The coal, lignite, and anthracite market size has grown steadily in recent years. It will grow from $888.78 billion in 2023 to $922.78 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.8%. The growth observed in the historical period can be attributed to industrialization and economic expansion, the development of energy infrastructure, increasing global energy demand, and geopolitical influences.
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market size is expected to see steady growth in the next few years. It will grow to $1,010.19 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.3%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the shift towards cleaner energy sources, evolving economic patterns, changing consumer preferences, and a focus on energy efficiency. Major trends in the forecast period include trends in electrification and lightweighting, advancements in materials, the adoption of additive manufacturing, increased digitalization and connectivity, and an emphasis on collaboration and partnerships.
The coal market is expected to experience growth due to the rising utilization of coal in power generation in specific countries. Approximately 20 countries have begun to rely on coal for their power generation needs, including nine in Africa (Democratic Republic Congo, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal, and Tanzania), three in Central America (Dominican Republic, Panama, and Salvador), two in the Middle East (the UAE and Jordan), and three in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Myanmar). These countries are planning to commission over 65 coal-fired power plants by 2025, collectively adding 50 GW of capacity. Furthermore, notable increases in coal usage are anticipated in Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia. While nations like China, India, and Indonesia are expected to reduce coal's share in their power mix, it is likely to remain above 35% due to the abundance of domestic coal reserves and their economic appeal. The global demand for coal in power generation, along with the expanding utilization of coal in specific countries, will be the driving factors for the coal market's growth in the future.
The primary types of coal are coal, lignite, and anthracite. Anthracite stands out as the hardest and densest coal variety, and it ranks highest in terms of carbon content, purity, and energy density. The mining methods employed include both surface mining and underground mining, with participation from large enterprises as well as small and medium-sized companies. The main industries that consume coal, lignite, and anthracite are electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing, and other sectors.
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market research report is one of a series of new reports that provides coal, lignite, and anthracite market statistics, including coal, lignite, and anthracite industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a coal, lignite, and anthracite market share, detailed coal, lignite, and anthracite market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the coal, lignite, and anthracite industry. This coal, lignite, and anthracite market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.
The growing need for electricity is set to be a driving force behind the expansion of the coal, lignite, and anthracite markets in the future. Electricity represents the flow of electrical charge through conductors, providing power to a wide range of electrical devices and systems. Coal, lignite, and anthracite are commonly employed for electricity generation due to their high energy content and cost-effectiveness. As an example, data from the International Energy Agency in September 2023 indicated that Colombia's total net electricity production had reached 7.0 terawatt-hours (TWh) in June 2023, reflecting a 1.1% increase year-to-date. Thus, the rising demand for electricity is a key driver for the growth of the coal, lignite, and anthracite markets.
The adverse environmental consequences associated with coal are anticipated to drive end users to seek alternative energy sources in the future. Coal-fired power plants are the leading contributors to climate pollution, accounting for over 70% of CO2 emissions in the global power generation sector. These factors are projected to impede the growth of coal mining operations. Additionally, the burning of coal is responsible for approximately 3.5 million annual deaths due to air pollution. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the combined external costs and damages linked to coal's impact on health, land, water, and the environment amount to around EUR 3 trillion ($3.3 trillion) per year, equivalent to 4% of the global GDP. The environmental repercussions of coal are expected to act as a constraint on the coal, lignite, and anthracite mining market.
Coal mining companies are increasingly adopting 3D mine visualizers, which enable them to create real-time digital representations of their mines. These visualizers produce detailed three-dimensional models of the mine layout and make them accessible to operators through a web-based interface, accessible from any connected device. One notable feature is the ability to record and playback activities in a 3D format, allowing operators to retrospectively assess historical data, enhance productivity, and identify optimal practices. In large mining operations, 3D mine visualizers serve as a valuable tool for planning operations, evaluating problematic areas, and monitoring mine development over time. Leading companies like Sandvik and Komatsu are offering advanced 3D visualizer systems to meet the industry's needs.
Leading companies in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market are actively engaging in strategic collaborations to boost their revenues. By fostering partnerships that span diverse ecosystems, encompassing peers, competitors, and other industries, support companies involved in mining are accelerating the development of sustainable mining methods. A case in point is Gainwell Engineering Private Limited, an Indian mining equipment manufacturer, which forged an alliance with the World Coal Association, a UK-based non-profit organization. This partnership revolves around the advancement of sustainability in mining by harnessing data-driven interdisciplinary science, technology, and innovation. Its primary goal is to advocate for sustainable coal mining practices in India, a critical initiative aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of coal mining and ensuring the long-term viability of the industry.
Major companies operating in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market include China Shenhua Energy Company Limited, Glencore PLC, China Coal Energy Company Limited, Coal India Ltd., Shaanxi Coal Industry Company Limited, Yanzhou Coal Mining Co. Ltd., BHP Group, Coal & Allied Industries, Anglo American PLC, Yangquan Coal Industry Group, Peabody Energy Corporation, Arch Resources Inc., Vale S.A., Rio Tinto Group, Teck Resources Limited, Adani Enterprises Limited, Whitehaven Coal Limited, Consol Energy Inc., Warrior Met Coal, Inc., Westmoreland Coal Company, Ramaco Resources Inc., Coronado Global Resources Inc., Universal Coal PLC, MC Mining Limited, Exxaro Resources Limited, Sasol Limited, Drummond Company Inc., Blackhawk Mining LLC, Alliance Resource Partners LP, Rhino Resource Partners LP, Hallador Energy Company.
Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market in 2023. Eastern Europe was the second largest region in of the coal, lignite, and anthracite market. The regions covered in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.
The countries covered in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market report are Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, New Zealand, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, France, Germany, UK, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran, Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market consist of sales of bituminous, anthracite, and lignite coal by underground mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, and other surface mining techniques. It also includes industries that mine lignite coal by underground mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, and other surface mining techniques. It also includes the development of coal mine sites, and improvement of coal, including cleaning, washing, screening, and sizing of coal. Values in this market are ‘factory gate’ values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
This product will be delivered within 3-5 business days.
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market size is expected to see steady growth in the next few years. It will grow to $1,010.19 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.3%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the shift towards cleaner energy sources, evolving economic patterns, changing consumer preferences, and a focus on energy efficiency. Major trends in the forecast period include trends in electrification and lightweighting, advancements in materials, the adoption of additive manufacturing, increased digitalization and connectivity, and an emphasis on collaboration and partnerships.
The coal market is expected to experience growth due to the rising utilization of coal in power generation in specific countries. Approximately 20 countries have begun to rely on coal for their power generation needs, including nine in Africa (Democratic Republic Congo, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal, and Tanzania), three in Central America (Dominican Republic, Panama, and Salvador), two in the Middle East (the UAE and Jordan), and three in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Myanmar). These countries are planning to commission over 65 coal-fired power plants by 2025, collectively adding 50 GW of capacity. Furthermore, notable increases in coal usage are anticipated in Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia. While nations like China, India, and Indonesia are expected to reduce coal's share in their power mix, it is likely to remain above 35% due to the abundance of domestic coal reserves and their economic appeal. The global demand for coal in power generation, along with the expanding utilization of coal in specific countries, will be the driving factors for the coal market's growth in the future.
The primary types of coal are coal, lignite, and anthracite. Anthracite stands out as the hardest and densest coal variety, and it ranks highest in terms of carbon content, purity, and energy density. The mining methods employed include both surface mining and underground mining, with participation from large enterprises as well as small and medium-sized companies. The main industries that consume coal, lignite, and anthracite are electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing, and other sectors.
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market research report is one of a series of new reports that provides coal, lignite, and anthracite market statistics, including coal, lignite, and anthracite industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a coal, lignite, and anthracite market share, detailed coal, lignite, and anthracite market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the coal, lignite, and anthracite industry. This coal, lignite, and anthracite market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.
The growing need for electricity is set to be a driving force behind the expansion of the coal, lignite, and anthracite markets in the future. Electricity represents the flow of electrical charge through conductors, providing power to a wide range of electrical devices and systems. Coal, lignite, and anthracite are commonly employed for electricity generation due to their high energy content and cost-effectiveness. As an example, data from the International Energy Agency in September 2023 indicated that Colombia's total net electricity production had reached 7.0 terawatt-hours (TWh) in June 2023, reflecting a 1.1% increase year-to-date. Thus, the rising demand for electricity is a key driver for the growth of the coal, lignite, and anthracite markets.
The adverse environmental consequences associated with coal are anticipated to drive end users to seek alternative energy sources in the future. Coal-fired power plants are the leading contributors to climate pollution, accounting for over 70% of CO2 emissions in the global power generation sector. These factors are projected to impede the growth of coal mining operations. Additionally, the burning of coal is responsible for approximately 3.5 million annual deaths due to air pollution. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the combined external costs and damages linked to coal's impact on health, land, water, and the environment amount to around EUR 3 trillion ($3.3 trillion) per year, equivalent to 4% of the global GDP. The environmental repercussions of coal are expected to act as a constraint on the coal, lignite, and anthracite mining market.
Coal mining companies are increasingly adopting 3D mine visualizers, which enable them to create real-time digital representations of their mines. These visualizers produce detailed three-dimensional models of the mine layout and make them accessible to operators through a web-based interface, accessible from any connected device. One notable feature is the ability to record and playback activities in a 3D format, allowing operators to retrospectively assess historical data, enhance productivity, and identify optimal practices. In large mining operations, 3D mine visualizers serve as a valuable tool for planning operations, evaluating problematic areas, and monitoring mine development over time. Leading companies like Sandvik and Komatsu are offering advanced 3D visualizer systems to meet the industry's needs.
Leading companies in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market are actively engaging in strategic collaborations to boost their revenues. By fostering partnerships that span diverse ecosystems, encompassing peers, competitors, and other industries, support companies involved in mining are accelerating the development of sustainable mining methods. A case in point is Gainwell Engineering Private Limited, an Indian mining equipment manufacturer, which forged an alliance with the World Coal Association, a UK-based non-profit organization. This partnership revolves around the advancement of sustainability in mining by harnessing data-driven interdisciplinary science, technology, and innovation. Its primary goal is to advocate for sustainable coal mining practices in India, a critical initiative aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of coal mining and ensuring the long-term viability of the industry.
Major companies operating in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market include China Shenhua Energy Company Limited, Glencore PLC, China Coal Energy Company Limited, Coal India Ltd., Shaanxi Coal Industry Company Limited, Yanzhou Coal Mining Co. Ltd., BHP Group, Coal & Allied Industries, Anglo American PLC, Yangquan Coal Industry Group, Peabody Energy Corporation, Arch Resources Inc., Vale S.A., Rio Tinto Group, Teck Resources Limited, Adani Enterprises Limited, Whitehaven Coal Limited, Consol Energy Inc., Warrior Met Coal, Inc., Westmoreland Coal Company, Ramaco Resources Inc., Coronado Global Resources Inc., Universal Coal PLC, MC Mining Limited, Exxaro Resources Limited, Sasol Limited, Drummond Company Inc., Blackhawk Mining LLC, Alliance Resource Partners LP, Rhino Resource Partners LP, Hallador Energy Company.
Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market in 2023. Eastern Europe was the second largest region in of the coal, lignite, and anthracite market. The regions covered in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.
The countries covered in the coal, lignite, and anthracite market report are Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, New Zealand, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, France, Germany, UK, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran, Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa
The coal, lignite, and anthracite market consist of sales of bituminous, anthracite, and lignite coal by underground mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, and other surface mining techniques. It also includes industries that mine lignite coal by underground mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, and other surface mining techniques. It also includes the development of coal mine sites, and improvement of coal, including cleaning, washing, screening, and sizing of coal. Values in this market are ‘factory gate’ values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
This product will be delivered within 3-5 business days.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary2. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Characteristics4. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Trends And Strategies68. Global Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Competitive Benchmarking69. Global Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Competitive Dashboard70. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
3. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Product/Service Analysis -Product/Service Examples
5. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market - Macro Economic Scenario
6. Global Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Size and Growth
7. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Segmentation
8. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Regional And Country Analysis
9. Asia-Pacific Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
10. China Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
11. India Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
12. Japan Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
13. Australia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
14. Indonesia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
15. South Korea Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
16. Bangladesh Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
17. Thailand Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
18. Vietnam Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
19. Malaysia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
20. Singapore Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
21. Philippines Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
22. Hong kong Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
23. New Zealand Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
24. Western Europe Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
25. UK Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
26. Germany Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
27. France Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
28. Italy Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
29. Spain Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
30. Austria Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
31. Belgium Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
32. Denmark Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
33. Finland Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
34. Ireland Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
35. Netherlands Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
36. Norway Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
37. Portugal Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
38. Sweden Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
39. Switzerland Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
40. Eastern Europe Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
41. Russia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
42. Czech Republic Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
43. Poland Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
44. Romania Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
45. Ukraine Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
46. North America Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
47. USA Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
48. Canada Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
49. Mexico Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
50. South America Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
51. Brazil Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
52. Chile Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
53. Argentina Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
54. Colombia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
55. Peru Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
56. Middle East Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
57. Saudi Arabia Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
58. Israel Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
59. Iran Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
60. Turkey Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
61. United Arab Emirates Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
62. Africa Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
63. Egypt Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
64. Nigeria Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
65. South Africa Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market
66. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
71. Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis
72. Appendix
Executive Summary
Coal, Lignite, And Anthracite Global Market Report 2024 provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.This report focuses on coal, lignite, and anthracite market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
- Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
- Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
- Assess the Russia - Ukraine war’s impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
- Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
- Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
- Identify growth segments for investment.
- Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
- Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
- Benchmark performance against key competitors.
- Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
- All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Description:
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for coal, lignite, and anthracite? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? This report answers all these questions and many more.The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
- The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
- The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
- The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:
- The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.
- The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.
- The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.
- Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
- The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
- The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
- The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.
Scope
- Markets Covered: 1) By Type: Coal; Lignite; Anthracite; 2) By Mining Technology: Surface Mining; Underground Mining; 3) By Organization Size: Large Enterprises; Small And Medium Enterprises
- Subsegments Covered: Bituminous Coal; Sub-Bituminous Coal
- Companies Mentioned: China Shenhua Energy Company Limited; Glencore plc; China Coal Energy Company Limited; Coal India Ltd.; Shaanxi Coal Industry Company Limited
- Countries: Australia; China; India; Indonesia; Japan; South Korea; Bangladesh; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Singapore; Philippines; Hong Kong; New Zealand; USA; Canada; Mexico; Brazil; Chile; Argentina; Colombia; Peru; France; Germany; UK; Austria; Belgium; Denmark; Finland; Ireland; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Portugal; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Russia; Czech Republic; Poland; Romania; Ukraine; Saudi Arabia; Israel; Iran; Turkey; UAE; Egypt; Nigeria; South Africa
- Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
- Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
- Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
- Data segmentations: Country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
- Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
- Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.
Companies Mentioned
- China Shenhua Energy Company Limited
- Glencore plc
- China Coal Energy Company Limited
- Coal India Ltd.
- Shaanxi Coal Industry Company Limited
- Yanzhou Coal Mining Co. Ltd.
- BHP Group
- Coal & Allied Industries
- Anglo American plc
- Yangquan Coal Industry Group
- Peabody Energy Corporation
- Arch Resources Inc.
- Vale S.A.
- Rio Tinto Group
- Teck Resources Limited
- Adani Enterprises Limited
- Whitehaven Coal Limited
- Consol Energy Inc.
- Warrior Met Coal, Inc.
- Westmoreland Coal Company
- Ramaco Resources Inc.
- Coronado Global Resources Inc.
- Universal Coal plc
- MC Mining Limited
- Exxaro Resources Limited
- Sasol Limited
- Drummond Company Inc.
- Blackhawk Mining LLC
- Alliance Resource Partners LP
- Rhino Resource Partners LP
- Hallador Energy Company
Methodology
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