
Figure 408. CarbonCure Technology.
Figure 409. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 410. CRI process.
Figure 411. PCCSD Project in China.
Figure 412. Orca facility.
Figure 413. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant.
Figure 414. Colyser process.
Figure 415. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 416. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 417. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture.
Figure 418. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology.
Figure 419. Carbon Capture balloon.
Figure 420. Holy Grail DAC system.
Figure 421. INERATEC unit.
Figure 422. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 423. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 424. Mosaic Materials MOFs.
Figure 425. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 426. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer.
Figure 427. ZerCaL™ process.
Figure 428. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field.
Figure 429. RepAir technology.
Figure 430. Soletair Power unit.
Figure 431. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.
Figure 432. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right).
Figure 433. O12 Reactor.
Figure 434. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 435. CO2 made car part.
Figure 436. Advanced recycling capacities 2022, by technology.
Figure 437. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, million metric tons.
Figure 438. Global market by recycling process, 2020-2033, millions USD.
Figure 439. Market map for advanced recycling.
Figure 440. Value chain for advanced recycling market.
Figure 441. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 442. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 443. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 444. PureCycleTM process.
Figure 445. SWOT analysis-dissoluiton for advanced recycling.
Figure 446. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 447. SWOT analysis-Depolymerisation for advanced recycling.
Figure 448. NewCycling process.
Figure 449. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 450. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 451. CreaSolv® process.
Figure 452. MoReTec.
Figure 453. Repsol Reciclex® Circular Polyolefins.
Figure 454. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.

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• Cass Materials Pty Ltd
• Catalyxx
• Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd.
• C-Capture
• Celanese Corporation
• Cellicon B.V.
• Cellucomp Ltd.
• Celluforce, Inc.
• Cellugy
• Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)
• Celtic Renewables Ltd.
• Cemvita Factory Inc.
• CERT Systems, Inc.
• CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
• CFOAM Limited
• Charm Industrial
• CH-Bioforce Oy
• Checkerspot, Inc.
• Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez)
• Chemol Company (Seydel)
• Chempolis Oy
• Chevron Corporation
• Chevron Phillips
• China Energy Investment Corporation (CHN Energy)
• Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd.
• Chiyoda Corporation
• Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.
• Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.
• CIMV
• CIRC
• Circa Group
• Circla Nordic
• Circular Systems
• CJ Biomaterials, Inc.
• Clariant AG
• Clariter
• Cleyond
• Climeworks
• CO2 Capsol
• CO2CirculAir B.V.
• CO2Rail Company
• Coastgrass ApS
• COFCO Cooperation Ltd.
• Compact Carbon Capture AS (Baker Hughes)
• Corbion N.V.
• Cortec Corporation
• Corumat, Inc.
• Cosun Beet Company
• Coval Energy B.V.
• Covestro
• Covestro AG
• Cquestr8 Limited
• CreaCycle
• CreaFill Fibers Corporation
• Crimson Renewable Energy LLC
• Cristal Union Group
• Croda International plc
• Cruz Foam
• CTC Foundation
• CuanTec Ltd.
• CuRe Technology
• CyanoCapture
• C-Zero Inc.
• Daicel Corporation
• Daicel Polymer Ltd.
• DaikyoNishikawa Corporation
• Daily Polymer
• Daio Paper Corporation
• Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd.
• DAK Americas LLC
• Danimer Scientific
• Danimer Scientific LLC
• D-CRBN
• Decarbontek LLC
• Deep Branch Biotechnology
• Demont
• Denbury Inc.
• DENSO Corporation
• DePoly
• Diamond Green Diesel LLC
• DIC Corporation
• DIC Products, Inc.
• Dimensional Energy
• Dioxide Materials
• Dioxycle
• DKS Co. Ltd.
• Domsjö Fabriker AB
• Domtar Paper Company LLC
• Dongnam Realize
• Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp.
• Dow
• Dow Chemical Company
• Dow, Inc.
• DuFor Resins B.V.
• DuPont
• DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC
• DuPont Tate & Lyle, LLC
• DuPont Teijin Films
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation
• Ebb Carbon
• Eco Environmental
• Eco Fuel Technology, Inc
• Eco Safety Products
• Ecoat S.A.S
• Ecocera
• EcoClosure LLC
• ecoLocked GmbH
• Econic Technologies Ltd
• Ecopek
• Ecopel
• Ecor Global
• Ecoshell
• EcoSynthetix, Inc.
• Ecovative Design LLC
• Ecovia Renewables
• EggPlant Srl
• Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
• Eion Carbon
• Electrochaea GmbH
• Elementis plc
• Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc
• Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT)
• Emery Oleochemicals LLC
• Empower Materials, Inc.
• EMS-Grivory
• enaDyne GmbH
• enbro Bamboo Company
• Encina
• Enerkem
• Enerkem, Inc.
• Eneus Energy
• Eni S.p.A.
• Eni Sustainable Mobility
• Enkev
• Ensyn Corporation
• Entropy Inc.
• Enval
• Enviral
• E-Quester
• Equinor ASA
• Equipolymers
• Eranova
• Esbottle Oy
• Essential Polymers
• Ethox Chemicals LLC
• Euglena Co., Ltd.
• Evolved By Nature
• Evonik
• Evonik Industries AG
• Evrnu
• Extracthive
• ExxonMobil
• Fairbrics
• Faircraft
• Far Eastern New Century Corporation
• Fiberight
• Fiberlean Technologies
• Fillerbank Limited
• Fiquetex S.A.S.
• FKuR Kunststoff GmbH
• Flocus
• Floreon
• Fluor Corporation
• Foamplant BV
• Forge Hydrocarbons Corporation
• Fortera Corporation
• FP Innovations
• Framergy, Inc.
• Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBP
• Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC
• Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF
• Fraunhofer IVV
• Freyzein
• Fruit Leather Rotterdam
• FuelCell Energy, Inc.
• FuelPositive Corp.
• Fuenix Ecogy
• Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.
• Fulcrum BioEnergy
• Fulcrum BioEnergy, Inc.
• Full Cycle Bioplastics LLC
• Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.
• Futerro
• Futuramat Sarl
• Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd.
• Fych Technologies
• G+E GETEC Holding GmbH
• Galactic
• Galatea Biotech Srl
• Galp Energia, SGPS, S.A.
• Garbo
• GE Gas Power (General Electric)
• Geep
• Gelatex Technologies OÜ
• Gen Corporation
• Gen3Bio
• GenCell Energy
• Genecis Bioindustries, Inc.
• GeneusBiotech BV
• Genomatica
• GEON Performance Solutions
• Gevo, Inc
• GFBiochemicals
• Giner, Inc.
• Global Algae Innovations
• Global Bioenergies SA
• Global Thermostat LLC
• Gr3n Recycling
• Grabio Greentech Corporation
• Grado Zero Innovation
• Granbio Technologies
• Graviky Labs
• Green COP Pte Ltd
• Green Earth Institute
• Green Fuel
• Green Lizard Technologies Ltd
• Greenback Recycling Technologies Ltd
• GreenMantra
• greenSand
• Grupp MAIP
• GS Alliance Co. Ltd
• Guangzhou Bio-plus Materials Technology Co., Ltd.
• Gulf Coast Sequestration
• Hago Energetics
• Haldor Topsoe
• Haldor Topsoe A/S
• Handerek Technologies
• Hattori Shoten K.K.
• Hebei Casda Biomaterials Co., Ltd.
• Hebei Jiheng Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Hebei Xinhua Lactic Acid Co.
• Heilongjiang Chenneng Bioengineering Ltd.
• Heimdal CCU
• Heirloom Carbon Technologies
• Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd.
• Henan Xinghan Biological Technology Co., Ltd.
• Hengli Petrochemical
• Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Hero BX
• Hexa Chemical Co. Ltd./Nature Gift
• Hexion Inc
• High Hopes Labs
• Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd
• Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.
• Holcim Group
• Holmen Iggesund
• Holy Grail, Inc.
• Honext Material SL
• Honeywell
• Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Humintech GmbH
• Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Co
• Icytos
• IFP Energies Nouvelles (IFPEN)
• IHI Corporation
• Imerys S.A.
• Immaterial Ltd
• Indaver
• India Glycol
• India Glycols Ltd.
• Indochine Bio Plastiques (ICBP) Sdn Bhd
• Indorama Ventures Public Co. Ltd.
• InEnTec
• INEOS Styrolution
• Ineratec GmbH
• Infinited Fiber Company Oy
• Infinitree LLC
• Infinium
• Ingevity
• Inner Mettle
• Innoltek
• InnoSepra LLC
• Innovator Energy
• Inovyn
• Inspidere B.V.
• Iogen Corporation
• ION Clean Energy, Inc.
• Ioniqa
• Itaconix
• Itero Technologies
• IUV Srl
• Japan CCS Co., Ltd.
• JeNaCell GmbH
• Jeplan
• Jiangsu Anpon Electrochemical Co., Ltd
• Jiangsu Jinhe Hi-Tech Co., Ltd.
• Jiangsu Senda Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
• Jiangsu Torise Biomaterials Co., Ltd
• Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• Jiangsu Zhongzheng Biochemical Co., Ltd.
• Jilin COFCO Biomaterial Corporation
• JinHui ZhaoLang High Technology Co., Ltd.
• JRS Rettenmaier & Sohne GmbH
• Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG
• Jupiter Ionics Pty Ltd
• Jupiter Oxygen Corporation
• Kaidi
• Kalion, Inc.
• Kami Shoji Company
• Kane Biotech, Inc.
• Kaneka Corporation
• Kanteleen Voima
• Kao Corporation
• Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
• Keel Labs
• Kelheim Fibres GmbH
• KH Neochem
• Khepra
• Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.
• Klabin S.A.
• Klean Industries
• Kolon Industries, Inc.
• Kraig Biocraft Laboratories
• Kraton Corporation
• KRI Inc
• Kusano Sakko K.K.
• Kvasir Technologies
• Kyanite Microorganism
• Labema® Laboratories
• Lactips S.A.
• LAM’ON
• Lanxess AG
• LanzaJet, Inc.
• Lanzatech
• LCY Biosciences
• Le Qara
• Leaf Resources Ltd
• Lean Orb
• Lectrolyst LLC
• Lenzing AG
• LEUNA-Harze GmbH
• LG Chem
• Licella
• Lignin Industries
• Lignolix, Inc.
• LignoPure GmbH
• Lignovations GmbH
• Lingrove, Inc.
• Liquid Wind AB
• Lithos
• Living Carbon
• Living Ink
• Living Ink Technologies
• Lixea
• Lixea Limited
• Locus Fermentation Solutions
• Loick Biowertstoff GmbH
• Loliware LLC
• Loop Industries
• LOTTE Chemical Corporation
• Low Carbon Korea
• Low Carbon Materials
• Lucite International
• Lummus
• LXP Group GmbH
• Lygos, Inc
• LyondellBasell
• LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.
• Made of Air GmbH
• MakeGrowLab
• Malai Biomaterials Design Pvt. Ltd. (Malai)
• Mango Materials, Inc.
• Manta Biofuel, LLC
• Marea
• Marine Innovation Co., Ltd
• Marine Nanofiber Co., Ltd.
• Mars Materials
• Marusumi Paper Company Limited
• Mash Energy ApS
• Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd.
• Mattershift
• MedPHA Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.
• Meghmani Finechem Ltd.
• Mehler Engineered Products GmbH
• Melodea Ltd.
• Mercurius Biorefining
• Mercurius Biorefining Inc
• METabolic EXplorer S.A. (METEX)
• Metgen Oy
• Michelman
• Minera Systems
• Mineral Carbonation International MCi Carbon
• Mint Innovation
• Mission Zero Technologies
• Mitr Phol
• Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
• Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH
• Mitsui Chemicals, inc.
• Mobius
• Modern Meadow, Inc.
• Modern Synthesis
• MOFWORX
• Mogu S.r.l.
• Molten Industries, Inc.
• MolyWorks Materials
• Mondi
• mori
• Mori Machinery Co., Ltd.
• Mosaic Materials, Inc. (Baker Hughes)
• Mote, Inc.
• Multibax Public Co., Ltd.
• Mura Technology
• Mura Technology Limited
• Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd.
• MYCL
• MycoWorks
• Mylium BV
• Nabaco, Inc.
• Nafigate Corporation a.s.
• Nanollose Ltd
• Nantong Cellulose Fibers Co., Ltd
• Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
• Nanyang Zhongju Tianguan Low Carbon Technology Company
• Nasus Labs
• NatPol
• Natural Fiber Welding, Inc.
• Nature Coatings, Inc.
• NatureWorks
• NatureWorks LLC
• NefFa
• NeoZeo AB
• Neste
• Neste Oyj
• Net Power, LLC
• NetZero
• Neustark AG
• New Hope Energy
• New Sky Energy
• New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF)
• NewEnergyBlue LLC
• Newlight Technologies LLC
• NEXE Innovations Inc.
• Next Generation Group
• Nexus Circular
• Nexus Fuels, LLC
• Ningbo Huanyang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Ningbo Tianan Biologic Material
• Nippon Paper Industries
• Nordic ElectroFuel
• Norsk e-Fuel AS
• Norske Skog AS
• Northern Technologies International
• Notpla
• Nova Kaeru
• Nova Pangaea Technologies (UK) Ltd.
• Novamont S.p.A.
• Novo Nutrients
• Novocarbo GmbH
• Novoloop
• Novomer
• Novozymes A/S
• Noya
• NUREL S.A.
• Nuvi Releaf
• Nxtlevvel
• Oakbio
• Oakbio, Inc.
• Obrist Group
• Occidental Petroleum Corp.
• OCOchem
• Oimo
• Oji Paper Company
• Oleago
• Oleon N.V.
• Omya
• Opus 12, Inc.
• Orange Fiber S.r.l.
• Orchestra Scientific S.L.
• Organic Disposables
• OrganoClick AB
• Origen Carbon Solutions
• Origin Materials
• Orineo
• ORLEN Poludnie
• Osaka Gas Group
• Osaki CoolGen Corporation
• Österreichische Mineralölverwaltung (OMV)
• OXCCU Tech Ltd.
• OxEon Energy, LLC
• Oxylum
• Oy Hydrocell Ltd.
• Paebbl AB
• Pangaia Ltd.
• Paques Biomaterials
• Parallel Carbon Limited
• perPETual
• Perpetual Next Technologies
• Perstorp AB
• PET Refine Technology
• Petronas
• PHABuilder
• PHB Industrial S.A.
• Phillips 66
• Phoenix BioPower
• Photanol B.V.
• Phycobloom
• Phytonix Corporation
• Pivot Materials LLC
• Plafco Fibertech Oy
• Planetary Technologies
• Plantic Technologies Ltd.
• Plantics B.V.
• Plastic Energy Limited
• Plastic2Oil
• Polaris Renewables LLC
• Polybion
• Polycycl
• Polyferm
• Polymer Research Technologies
• PolyStyreneLoop
• Polystyvert
• Pond Biomaterials
• Pond Technologies
• Poseidon Plastic
• PPG
• Praj Industries Ltd.
• Preem AB
• Premirr Plastics
• Prime Polymer Co., Ltd.
• PRISMA Renewable Composites
• Procter & Gamble
• Prometheus Fuels, Inc.
• Prometheus Materials
• Proton Power, Inc.
• Provenance Biofabrics, Inc.
• Pryme
• PT Intera Lestari Polimer
• PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.
• PTTEP
• Pure Lignin Environmental Technology
• Pure Lignin Environmental Technology Ltd.
• PureCycle Technologies
• PYREG
• PyrOil
• Pyrowave
• Qairos Energies
• Q-milk GmbH
• Qnature UG
• Qorium
• Quanta Fuel
• Quantiam Technologies Inc.
• Radical Plastics
• Radici Group
• RAW Paints
• Rayonier Advanced Materials
• Re:newcell
• Recenso
• Reclaimed EcoEnergy
• RecycELIT
• Recycling Technologies
• Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd.
• Red Leaf Pulp Ltd.
• RedoxNRG
• Refresh Plastics
• Relement BV
• Remora
• Renasci
• RenCom AB
• Renergi
• ReNew ELP
• Renew One
• Renewlogy
• RenFuel
• Rengo Co., Ltd.
• Renmatix
• RepAir Carbon DAC Ltd.
• Repsol
• Repsol S.A.
• Resilient Energi
• Resolute Forest Products, Inc.
• RESPolyflow
• Resynergi, Inc.
• revalyu Resource GmbH
• ReVital Polymers
• Revoltech GmbH
• RiceHouse srl
• Ripro Corporation
• RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB
• Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd.
• Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V.
• Roquette S.A.
• Royal DSM N.V
• Royal DSM N.V.
• Rubi Laboratories, Inc.
• Running Tide Technologies, Inc.
• RWDC Industries
• Sabic
• Sainc Energy Limited
• Saipem S.p.A
• SaltyCo Textiles
• Samyang Corporation
• Saperatec GmbH
• Saphium Biotechnology GMBH
• Sappi
• SAPPI Biotech
• Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC)
• SBI BioEnergy Inc.
• SCG Chemicals
• Scindo
• ScobyTec GmbH
• Sea6 Energy
• Seabound
• Seachange Technologies
• Seawear Ltd.
• Sebacic Oman SAOC
• Sebiplast s.r.l.
• Seeo2 Energy, Inc.
• Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.
• Seiko PMC Corporation
• Sekab E-Technology AB
• Sekisui Chemical
• S-EnPol Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Baisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Landian Biological Technology Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Minji Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Siqiang Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials Co., Ltd.
• Shanxi Leda Biochemical Co., Ltd.
• Shanxi Zhengang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd.
• Shell
• Shell plc
• Shenghong Group
• Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
• Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd.
• Shuye Environmental Technology
• SICOMIN Epoxy Systems
• Sierra Energy
• Silva Green Fuel
• Simplifyber, Inc.
• Sirmax Group
• SK Chemicals Co., Ltd.
• SK Global Chemical
• SkyMining AB
• SkyNano Technologies
• SkyNRG
• Skyrenu Technologies
• Skytree
• Skytree BV
• Slow Factory Labs
• Smartfiber AG
• Solar Foods Oy
• Soletair Power Oy
• Solidia Technologies
• Solvay SA
• Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co.
• Southern Green Gas
• Spectrus Sustainable Solutions Pvt Ltd
• Spero Renewables
• Spiber, Inc.
• Spidey Tek
• Spinnova Oy
• Spolchemie
• Spora Biotech
• St1 Oy
• Starlite Co., Ltd.
• Steeper Energy
• Steeper Energy Aps
• Stockholm Exergi AB
• Stora Enso Oyj
• Storegga Geotechnologies Limited
• Sublime Systems
• Sufresca
• Sugino Machine Limited
• Sulapac Oy
• Sulzer
• Sulzer Chemtech AG
• Sun Chemical Corporation
• Sunar Misir
• SunCoal Industries GmbH
• Sundrop Fuels, Inc.
• Sunfire GmbH
• Sunho Biodiesel Corporation
• SUPLA Bioplastics
• Sustaera
• Suzano SA
• Svante, Inc.
• Sweet Gazoil
• Sweetwater Energy
• Synhelion
• Synova
• Synthopol Chemie
• TAIF-NK
• Take Cite Co., Ltd.
• Tandem Repeat
• Tandem Technical
• Tanin sevnica kemicna industrija
• TBM Co., Ltd.
• Teal Bioworks, Inc.
• TechnipFMC
• Technisoil Industrial
• TECNARO GmbH
• Teijin Ltd
• Terra CO2 Technologies Ltd.
• TerraCOH, Inc.
• TerraFixing, Inc.
• TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc
• Teysha Technologies Limited
• The Linde Group
• The Lubrizol Corporation
• thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions AG
• Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd.
• Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd
• Tianxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
• TierraSpec Ltd.
• Tômtex
• Tongliao Xinghe Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
• Toray Industries, Inc.
• Total
• TotalEnergies Corbion
• TotalEnergies SE
• Toyo Styrene
• Toyobo Co., Ltd.
• Toyota Boshoku Corporation
• Travertine Technologies, Inc.
• Treemera GmbH
• Trinseo
• TripleHelix
• TripleW
• TS Tech Co., Ltd.
• Twelve
• UBQ Materials
• Uluu
• Unipetrol
• Unitika Ltd.
• Universal Bio Pack Co., Ltd.
• UP Catalyst
• UPM Biochemicals
• UPM Biocomposites
• UPM Biofuels
• UPM-Kymmene Oyj
• Vadxx
• Valmet Oyj
• Valoren
• Vartega
• V-Carbon
• Vegatex Biotech
• Vegea srl
• Velocys
• Vencorex® Chemicals
• VEnvirotech Biotechnology SL
• VERBIO Vereinigte BioEnergie AG
• Verdox
• Versalis
• Versalis SpA
• Vertimass LLC
• Vertoro
• Vertus Energy Ltd.
• ViaeX Technologies
• Vibers BV
• Virent Inc.
• Viridos
• Visolis Inc.
• VitroLabs Inc
• von Holzhausen
• Vortis Carbon Co.
• VTT
• VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
• Vynova
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• WasteFuel
• Werewool
• West Fraser Timber Co Ltd.
• WeylChem International GmbH
• Woodly Ltd.
• Worlée-Chemie GmbH
• Worn Again Technologies
• Wuhan Sanjiang Space Good Biotech Co., Ltd.
• Xampla
• XFuel
• Xillix GmbH
• Xingzhenghe Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Xinjiang Lanshan Tunhe
• Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.
• Yokogawa Electric Corporation
• Yoshikawakuni Plastics Industries Co., Ltd.
• YuanChu Technology Corp.
• Zelfo Technology
• Zhangjiagang Glory Chemical Industry Co., Ltd
• Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.
• Zhejiang Youcheng New Materials Co., Ltd
• Zolpan SAS
• ZoraMat Solutions
• ZS2 Technologies
• Zvnder

Methodology