Pharmaceutical Corporations All Over the World are Thrilled that NK Cell-based Medicines Have Become a Viable Alternative to T-Cell-based Therapy
Report Highlights
- Global Natural Killer (NK) Cell Therapeutics Market Trends Insight
- Partnerships & Funding for Natural Killer Cell Therapies: > 10 Recent Deals
- Global Natural Killer Cell Therapies Clinical Trials Insight: > 200 Therapies
- Global Natural Killer Cell Therapies Clinical Trials by Company, Indication & Phase
- Proprietary Technologies by Company Insight: > 10 Technologies
- FDA Fast Track & Orphan Designation Insight
- Detailed Outlook on More Than 30 Companies
Cell therapy has emerged as an efficient way to replace or repair damaged tissues and cells by using transplanting healthy cells from donors - which can be the patients themselves. In the last two decades or so, the application of cell therapy has expanded to cover many indications including cancer, and the results have not been disappointing. T cell therapy was developed as the earliest cell-based therapy for treating cancer and throughout the years, many improvements have taken place in this domain allowing the entry of more immune cells to fight cancer in a patient. NK cells are the newest kind of immune cells which are showing benefits in treating both solid and hematological cancers, and with further improvements, are expected to dominate the cell therapy market in the coming years
The idea of using NK cells to treat cancer generated from the fact that they have unparalleled cytotoxic activities against cells not regarded as ‘self’. NK cells express the receptors for the MHC class 1 molecule on their surfaces and any cell not having the corresponding ligand gets destroyed by these immune cells. To carry out its cytotoxic activity, NK cells contain granzymes and perforins which cause the target cell to lyse. MHC class 1 molecules are known to not be essential for cell viability and growth as a result of which cancers downregulate or lose the MHC I expression, which triggers NK cells against them.
Many mechanisms, such as immune checkpoint suppression and other poorly understood causes, result in decreased NK cell numbers, inhibit their functions, and markedly reduced killing activity in cancer patients. In order to raise the number of NK cells in patients' bodies after cancer treatment or while they are receiving it, NK cell therapy has been proposed as a viable immune-boosting technique. This will improve the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells. Even more commendably, NK cells do not cause the immune system to react negatively to them, which is a factor that guarantees the uptake of a NK cell therapy.
For a NK cell therapy, the process of generation of NK cells is the same as that for T cell therapy. NK cells are harvested from a healthy donor, preferably young, and are expanded in growth cultures to reach numbers high enough to be infused in the patient. Over years of gaining experience with working on T cell based therapies, the improvements seen in the latter have penetrated into the NK cell therapy domain, which enriches their cancer targeting ability. The improvements in reference are the expression of CARs and TCRs on the NK cell surface, which are specific for a specific cancer antigen.
Due to the therapeutic potential of T cell-based therapies and the increasing unmet medical need of patients, they have achieved outstanding clinical and economic success in the market. Nevertheless, they also come with disadvantages like cytokine release syndrome (CRS), ineffective treatment for solid tumors, and high rates of tumor recurrence. Pharmaceutical corporations all over the world are thrilled that NK cell-based medicines have become a viable alternative to T-cell-based therapy. These include prominent pharmaceutical companies like Sanofi, Nkarta, Biohaven, and Vaxcell and also cancer research institutes such as the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and the German Cancer Research Center.
The interest in cancer therapy, which was previously mostly driven by molecular target-based pharmacological therapies, has been revived by NK cell therapies. Recent years have seen a rise in research activity, and significant improvements have been made in the design and delivery of NK cell-based therapies, increasing their potential as cancer treatments. Moreover, combination therapies incorporating NK cell therapies are also being examined in clinical trials, which are even more advantageous for this therapeutic domain and will help it attract the interest of key international drug developers.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Natural Killer (NK) Cell Therapy
2. Mechanism of Action of NK Cell Therapy
2.1 Cytotoxic Action of NK Cells
2.2 Working of NK Cell Therapy
2.3 NK Cell Therapies Approaches
2.3.1 CAR NK Cell Therapies
2.3.2 TCR NK Cell Therapies
3. Treatment Strategies for NK Cell Therapies
3.1 NK Cell Therapy as Monotherapy
3.2 NK Cell Therapy as Combinatorial Agent
4. Application of NK Cell Therapy by Indication
4.1 NK Cell Therapy for Cancer
4.2 COVID-19 & Other Viral Infections
5. NK Cell Therapy Characteristics Enhancement Approaches
5.1 Use of Nanotechnology
5.2 Modifications in CARs
5.3 Use of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
6. Global Natural Killer Cell Therapies Clinical Trials Overview
6.1 By Company
6.2 By Country
6.3 By Indication
6.4 By Patient Segment
6.5 By Phase
7. Global Natural Killer Cell Therapies Clinical Trials by Company, Indication & Phase
7.1 Research
7.2 Preclinical
7.3 Phase-I
7.4 Phase-I/II
7.5 Phase-II
7.6 Phase-II/III
8. NK Cell-based Therapy Proprietary Technologies Insight
8.1 Overview
8.2 Proprietary Technologies by Company
9. Partnerships & Funding for NK Cell Therapies
9.1 Recent Partnerships, Collaborations & Licensing Agreements
9.2 Funding Deals by Companies
10. Investigational NK Cell Therapies with FDA Designations
10.1 FDA Fast Track Designation
10.2 FDA Orphan Drug Designation
11. NK Cell Therapies Market Trends & Clinical Trials Outlook
11.1 Current Market Trends, Developments & Clinical Trials Assessment
11.2 Future Commercialization Opportunity
12. Competitive Landscape
12.1 Acepodia
12.2 Beijing JD Biotech
12.3 Cartherics
12.4 Catamaran Bio
12.5 Century Therapeutics
12.6 City of Hope National Medical Center
12.7 CRISPR Therapeutics
12.8 CytoImmune Therapeutics
12.9 Cytovia Therapeutics
12.10 Dragonfly Therapeutics
12.11 Editas Medicine
12.12 Fate Therapeutics
12.13 Gamida-Cell
12.14 GC Biopharma/GC Lab Cell
12.15 GICELL
12.16 Glycostem
12.17 HK inno.N
12.18 ImmunityBio
12.19 Karolinska Institute
12.20 Kiadis Pharma
12.21 Nkarta Therapeutics
12.22 NKGen Biotech
12.23 ONK Therapeutics
12.24 Phio Pharmaceuticals
12.25 Sanofi
12.26 Senti Biosciences
12.27 Shoreline Biosciences
12.28 Sian Wuhan Medical Technology
12.29 Smart Immune
12.30 Sorrento Therapeutics
12.31 Therabest Korea
12.32 University of California
12.33 University Of Minnesota
12.34 University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
12.35 XNK Therapeutics
12.36 Zelluna Immunotherapy
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: NK Cells - Identification & Discovery Timeline
Figure 1-2: NK Cell Subsets - CD56low/dim v/s CD56bright
Figure 2-1: Cytotoxic Action Of NK Cells
Figure 2-2: CAR-NK Cells Preparation
Figure 2-3: Delivery Of CAR Gene Into NK Cell
Figure 2-4: NK Cells Sources For Therapy
Figure 2-5: Structure Of CAR/TCR-NK Cell
Figure 4-1: AB-101 Phase 1/2 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-2: SMT-NK Phase 2/3 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-3: CYNK-001 Phase 1 CYNK001AML01 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-4: CYNK-001 Phase 1 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-5: CYNK-101 Phase 1/2 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-6: FT538 Phase 1 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-7: CYNK-001 Phase 1/2 CYNKCOVID Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-8: DVX201 Phase 1 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 4-9: FT538 Phase 1 Study - Initiation & Completion Years
Figure 5-1: Improvements In NK Cell Therapy Using Nanotechnology
Figure 5-2: Basic Structure Of CARs On NK Cell
Figure 5-3: Gene Editing Tools
Figure 6-1: Global - NK Cell Therapies Clinical Trials By Company, 2023 till 2028
Figure 6-2: Global - NK Cell Therapies Clinical Trials By Country, 2023 till 2028
Figure 6-3: Global - NK Cell Therapies Clinical Trials By Indication, 2023 till 2028
Figure 6-4: Global - NK Cell Therapies Clinical Trials By Patient Segment, 2023 till 2028
Figure 6-5: Global - NK Cell Therapies Clinical Trials By Phase, 2023 till 2028
Figure 8-1: Artiva Biotherapeutics - Proprietary CAR-NK Cell Platform
Figure 8-2: Artiva Biotherapeutics - Proprietary AlloNKTM NK Cell Therapy Scaling Platform
Figure 8-3: Catamaran Bio - Proprietary Tailwind® Platform
Figure 8-4: GAIA BioMedicine - Proprietary NK Cell Therapy Working Mechanism
Figure 8-5: GAIA BioMedicine - Proprietary Technologies’ Salient Features
Figure 8-6: Gamida Cell - NK Cell Therapy Manufacturing Process
Figure 8-7: HebeCell - Proprietary Scalable NK Cell Technology
Figure 8-8: ImmunityBio - Proprietary haNK® Cell Structure
Figure 8-9: Nkarta - Proprietary CAR-NK Cell Structure
Figure 8-10: Nkarta - Proprietary NK Cell Therapy Platform
Figure 8-11: Senti Biosciences - Gene Circuit Technology Platform
Figure 8-12: Senti Biosciences - Gene Circuit Technology Platform Applicability
Figure 8-13: Wugen - Proprietary Memory NK Cell Platform
Figure 8-14: XNK Therapeutics - Autologous NK Cell Therapy Platform
Samples
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Companies Mentioned (Partial List)
A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:
- Acepodia
- Beijing JD Biotech
- Cartherics
- Catamaran Bio
- Century Therapeutics
- City of Hope National Medical Center
- CRISPR Therapeutics
- CytoImmune Therapeutics
- Cytovia Therapeutics
- Dragonfly Therapeutics
- Editas Medicine
- Fate Therapeutics
- Gamida-Cell
- GC Biopharma/GC Lab Cell
- GICELL
- Glycostem
- HK inno.N
- ImmunityBio
- Karolinska Institute
- Kiadis Pharma
- Nkarta Therapeutics
- NKGen Biotech
- ONK Therapeutics
- Phio Pharmaceuticals
- Sanofi
- Senti Biosciences
- Shoreline Biosciences
- Sian Wuhan Medical Technology
- Smart Immune
- Sorrento Therapeutics
- Therabest Korea
- University of California
- University of Minnesota
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
- XNK Therapeutics
- Zelluna Immunotherapy
