Environmental Turbulence explains how to understand environmental and geophysical turbulence, both at a theoretical level and in engineering applications. Sections cover the effects of these new features on the fundamental flow dynamics in relatively simple domains. That is, how the turbulence statistics and structure are modified by the stabilizing or destabilizing effects of buoyancy and rotation is surveyed. Scalar transport is also described in detail. Flow in more complex domains is then described, focusing on vegetated and urban canopies, wind farms, air-sea interfaces, the upper ocean and clouds. Turbulence in environmental media is strongly modulated by buoyancy forces at all scales and by rotation at the largest scales, in contrast to canonical turbulent flows. It is rarely steady, which can give rise to non-equilibrium effects, and the domains such as wind farms or cities are often quite complex, leading to more intricate dynamics than in classic wall-bounded or free shear flows.
Table of Contents
1. Environmental turbulence2. Unstable shear flows
3. Stably stratified shear flows
4. Rotating turbulent flows
5. 2D and geostrophic turbulence
6. Heat and scalar turbulence
7. Turbulent mixing
8. Turbulence in cities
9. Turbulence and Ventilation in Buildings
10. Turbulence in plant canopies
11. Turbulence in wind farms
12. Turbulence in the oceanic mixed layer
13. Turbulence at the air-sea interface
14. Turbulence in cloudsSimulations of Environmental Turbulence