Despite an increase in life expectancy over the past 20 years, the number of novel, multi-drug resistant microorganisms has also risen dramatically. To reduce the risk of reemerging infections, and limit the spread of multidrug resistant microorganisms, it is urgently necessary to develop safe and effective therapeutic countermeasures. New antimicrobial chemicals are mostly produced with the help of microorganisms, and the bulk of medications now on the market are of this type. The use of high therapeutic screening and recent developments in analytical instrumentation has allowed the researchers to identify novel antimicrobial compounds from bacteria, fungi, plants, mushrooms, algae, and other sources more quickly.
The second volume of Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents highlights the ongoing requirement for researching and creating novel antimicrobial medications. Current Trends in the Identification and Development of Antimicrobial Agents aims to bring together the expertise of notable academics to examine all facets of antimicrobial research while keeping recent advancements in perspective. Antibiotic discovery, sources of novel antimicrobial chemicals, developing and reemerging microbial infections, various elements of drug resistance, and the need for antimicrobial medications in the future are all covered in this book. It is a timely reference for anyone involved in the discovery and development of new drugs, including microbiologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, doctors, and researchers.
The second volume of Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents highlights the ongoing requirement for researching and creating novel antimicrobial medications. Current Trends in the Identification and Development of Antimicrobial Agents aims to bring together the expertise of notable academics to examine all facets of antimicrobial research while keeping recent advancements in perspective. Antibiotic discovery, sources of novel antimicrobial chemicals, developing and reemerging microbial infections, various elements of drug resistance, and the need for antimicrobial medications in the future are all covered in this book. It is a timely reference for anyone involved in the discovery and development of new drugs, including microbiologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, doctors, and researchers.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Anti-Microbial Drugs for Emerging and Re-Emerging Microbial Diseases: Paradigm in the 21 St Century- Introduction
- Evolution of Microbial Life & Co-Evolution of the Human-Human Microbiome
- Human Pathogens - Prokaryotic Microorganisms & Viruses
- Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Causative Agents of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease
- Determinants of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Adaptive Microbial Physiology for Resistance to Anti-Microbials
- Countermeasures for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
- Infectious Diseases: Treatment Paradigm in the 21St Century
- Anti-Microbials for Infectious Diseases in 21St Century
- Vaccines for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
- Genomics Guided Discovery of New Classes of Antibiotics
- Structure-Function Guided Discovery of Inhibitors of Drug Targets
- Innovative Novel Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics
- Nanomaterials as Potent Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics
- The Anti-Microbial Peptide as Potent Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Neha Malhotra, Pramod Kumar, Ramakrishnan Sethu and Sanjay K. Rohaun Introduction
- Problem of Multidrug Resistance
- Mechanism of Multidrug Resistance
- Genetic Basis for Drug Resistance
- Biochemical and Mutational Basis for Drug Resistance
- Target Modification
- Increased Activity of Energy-Driven Efflux Pumps
- Other Biochemical and Mutational Events
- Evolution of Multidrug Resistance
- Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria
- Mdr in Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Mdr in Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Mdr and Xdr in M. Tuberculosis
- Multidrug Resistance in Fungi
- Drug Resistance in Candida Albicans and Nac Species
- Mdr in Aspergillus Fumigatus
- Mdr in Fusarium
- Multidrug Resistance in Viruses
- Mdr in Influenza Virus
- Mdr in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv)
- Action Plans for Combating Multidrug Resistance and the Global Surveillance Programs
- Advances to Develop Newer Therapeutics for Multidrug Resistance
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (Fmt)
- Crispr-Cas System
- Metallo-Drugs and Metallo-Nanoparticles in Mdr
- Use of Antibiotic Adjuvants
- Herbal Medicine
- Quorum Sensing (Qs) Inhibitors
- Phage Therapy
- Antimicrobial Peptides (Amp)
- Therapies for Oxidant: Antioxidant Balance
- Vaccines
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Conclusion
- Consent of Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Salim Faruk Bashir, Shivani Meena and Gaurav Kumar Introduction
- Lead Discovery
- Lead Optimization and Characterization
- Preclinical Studies
- Formulation, Dosage, and Delivery
- Formulation
- Dosage
- Delivery
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolization, and Excretion Information (Adme)
- Mode of Action of Drug
- Toxicity/Side Effects
- Compression With Other Similar Drugs
- Interaction With Other Drug Molecules
- Packaging Development
- Labeling
- Biocompatible Materials
- Quantity/Volume
- Clinical Trials (Phase 1-3)
- Phase I Clinical Trial
- Phase Ia- Single Ascending Dose
- Phase Ib- Multiple Ascending Doses
- Food Effect on Drug
- Phase Ii Clinical Trial
- Phase Iii Clinical Trial
- New Drug Application Filing and Approvals (Regulatory Approvals for Clinical Trials)
- Clinical Trial (Phase 4)
- Post-Market Monitoring
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Nitin Pal Kalia, Manoj Kumar, Souhaila Al Khodor and Sandeep Sharma Introduction
- History of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Novel Antibiotics for Effective Treatment in Clinical Settings
- Antibacterial Drugs: a Bright Past But a Challenging Future
- Antibacterial Drugs Discoveries
- Broad-Target Activity Challenges
- Medical Challenge
- Increasing Research and Development Cost
- Commercial Challenge for the Pharmaceutical Industry
- Challenges in Antibacterial Drug Discovery
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Megha Kaushik, Arvind Sharma, Shefali Gupta and Pooja Gulati Introduction
- Common Fungal Pathogens
- Classical Antifungal Drugs in Clinical Use
- Polyenes
- Azoles
- Pyrimidines
- Allylamines
- Echinocandins
- Antifungal Peptides
- Mode of Action
- Molecular Mechanism of Resistance in Fungi
- Alteration of the Target Site
- Overexpression of Efflux-Pumps
- Cellular Stress Pathways
- Alteration of Membrane Homeostasis
- Biofilm Formation
- Genome Plasticity
- Metabolic Bypass
- Resistance by Mitochondrial Alteration
- Emerging Targets for New Antifungal Drugs
- Fungal Cell Wall Proteins
- Fungal Membrane Sphingolipids
- Metabolic Pathways
- Signal Transduction Pathways
- Antifungal Agents in Clinical Trials
- Novel Azoles/Tetrazoles
- Ibrexafungerp (Formerly Known as Scy078)
- Rezafungin (Formerly Known as Cd101)
- Fosmanogepix (Apx001)
- Mat2203
- Ceragenins
- Others
- Antifungal Vaccines
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Arijit Nandi, Anwesha Das, Wei-Yu Lin and Payal Chakraborty Introduction
- Different Types of Viruses
- Life Cycle of a Virus
- Host-Virus Interactions
- Demography and Epidemiology of Past and Present Viral Outbreaks
- Antiviral Drug Therapeutics - Research & Development
- Natural Products
- Chemical Entities and Different Types of Formulations
- Viral Dna Synthesis Inhibitors Like Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Maribavir and Letermovir
- Viral Rna-Dependent Rna Polymerase (Rdrp) Inhibitors Such as Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir and Ribavirin
- Viral Rna Synthesis Inhibitor - Sofosbuvir
- Fusion Inhibitor - Arbidol
- Endonuclease Inhibitor - Baloxavir
- Viral Protease Inhibitor -Lopinavir
- Inhibitors of Viral Penetration into the Host Cell Such as Amantadine and Rimantadine
- Neuraminidase Inhibitors for E.G. Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir and Laninamivir
- Biologicals - Vaccine & Sera Therapy
- Types of Biological Products
- Vaccines
- Convalescent Plasma
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Interferons (Ifns)
- Translational Medicines
- Repurposed Drugs
- Combined Drugs
- Prediction of Drug Targets
Author
- M. Amin-ul Mannan
-Gaurav Kumar
