Today, treatment options for cancer patients typically include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. While these therapies have saved lives and reduced pain and suffering, cancer still takes millions of lives every year around the world. Researchers are now developing advanced therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination nanotechnology for drug delivery. In addition, the identification of new biomarkers will potentiate early-stage diagnosis.
Molecular Targets and Cancer presents information about cancer diagnosis and therapy in a simple way. It covers several aspects of the topic with updated information on par with medical board levels. The book features contributions from experts and includes an overview of cancer from basic biology and pathology, classifications, surveillance, prevention, diagnosis, types of cancer, treatment and prognosis.
The first part of this book introduces the reader to cancer epidemiology, genetic alterations in cancer, exogenous and endogenous factors in carcinogenesis, roles for growth factors in cancer progression, cell signaling in cancer, transcription factors in cancer, and cancer genetics and epigenetics.
This comprehensive guide is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work in cancer care and research.
Molecular Targets and Cancer presents information about cancer diagnosis and therapy in a simple way. It covers several aspects of the topic with updated information on par with medical board levels. The book features contributions from experts and includes an overview of cancer from basic biology and pathology, classifications, surveillance, prevention, diagnosis, types of cancer, treatment and prognosis.
The first part of this book introduces the reader to cancer epidemiology, genetic alterations in cancer, exogenous and endogenous factors in carcinogenesis, roles for growth factors in cancer progression, cell signaling in cancer, transcription factors in cancer, and cancer genetics and epigenetics.
This comprehensive guide is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work in cancer care and research.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction
- Definition
- Characteristics of Cancer
- The Hallmarks of Cancer
- Features of Cancer Cell
- Epidemiology of Cancer
- Cancer Epidemiology in the World
- Cancer Epidemiology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Cancer Registries
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Khalid A. Asseri and Afaf Ahmed Aldahish
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of Contact Inhibition and Its Evasion
- Malignancy Supported by the Defects of the Tgf-Β Pathway
- Tumor Cell Survival and Death Mediates Autophagy
- Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression Autophagy
- Autophagy Inhibits Tumor Progression
- Necrosis Has Pro-Inflammatory and Tumor-Promoting Potential 22 Necroptosis: a Pro- or Anti-Inflammatory Mode of Cell Death .
- New Function of Telomerase
- Tumorigenesis Due to Malfunction of Telomere
- Telomeres as Suppressors of Tumors
- Telomeresas a Potential Target for Therapy
- The Next Generation of Inducing Angiogenesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Vegf) Role in Angiogenesis
- Cancer Therapy and Hif-1 Inhibitors
- The Next Generation of Activating Invasion and Metastasis
- Invasion and Migration
- Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (Emt) and Metastasis
- The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells With Properties of Stem Cells
- Cancer Cells Promote Their Own Growth
- Abnormalities in the Cell Cycle Control Proteins in Cancer
- Cdk and Cdk Activating Enzyme
- Cki
- Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Treatment
- Cancer Oppose Apoptosis
- The Extrinsic Pathway
- The Intrinsic Pathway
- The Final Pathway: Caspases
- Inhibitory Signals That May Generally Stop Cancer Development 40 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
- Pd-1 Inhibitors
- Ctla-4 Inhibitors
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Baraa T. Alhajhussein, Majed H. Wakid, Najwa Mohamad Alsawi, Hesham Hamdy Amin and Fahad Nasser Alonazi
- Introduction
- Bacteria and Cancer
- Direct Bacterial Carcinogenesis
- Indirect Bacterial Carcinogenesis
- Other Roles for Bacteria in Cancer
- Bacterial Cancer Therapy
- Parasites and Cancer
- Blood Flukes
- Mechanism
- Liver Flukes
- Mechanism
- Indirect Carcinogenic Parasites
- Viral Oncogenesis
- Epstein-Barr Virus (Ebv)
- Human Papillomaviruses (Hpvs)
- Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv) and Hepatitis C Virus (Hcv)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Human Herpes Virus 8 (Hhv-8)
- Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-1 (Htlv-1)
- Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (Mcv)
- How Viruses Cause Cancer?
- Role of Free Radicals, Chemicals in Oncogenesis
- Sources of Free Radicals
- Environmental Carcinogens as a Source of Free Radical
- Development of Cancer and Free Radicals
- Initial Stage of Tumor Formation and Free Radicals
- Proliferation of Tumor Cells and Free Radicals
- Angiogenesis and Free Radicals
- Metastasis and Free Radicals
- Physical Oncogenic Factors
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Rawiah A. Alsiary, Hanadi A. Katouah, Hiba S. Al-Amodi and Mashael Al-Toub
- Introduction
- Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells
- Introduction
- Cancer and Tumor
- Cancer Cells
- Cancer Stem Cells
- Endothelial Cells
- Introduction
- Angiosarcomas
- Tumor Endothelial Cells (Tecs)
- Tumor Endothelial Markers (Tems)
- Metastasis
- Cancer Regulatory Systems
- Angiogenesis
- Pericytes
- Introduction
- Pcs Origins and Activation
- Pcs Contribution to Tumor Microenvironment and Cross-Talk With Cancer Cells
- Immune Inflammatory Cells
- Introduction
- Tams
- B Lymphocytes
- T Lymphocytes
- Infiltrating Cells
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (Tils)
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (Mdscs)
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblast (Caf)
- Introduction
- Cafs Origins and Activation
- Cafs Contribution to the Tumor Microenvironment and Cross-Talk With Cancer Cells
- Tumor Microenvironment (Tme)
- Introduction
- Cancer-Non-Cancer Cell Interactions Mechanism
- Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps)
- Tumor Microenvironment Alterations at the Histological Level During Carcinogenesis
- Tme at the Early Human Carcinogenesis Stage
- Tme at the Advanced Human Carcinogenesis Stage
- Conclusion
- Genomic Instability and Mutation
- Introduction
- Cell Cycle
- Regulation of the Cell Cycle
- Genomic Instability Levels
- Nucleotide Instability (Nin)
- Microsatellite Instability (Msi)
- Chromosomal Instability (Cin)
- Checkpoints of Dna Damage
- Mitotic Checkpoints
- Telomere Maintenance
- Dna Repair Pathways
- Conclusion Remarks
- Tumor-Promoting Inflammation
- Introduction
- “Normal” Inflammation & Inflammatory Response in Tumor and General Mechanisms .
- Inflammation & Tumor Initiation and Progression
- Involvement of Inflammatory Mediators in Genetic Mutations; Paving the Way for Carcinogenesis
- Conclusion
- Reprogramming Energy Metabolism
- Introduction
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Hms)
- Lipid Metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism
- Mitochondria and Its Central Role in Carcinogenesis
- Metabolic Alteration by P53
- Metabolic Alteration by Kras
- Concluding Remarks
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- AIsha Al Anazi, Ravi Teja Chitturi Suryaprakash, Kate Shearston and Omar Kujan
- Growth Factor Induced Basement Membrane Breakdown and Invasion in Cancer
- Growth Factor-Induced Basement Membrane Breakdown and Invasive Growth
- Intravasation
- Role of Breaching of the Basement Membrane in Tumour Progression
- The Transforming Growth Factor-Β Induced Invasion
- Tgf-Β-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transformation
- Epigenetic Modification and Basement Membrane Invasion
- Current Understanding of the Role of Intravasation, Extravasation and Dissemination in the Development of Cancer
- Intravasation
- Macrophage-Assisted Tumour Cell Intravasation
- Intravasation of Tumour Cells Fusing With Macrophages
- Intravasation Associated With Trogocytosis
- Extravasation
- Tumor Cell Properties Promoting Extravasation
- Therapeutic Targets: Intravasation and Extravasation
- Extravasation of Leukocytes and Tumour Cells
- Dissemination
- Dissemination of Cancer Cells from a Primary Tumour
- Growth Factors Induce Evasion from Cytotoxic Therapies: as Targets for a New Strategy in Cancer Treatment
- Cytotoxic Therapy: An Alternative Approach to Treat Cancer Cells
- Growth Factor-Mediated Evasion from Cytotoxicity
- Contents Preface
