Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children. An Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Approach

Table of Contents

Section 1. Epidemiology and pathophysiology 1. Anatomy of upper airway 2. Regulation of upper airway during sleep 3. Socioeconomic disparities in pediatric sleep disordered breathing 4. Cerebral oxygenation in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 5. Genetics of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 6. Neurobehavioral outcomes of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 7. Quality of life outcomes of pediatric obstructie sleep apnea 8. Cardiovascular complications of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 9. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: high-risk groups 10. Growth and development in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Section 2. Evaluation 11. Symptoms and signs of upper airway obstruction 12. Polysomnography for evalution of upper airway obstruction 13. Imaging upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea 14. PEdiatric drug-induced sleep endoscopy 15. Questionnaires for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 16. Technology applications for detection of upper airway obstructive

Section 3. Management 17. Adenotonsillectomy 18. Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea following adenotonsillectomy 19. Maxillofacial procedures 20. Positional therapy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 21. Orofacial myofunctional therapy for pediatric sleep disordered breathing 22. Antiinflamatory therapy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 23. Positive airway pressure therapy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 24. Clinical guidelines for the management of pediatric obstructie sleep apnea 25. Comorbid asthma in children with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Section 4. Special cases/controversies 26. Obstructive sleep apnea in infancy: evaluation and management 27. Obstructive sleep apnea and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 28. Home sleep studies 29. Severe, very severe, and extreme obstructive sleep apnea: principles of management 30. Sleep-related hypoxemia in children 31. Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome 32. Obstructive sleep apnea in adolescents 33. Hypoglossal nere stimulation 34. Future directions

Authors

Amal Isaiah Professor, Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Dr. Isaiah earned a medical degree in India with multiple honors and was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to complete a DPhil (PhD) in Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. During doctoral training, he studied brain plasticity using electrophysiological, statistical, computational, and behavioral techniques. Following postdoctoral training (University of Maryland), residency in otolaryngology (University of Maryland), and a clinical fellowship in pediatric otolaryngology (UT Southwestern/Children's Dallas), he joined the faculty at University of Maryland in 2016, rising to a full Professor in 2023. He has published widely in the domains of sleep disordered breathing (SDB), brain development, and statistical modeling and leads a laboratory funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Isaiah is interested in technology development and has a portfolio of multiple patents related to upper airway obstruction Ron B. Mitchell Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chief of Pediatric Otolaryngology, UT Southwestern and Children's Medical Center Dallas, TX, United States. Dr. Mitchell earned his medical degree at the University of Southampton in England. He completed residencies in general surgery and otolaryngology at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and then received advanced training in pediatric otolaryngology through a fellowship at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital in Memphis. In addition to his roles at UT Southwestern, he serves as head of the Sleep Disorders Center at Children's Medical Center. Dr. Mitchell is the past president of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology and is actively involved in his profession's national leadership, chairing multiple committees, including a recent task force of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAOHNS) that published Clinical Practice Guideline: Tonsillectomy in Children (Update). A highly respected educator, he has delivered lectures on pediatric otolaryngology and pediatric sleep medicine across the United States and in Israel, Panama, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.