The Global Market for Bio-based and Sustainable Packaging 2023-2033

2.1 Current global packaging market and materials
2.2 Market trends
2.3 Drivers for recent growth in bioplastics in packaging
2.4 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
2.5 Global bio-based packaging markets
2.5.1 By end-use application
2.5.2 Packaging type
2.5.2.1 Rigid packaging
2.5.2.2 Flexible packaging
2.5.3 By geographic market

3.1 Global production of plastics
3.2 The importance of plastic
3.3 Issues with plastics use
3.4 Policy and regulations
3.5 The circular economy
3.6 Recycling
3.7 Materials innovation
3.8 Active packaging
3.9 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
3.9.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
3.9.2 PET and other polyester polymers
3.9.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
3.9.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
3.9.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
3.9.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging

4.1 Mechanical recycling
4.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
4.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
4.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
4.2 Advanced chemical recycling
4.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
4.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
4.3 Capacities
4.4 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
4.5 Global market by recycling process 2020-2024, metric tons
4.6 Chemically recycled plastic products
4.7 Market map
4.8 Value chain
4.9 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced plastics recycling processes
4.10 Pyrolysis
4.10.1 Non-catalytic
4.10.2 Catalytic
4.10.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
4.10.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
4.10.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
4.10.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
4.10.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
4.10.3 SWOT analysis
4.10.4 Companies and capacities
4.11 Gasification
4.11.1 Technology overview
4.11.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
4.11.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
4.11.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
4.11.2 SWOT analysis
4.11.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.12 Dissolution
4.12.1 Technology overview
4.12.2 SWOT analysis
4.12.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.13 Depolymerisation
4.13.1 Hydrolysis
4.13.1.1 Technology overview
4.13.1.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.2 Enzymolysis
4.13.2.1 Technology overview
4.13.2.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.3 Methanolysis
4.13.3.1 Technology overview
4.13.3.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.4 Glycolysis
4.13.4.1 Technology overview
4.13.4.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.5 Aminolysis
4.13.5.1 Technology overview
4.13.5.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.14 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
4.14.1 Hydrothermal cracking
4.14.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
4.14.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
4.14.4 Plasma pyrolysis
4.14.5 Plasma gasification
4.14.6 Supercritical fluids
4.14.7 Carbon fiber recycling
4.14.7.1 Processes
4.14.7.2 Companies

5.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics
5.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
5.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
5.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
5.2.1 Biodegradability
5.2.2 Compostability
5.3 Advantages and disadvantages
5.4 Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 Paper and board packaging
5.5.2 Food packaging
5.5.2.1 Bio-Based films and trays
5.5.2.2 Bio-Based pouches and bags
5.5.2.3 Bio-Based textiles and nets
5.5.2.4 Bioadhesives
5.5.2.4.1 Starch
5.5.2.4.2 Cellulose
5.5.2.4.3 Protein-Based
5.5.2.5 Barrier coatings and films
5.5.2.5.1 Polysaccharides
5.5.2.5.1.1 Chitin
5.5.2.5.1.2 Chitosan
5.5.2.5.1.3 Starch
5.5.2.5.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
5.5.2.5.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
5.5.2.5.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
5.5.2.6 Active and Smart Food Packaging
5.5.2.6.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
5.5.2.6.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
5.5.2.7 Antimicrobial films and agents
5.5.2.7.1 Natural
5.5.2.7.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
5.5.2.7.3 Biopolymers
5.5.2.8 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
5.5.2.9 Edible films and coatings
5.6 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
5.6.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
5.6.1.1 Market analysis
5.6.1.2 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
5.6.1.2.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
5.6.1.2.2 LA producers and production capacities
5.6.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
5.6.2.1 Market analysis
5.6.2.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
5.6.3.1 Market analysis
5.6.3.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
5.6.4.1 Market analysis
5.6.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
5.6.4.3 Producers and production capacities
5.6.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
5.6.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
5.6.5.1 Market analysis
5.6.5.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
5.6.6.1 Market analysis
5.6.6.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
5.6.7.1 Market analysis
5.6.7.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.8 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
5.6.8.1 Market analysis
5.6.8.2 Comparative properties to PET
5.6.8.3 Producers and production capacities
5.6.8.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
5.6.8.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
5.6.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
5.6.9.1 Market analysis
5.6.9.2 Producers and production capacities
5.6.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
5.6.10.1 Market analysis
5.6.10.2 Producers and production capacities
5.7 Natural bio-based packaging materials
5.7.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
5.7.1.1 Technology description
5.7.1.2 Types
5.7.1.2.1 PHB
5.7.1.2.2 PHBV
5.7.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
5.7.1.4 Market analysis
5.7.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
5.7.1.6 PHAS in packaging
5.7.1.7 PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
5.7.2 Starch-based blends
5.7.2.1 Properties
5.7.2.2 Applications in packaging
5.7.3 Cellulose
5.7.3.1 Feedstocks
5.7.3.1.1 Wood
5.7.3.1.2 Plant
5.7.3.1.3 Tunicate
5.7.3.1.4 Algae
5.7.3.1.5 Bacteria
5.7.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
5.7.3.2.1 Properties
5.7.3.3 Nanocellulose
5.7.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
5.7.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging
5.7.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers
5.7.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging
5.7.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
5.7.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
5.7.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
5.7.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
5.7.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging
5.7.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
5.7.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging
5.7.6 Seaweed-based packaging
5.7.6.1 Production
5.7.6.2 Applications in packaging
5.7.6.3 Producers
5.7.7 Mycelium
5.7.7.1 Applications in packaging
5.7.8 Chitosan
5.7.8.1 Applications in packaging
5.7.9 Bio-naphtha
5.7.9.1 Overview
5.7.9.2 Markets and applications
5.8 Natural fibers
5.8.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
5.8.2 Commercially available natural fiber products
5.8.3 Applications in packaging
5.9 Lignin
5.9.1 Types of lignin
5.9.2 Properties
5.9.3 Applications in packaging

6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings
6.2.1.1 Properties
6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
6.2.1.3 Products
6.2.2 Acrylate resins
6.2.2.1 Properties
6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
6.2.2.3 Products
6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
6.2.3.1 Properties
6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films
6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
6.2.5.2.1 Properties
6.2.5.2.2 Product developers
6.2.6 Lignin coatings
6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins
6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins

7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
7.2 CO2-derived polymers and plastics
7.2.1 CO2 utilization products

8.1 Flexible packaging
8.2 Rigid packaging
8.3 Coatings and films

Table 1. Market trends in bio-based and sustainable packaging
Table 2. Drivers for recent growth in the bioplastics and biopolymers markets.
Table 3. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging.
Table 4. Global bioplastics packaging by end-use application, 2023-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Table 5. Global bioplastic packaging by geographic market, 2023-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Table 6. Traditional plastic materials used in packaging.
Table 7. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 8. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
Table 9. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.
Table 10. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 11. Overview of the recycling technologies.
Table 12. Polymer types, use, and recovery.
Table 13. Composition of plastic waste streams.
Table 14. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
Table 15. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology.
Table 16. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 17. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes.
Table 18. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 19. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 20. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 21. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 22. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 23. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 24. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 25. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.
Table 26. Summary of dissolution technologies.
Table 27. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 28. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.
Table 29. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 30. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 31. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 32. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 33. Summary of aminolysis technologies.
Table 34. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).
Table 35. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 36. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 37. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 38. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 39. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 40. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 41. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 42. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 43. Types of bio-based packaging materials and price/kg.
Table 44. Type of biodegradation.
Table 45. Advantages and disadvantages of bio-based plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 46. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 47. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials.
Table 48. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.
Table 49. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.
Table 50. Edible films and coatings market summary.
Table 51. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 52. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 53. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 54. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.
Table 55. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 56. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 57. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 58. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 59. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 60. PEF vs. PET.
Table 61. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 62. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 63. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 64. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 65. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 66. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 67. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 68. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 69. PEF vs. PET.
Table 70. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 71. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 72. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 73. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 74. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 75.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 76. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 77. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 78. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 79. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 80. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 81. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 82. Length and diameter of nanocellulose and MFC.
Table 83. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.
Table 84. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.
Table 85. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).
Table 86. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.
Table 87. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 88. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 89. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 90. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 91. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 92. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
Table 93. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 94. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 95. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 96. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
Table 97. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 98. Technical lignin types and applications.
Table 99. Lignin content of selected biomass.
Table 100. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 101. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging.
Table 102. Types of polyols.
Table 103. Polyol producers.
Table 104. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
Table 105. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
Table 106. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
Table 107. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 108. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
Table 109. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.
Table 110. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
Table 111. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
Table 112. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 113. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 114. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 115. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 116. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high estimate.
Table 117. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 118. Oji Holdings CNF products.

Figure 1. Global packaging market by material type.
Figure 2. Global bioplastics packaging by end-use application, 2023-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 3. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 4. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 5. Global bioplastic packaging by geographic market, 2023-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 6. Global plastics production 1950-2021, millions of metric tons.
Figure 7. The circular plastic economy.
Figure 8. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources.
Figure 9. PHA bioplastic packaging products.
Figure 10. Current management systems for waste plastics.
Figure 11. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by technology, million metric tons.
Figure 12. Global demand by recycling process, 2020-2040, million metric tons.
Figure 13. Market map for advanced recycling.
Figure 14. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market.
Figure 15. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 16. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 17. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 18. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 19. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 20. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 21. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 22. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 23. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 24. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.
Figure 25. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 26. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 27. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 28. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 29. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 30. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 31. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 32. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 33. Schematic of an ideal cycle of bio-based material to be used for packaging applications.
Figure 34. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.
Figure 35. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 36. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 37. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 38. PHA family.
Figure 39. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons).
Figure 40. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit.
Figure 41. Scale of cellulose materials.
Figure 42. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.
Figure 43. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC.
Figure 44. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils.
Figure 45. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.
Figure 46. CNC slurry.
Figure 47. CNF gel.
Figure 48. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 49. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 50. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 51. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 52. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 53. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.
Figure 54. Adidas algae-ink tees.
Figure 55. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.
Figure 56. Miratex watch bands.
Figure 57. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.
Figure 58. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 59. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
Figure 60. Applications of lignin in packaging.
Figure 61. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020.
Figure 62. Schematic of gas barrier properties of nanoclay film.
Figure 63. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 64. Applications for CO2.
Figure 65. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 66. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 67. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 68. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 69. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
Figure 70. Pluumo.
Figure 71. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 72. MEDICELLU™.
Figure 73. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 74. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 75. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 76. Passionfruit wrapped in Xgo Circular packaging.
Figure 77. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 78. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
Figure 79. Fiber-based screw cap.
Figure 80. CuanSave film.
Figure 81. ELLEX products.
Figure 82. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 83. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 84. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 85. DKS CNF products.
Figure 86. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure.
Figure 87. PHA production process.
Figure 88. AVAPTM process.
Figure 89. GreenPower ™ process.
Figure 90. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 91. CNF gel.
Figure 92. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 93. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 94. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 95. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 96. Compostable water pod.
Figure 97. XCNF.
Figure 98: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant.
Figure 99. Shellworks packaging containers.
Figure 100. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease.
Figure 101. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 102. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 103. Silver/CNF composite dispersions.
Figure 104. CNF/nanosilver powder.
Figure 105. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 106. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 107. Vegea production process.
Figure 108. Worn Again products.
Figure 109. S-CNF in powder form.