This critical text, designed for microbiologists, biotechnologists, entrepreneurs, process engineers, chemical engineers, electrical engineers, physicists, and environmentalists, assesses the current knowledge about lab-scale and large-scale production of renewable and sustainable fuels, chemicals, and materials.
Global warming is having a huge impact on the world’s ecosystem. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up early, and plant and animal ranges have relocated. On a worldwide scale, the threat posed by climate change and pollution is obvious. A green and sustainable future necessitates using renewable resources to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials. This book investigates diverse bioprocesses that are crucial to everyday life, including the key concerns regarding the generation of biofuels, energy, and food securities, along with waste management. Commercial interest in biotechnological processes has risen to produce pharmaceuticals, health supplements, foodstuffs, biofuels, and chemicals using a biocatalyst such as enzymes, microorganisms, plant cells, or animal cells in a bioreactor. The sustainability of renewable biomass, replacement of depleted fossil fuels, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the existing chemical and oil industries are the key benefits of switching to bioproducts.
This book discusses bioprocessing to produce biofuels, biobased chemicals, bioproducts, and biomass biorefinery processes. This involves designing novel pretreatment and fractionation technologies for lignocellulose biomass into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and the conversion of these streams into biofuels and biobased chemicals via biochemical and thermochemical routes. This book also covers the advancement of oleaginous microorganisms for biofuels and nutraceutical, biological wastewater treatment.
Written and edited by authors from leading biotechnology research groups from across the world, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, student, manager, or another technician working in the field, this volume is essential for any library.
Table of Contents
1 Microbial Fuel Cells -- A Sustainable Approach to Utilize Industrial Effluents for Electricity Generation 1
Manisha Verma and Vishal Mishra
Abbreviation 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 History of Microbial Fuel Cell 3
1.3 Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell 4
1.4 Material Used in MFC System 5
1.5 Electrogenic Microorganisms 14
1.6 Electron Transport Mechanism in MFCs 16
1.7 Configuration of MFC 17
1.8 Applications of Microbial Fuel Cell 21
1.9 Future Perspectives 27
1.10 Conclusion 27
2 Nanotechnologies in the Renewable Energy Sector 41
Yogesh Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar, Sweta Sharma and Meenal Gupta
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources 44
2.3 Storage of Energy in Electrical Devices 52
2.4 Nanotechnology in Energy Storage Devices 56
2.5 Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries 65
2.6 Nanomaterials in Fuel Cells 69
2.7 Conclusion 76
2.8 Future Scope 76
3 Sustainable Approach in Utilizing Bioenergy Commonly for Industrial Zones by Limiting Overall Emission Footprint 83
Prashanth Kumar S, Mainak Mukherjee, Rhea Puri and Shrey Singhal
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Co-Firing Plants in Small- and Medium-Scale Industries 85
3.3 Impact of Usage of Biogas for Steam Generation 87
3.4 Case Scenarios for Promoting Industrial Uptake 91
3.5 Conclusion 93
4 Recycling of Plastic Waste into Transportation Fuels and Value-Added Products 97
Shashank Pal and Shyam Pandey
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Plastic Waste: A Global Challenge 99
4.3 Future Projection of the Waste Plastic 100
4.4 Plastic Waste Effect on Environment and Ecology 101
4.5 Plastic Waste Management 103
4.6 Parameters Affect the Pyrolysis Process 108
4.7 Value-Added Products from Plastic Waste Pyrolysis 112
4.8 Application in Transportation Sector 114
4.9 Conclusion 115
5 An Outlook on Oxygenated Fuel for Transportation 123
Shashank Pal, Shyam Pandey, Ram Kunwar and P.S. Ranjit
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Oxygenated Fuel 127
6 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Its Mitigation Technology in Transportation Sector 159
Swapnil Bhurat, Manas Jaiswal, P. S. Ranjit, Ram Kunwer, S. K. Gugolothu and Khushboo Bhurat
6.1 Introduction 160
6.2 Mitigation Technologies 163
6.3 Conclusion 176
7 Advanced Techniques for Bio-Methanol Production 181
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan, Dinesh Mohanakrishnan
and Amit Kumar Sharma
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Scope of Biofuel 183
7.3 Types of Biofuels 183
7.4 Why Biomethanol 184
7.5 Methanol Properties 184
7.6 Source of Bio-Methanol 184
7.7 Production of Methanol 185
7.8 Gasification 186
7.9 Pyrolysis 186
7.10 Liquefaction 187
7.11 Syngas to Methanol 188
7.12 Biomethanol from MSW 188
7.13 Energy Efficiency of a Process 192
7.14 Biological Conversion of Methanol 193
7.15 Anaerobic Digestion 193
7.16 Methanotrophic Bacteria 193
7.17 Production of Methanol from Methanotrophic Bacteria (Methanotrophs) 194
7.18 Large-Scale Production of Methanol from Waste Biomass 195
7.19 Challenges Associated with Methanol Production Using Methanotrophic Bacteria at the Industrial Level 197
7.20 Role of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 197
7.21 Future Prospective and Conclusion 198
8 Biodiesel Production: Advance Techniques and Future Prospective 205
Satyajit Chowdhury, Romsha Singh, Saket Kumar Shrivastava and Jitendra S. Sangwai
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 Biodiesel and Its Properties 208
8.3 Synthesis of Biodiesel 209
8.4 Modern Methods for the Development of Prospects 221
8.5 Future Prospects and Policies 225
8.6 Conclusions 227
9 Biomass to Biofuel: Biomass Sources, Pretreatment Methods and Production Strategies 233
Margavelu Gopinath, Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran, Madhusudhanan Manisha, Murugesan Nivedha and Krishnamurti Tamilarasan
9.1 Introduction 234
9.2 Biomass Sources in India 234
9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 239
9.4 Biomass Pretreatment Methods 240
9.5 Biomass to Biofuel Conversion Technologies 248
9.6 Types of Biofuel 254
9.7 Conclusion 258
10 Opportunity and Challenges in Biofuel Productions through Solar Thermal Technologies 267
Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Cecil Antony and Amit Kumar Sharma
10.1 Introduction 267
10.2 Solar Pyrolysis of Biomass Feedstocks 269
10.3 Production of Bio-Oil by Solar Pyrolysis 271
10.4 Conclusions 282
11 Algae Biofuels: A Promising Fuel of the Transport Sector 289
P.S. Ranjit, S. S. Bhurat, Sukanchan Palit, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Shyam Pandey and Shashank Pal
11.1 Introduction 289
11.2 Biofuels in the Transport Sector 291
11.3 Modes of Biofuels in Practice 294
11.4 Algae Biofuel -- A Promising Energy Source 297
11.5 Microalgae Growth Conditions 307
11.6 Harvesting of Algae 309
11.7 Biofuel Extraction Techniques from Microalgae 311
11.8 Algae Biofuel as a Transport Fuel 313
11.9 Conclusion 318
12 A Review of Chemical and Physical Parameters of Biodiesel vs. Diesel: Their Environmental and Economic Impact 329
Pradeep Kumar, Kalpna, Hariom Sharma, Mukesh Chand and Hament Panwar
12.1 Introduction 329
12.2 Historical Background 331
12.3 Current Status of Biodiesel 333
12.4 Sources of Biodiesel 334
12.5 Advantages of Biodiesel Over Diesel 335
12.6 Biodiesel as Safer and Cleaner Fuel 336
12.7 Major Negative Aspects to Use of Biodiesel 338
12.8 Chemical and Physical Properties of Biodiesel 338
12.9 Biodiesel Applications 340
12.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective 341
13 An Indian Viewpoint on Promoting Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Focussing on the Scope of Fuel Cells 345
Mainak Mukherjee, Jaideep Saraswat and Amit Kumar Sharma
13.1 Introduction 346
13.2 Can Hydrogen Be the Way Forward? 348
13.3 The Inception of Fuel Cells (FCs) and PEMFCs in Particular 349
13.4 FCEVs v/s Existing Automobile Infrastructure in India 350
13.5 The Green Policy Push for Hydrogen and Associated Technologies in India 353
13.6 Pervasive Challenges of PEMFC Technology 353
13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 357
14 Microalgae as Source of Bioenergy 361
Dimitra Karageorgou and Petros Katapodis
14.1 Introduction 361
14.2 Microalgae Bioenergy Production Options 363
14.3 Conclusions 374
15 Hazards and Environmental Issues in Biodiesel Industry 383
Tattaiyya Bhattacharjee, Paulami Ghosh and Surajit Mondal
15.1 Introduction 384
15.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Biodiesel 391
15.3 Causes of Occurrence 392
15.4 Future Risk and Opportunities 396
15.5 Lessons Learnt for Prevention of Hazards 398
15.6 Conclusion 399
References 400
Index 403
