+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Ferrotitanium Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Product Type

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 165 Pages
  • January 2023
  • Region: Global
  • Prof Research
  • ID: 5728463
Description Jump to:

Quick Summary:

In the rapidly evolving Ferrro Titanium industry, staying abreast of the latest market developments and trends is paramount to maintaining a competitive edge. Our comprehensive report offers an in-depth analysis of the global Ferro Titanium market, covering key regions including North America, South America, Asia & Pacific, Europe, and MEA. It provides an understanding of supply and demand dynamics, pricing, and the key players within these markets from a regional perspective.

This report delves not only into the company profiles of the key global players in the Ferro Titanium market, but also their main business information, SWOT analyses, and details pertaining to production capacity, volume, revenue, price, gross margin, and market share. By outlining the applications segment, the report provides a clear understanding of where the Ferro Titanium is prominently used, helping professionals to streamline their business strategies accordingly. This level of granular detail makes this report a must-have for business executives planning expansion or seeking new investment avenues.

This report describes the global market size of Ferrotitanium from 2018 to 2022 and its CAGR from 2018 to 2022, and also forecasts its market size to the end of 2028 and its CAGR from 2023 to 2028.

For the geography segment, regional supply, demand, major players, price is presented from 2018 to 2028.
This report covers the following regions:

  • North America
  • South America
  • Asia & Pacific
  • Europe
  • MEA
The key countries for each region are also included such as the United States, China, Japan, India, Korea, ASEAN, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, CIS, and Brazil etc.

For the competitor segment, the report includes global key players of Ferrotitanium as well as some small players.
The information for each competitor includes:

  • Company Profile
  • Main Business Information
  • SWOT Analysis
  • Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
  • Market Share

Types Segment:

  • Remelting Method
  • Electric Silicon Thermal Method
  • Electrothermal Method
  • Others

Companies Covered:

  • Huntsman International
  • DuPont
  • Ineos
  • Iluka Resources Ltd.
  • Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.
  • Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals
  • Allegheny Technologies Incorporated
  • Titanium
Base Year: 2023
Historical Data: from 2018 to 2022
Forecast Data: from 2023 to 2028


This product will be delivered within 1-3 business days.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Executive Summary
Chapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
Chapter 3 Preface
3.1 Research Scope
3.2 Research Sources
3.2.1 Data Sources
3.2.2 Assumptions
3.3 Research Method
Chapter 4 Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Classification/Types
4.3 Application/End Users
Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drivers
5.3 Restraints
5.4 Opportunities
5.5 Threats
Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
6.2 Ferrotitanium Analysis
6.2.1 Technology Analysis
6.2.2 Cost Analysis
6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
7.1 Latest News
7.2 Merger and Acquisition
7.3 Planned/Future Project
7.4 Policy Dynamics
Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
8.1 Export of Ferrotitanium by Region
8.2 Import of Ferrotitanium by Region
8.3 Balance of Trade
Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast Ferrotitanium Market in North America (2018-2028)
9.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
9.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
9.5 Key Countries Analysis
9.5.1 United States
9.5.2 Canada
9.5.3 Mexico
Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast Ferrotitanium Market in South America (2018-2028)
10.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
10.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
10.5 Key Countries Analysis
10.5.1 Brazil
10.5.2 Argentina
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Peru
Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast Ferrotitanium Market in Asia & Pacific (2018-2028)
11.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
11.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
11.5 Key Countries Analysis
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 India
11.5.3 Japan
11.5.4 South Korea
11.5.5 Southeast Asia
11.5.6 Australia
Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast Ferrotitanium Market in Europe (2018-2028)
12.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
12.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
12.5 Key Countries Analysis
12.5.1 Germany
12.5.2 France
12.5.3 United Kingdom
12.5.4 Italy
12.5.5 Spain
12.5.6 Belgium
12.5.7 Netherlands
12.5.8 Austria
12.5.9 Poland
12.5.10 Russia
Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast Ferrotitanium Market in MEA (2018-2028)
13.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
13.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
13.5 Key Countries Analysis
13.5.1 Egypt
13.5.2 Israel
13.5.3 South Africa
13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
13.5.5 Turkey
Chapter 14 Summary For Global Ferrotitanium Market (2018-2023)
14.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size
14.2 Ferrotitanium Demand by End Use
14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
Chapter 15 Global Ferrotitanium Market Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1 Ferrotitanium Market Size Forecast
15.2 Ferrotitanium Demand Forecast
15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
16.1 Huntsman International
16.1.1 Company Profile
16.1.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Huntsman International
16.1.4 Huntsman International Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.2 DuPont
16.2.1 Company Profile
16.2.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.2.3 SWOT Analysis of DuPont
16.2.4 DuPont Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.3 Ineos
16.3.1 Company Profile
16.3.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.3.3 SWOT Analysis of Ineos
16.3.4 Ineos Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.4 Iluka Resources Ltd.
16.4.1 Company Profile
16.4.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.4.3 SWOT Analysis of Iluka Resources Ltd.
16.4.4 Iluka Resources Ltd. Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.5 Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.
16.5.1 Company Profile
16.5.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.5.3 SWOT Analysis of Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.
16.5.4 Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation. Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.6 Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals
16.6.1 Company Profile
16.6.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.6.3 SWOT Analysis of Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals
16.6.4 Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.7 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated
16.7.1 Company Profile
16.7.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.7.3 SWOT Analysis of Allegheny Technologies Incorporated
16.7.4 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.8 Titanium
16.8.1 Company Profile
16.8.2 Main Business and Ferrotitanium Information
16.8.3 SWOT Analysis of Titanium
16.8.4 Titanium Ferrotitanium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Tables and Figures
Table Abbreviation and Acronyms List
Table Research Scope of Ferrotitanium Report
Table Data Sources of Ferrotitanium Report
Table Major Assumptions of Ferrotitanium Report
Figure Market Size Estimated Method
Figure Major Forecasting Factors
Figure Ferrotitanium Picture
Table Ferrotitanium Classification
Table Ferrotitanium Applications List
Table Drivers of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Restraints of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Opportunities of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Threats of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
Table Different Production Methods of Ferrotitanium
Table Cost Structure Analysis of Ferrotitanium
Table Key End Users List
Table Latest News of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Merger and Acquisition List
Table Planned/Future Project of Ferrotitanium Market
Table Policy of Ferrotitanium Market
Table 2018-2028 Regional Export of Ferrotitanium
Table 2018-2028 Regional Import of Ferrotitanium
Table 2018-2028 Regional Trade Balance
Figure 2018-2028 Regional Trade Balance
Table 2018-2028 North America Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 North America Ferrotitanium Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 North America Ferrotitanium Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 North America Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 North America Ferrotitanium Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 North America Ferrotitanium Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 North America Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 North America Ferrotitanium Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 United States Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 United States Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Canada Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Canada Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Mexico Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Mexico Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South America Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 South America Ferrotitanium Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 South America Ferrotitanium Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 South America Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 South America Ferrotitanium Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 South America Ferrotitanium Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 South America Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 South America Ferrotitanium Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Brazil Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Brazil Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Argentina Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Argentina Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Chile Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Chile Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Peru Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Peru Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Ferrotitanium Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 China Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 China Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 India Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 India Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Japan Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Japan Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South Korea Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 South Korea Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Ferrotitanium Market Size List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Ferrotitanium Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Ferrotitanium Import List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Ferrotitanium Export List
Table 2018-2028 Australia Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Australia Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Europe Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 Europe Ferrotitanium Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 Europe Ferrotitanium Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 Europe Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Europe Ferrotitanium Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 Europe Ferrotitanium Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 Europe Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Europe Ferrotitanium Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Germany Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Germany Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 France Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 France Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 United Kingdom Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 United Kingdom Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Italy Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Italy Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Spain Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Spain Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Belgium Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Belgium Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Netherlands Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Netherlands Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Austria Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Austria Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Poland Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Poland Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Russia Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Russia Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 MEA Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 MEA Ferrotitanium Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 MEA Ferrotitanium Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 MEA Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 MEA Ferrotitanium Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 MEA Ferrotitanium Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 MEA Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 MEA Ferrotitanium Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Egypt Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Egypt Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Israel Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Israel Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South Africa Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 South Africa Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Turkey Ferrotitanium Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Turkey Ferrotitanium Import & Export List
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Market Size List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Market Volume List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Capacity List
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production List
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Share List
Figure 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Value List
Figure 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Production Value and Growth Rate
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Global Ferrotitanium Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Regional Ferrotitanium Price List
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Market Size List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Market Volume List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Demand List by Application
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Capacity List
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production List
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Share List
Figure 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Value List
Figure 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Production Value and Growth Rate
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Demand List by Type
Table 2023-2028 Global Ferrotitanium Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2023-2028 Ferrotitanium Regional Price List
Table Huntsman International Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Huntsman International
Table 2018-2023 Huntsman International Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Huntsman International Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Huntsman International Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table DuPont Information
Table SWOT Analysis of DuPont
Table 2018-2023 DuPont Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 DuPont Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 DuPont Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Ineos Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Ineos
Table 2018-2023 Ineos Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Ineos Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Ineos Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Iluka Resources Ltd. Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Iluka Resources Ltd.
Table 2018-2023 Iluka Resources Ltd. Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Iluka Resources Ltd. Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Iluka Resources Ltd. Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation. Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.
Table 2018-2023 Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation. Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation. Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation. Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals
Table 2018-2023 Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Allegheny Technologies Incorporated Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Allegheny Technologies Incorporated
Table 2018-2023 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Allegheny Technologies Incorporated Ferrotitanium Market Share
Table Titanium Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Titanium
Table 2018-2023 Titanium Ferrotitanium Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2018-2023 Titanium Ferrotitanium Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Titanium Ferrotitanium Market Share

Companies Mentioned

  • Huntsman International
  • DuPont
  • Ineos
  • Iluka Resources Ltd.
  • Sumitomo Corporation VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.
  • Toho Titanium Co.RTI International Metals
  • Allegheny Technologies Incorporated
  • Titanium

Methodology

Loading
LOADING...

Related Topics

Related Reports

Ferrotitanium Market By Grade: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2024-2033 - Product Image

Ferrotitanium Market By Grade: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2024-2033

  • Report
  • 350 Pages
  • Global
From
Ferroalloys Market Size and Forecast, Global and Regional Share, Trend, and Growth Opportunity Analysis Report Coverage: By Type and Application - Product Image

Ferroalloys Market Size and Forecast, Global and Regional Share, Trend, and Growth Opportunity Analysis Report Coverage: By Type and Application

  • Report
  • 271 Pages
  • Global
From
Ceramic Ferrite Magnet Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type - Product Image

Ceramic Ferrite Magnet Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type

  • Report
  • 142 Pages
  • Global
From
Hard Ferrite Magnet Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type - Product Image

Hard Ferrite Magnet Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type

  • Report
  • 142 Pages
  • Global
From
2024 Prepared Ferrous Metal Scrap Wholesale Global Market Size & Growth Report with Updated Recession Risk Impact - Product Image

2024 Prepared Ferrous Metal Scrap Wholesale Global Market Size & Growth Report with Updated Recession Risk Impact

  • Report
  • 45 Pages
  • Global
From
Copyright © 2002-2024 Research and Markets. All Rights Reserved.