+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Heart Health Functional Food Global Market Insights 2023, Analysis and Forecast to 2028, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 104 Pages
  • May 2023
  • Region: Global
  • Prof Research
  • ID: 5816241
Description Jump to:

Quick Summary:

Navigate the global landscape of the Heart Health Functional Food industry with unparalleled ease and precision through this comprehensive market research report. Delve into an insightful examination of the industry dynamics. Deducing strategic business decisions from relevant, reliable data has never been more straightforward.

Through a detailed regional analysis, discover supply and demand intricacies of North America, South America, Asia, Pacific, Europe and more. Draw insights from prominent market players as well as emerging ones. Tap into a wealth of competitive intelligence including company profiles, SWOT Analysis, sales volume, revenue, price and gross margin, and market share.

Collect untapped opportunities within various applications such as commercial, household, among others. Compare the performance and potential of diverse types like breakfast cereals, dairy products, edible oils, nutritional bars and more. Uncover the strategies of industry giants like Nestle, Raisio, Kraft, and PepsiCo, among others. This report is your one-stop guide to outperform in the Heart Health Functional Food Market.

This report describes the global market size of Heart Health Functional Food from 2018 to 2022 and its CAGR from 2018 to 2022, and also forecasts its market size to the end of 2028 and its CAGR from 2023 to 2028.

For the geography segment, regional supply, demand, major players, price is presented from 2018 to 2028.

This report covers the following regions:

  • North America
  • South America
  • Asia & Pacific
  • Europe
  • MEA
The key countries for each region are also included such as the United States, China, Japan, India, Korea, ASEAN, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, CIS, and Brazil etc.

For the competitor segment, the report includes global key players of Heart Health Functional Food as well as some small players.

The information for each competitor includes:

  • Company Profile
  • Main Business Information
  • SWOT Analysis
  • Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
  • Market Share

Applications Segment:

  • Commercial
  • Household
  • Others

Types Segment:

  • Breakfast cereals
  • Dairy products
  • Edible oils
  • Nutritional bars
  • Others

Companies Covered:

  • Nestle
  • Raisio
  • Kraft
  • Marico
  • Kalbe Farma
  • Bagrry
  • Associated British Foods
  • ConAgra
  • PepsiCo
Base Year: 2023
Historical Data: from 2018 to 2022
Forecast Data: from 2023 to 2028


This product will be delivered within 1-3 business days.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Executive SummaryChapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
Chapter 3 Preface
3.1 Research Scope
3.2 Research Sources
3.2.1 Data Sources
3.2.2 Assumptions
3.3 Research Method
Chapter 4 Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Classification/Types
4.3 Application/End Users
Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drivers
5.3 Restraints
5.4 Opportunities
5.5 Threats
5.6 Covid-19 Impact
Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
6.2 Heart Health Functional Food Analysis
6.2.1 Technology Analysis
6.2.2 Cost Analysis
6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
7.1 Latest News
7.2 Merger and Acquisition
7.3 Planned/Future Project
7.4 Policy Dynamics
Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
8.1 Export of Heart Health Functional Food by Region
8.2 Import of Heart Health Functional Food by Region
8.3 Balance of Trade
Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast Heart Health Functional Food Market in North America (2018-2028)
9.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
9.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
9.5 Key Countries Analysis
9.5.1 United States
9.5.2 Canada
9.5.3 Mexico
Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast Heart Health Functional Food Market in South America (2018-2028)
10.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
10.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
10.5 Key Countries Analysis
10.5.1 Brazil
10.5.2 Argentina
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Peru
Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast Heart Health Functional Food Market in Asia & Pacific (2018-2028)
11.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
11.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
11.5 Key Countries Analysis
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 India
11.5.3 Japan
11.5.4 South Korea
11.5.5 Southeast Asia
11.5.6 Australia
Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast Heart Health Functional Food Market in Europe (2018-2028)
12.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
12.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
12.5 Key Countries Analysis
12.5.1 Germany
12.5.2 France
12.5.3 United Kingdom
12.5.4 Italy
12.5.5 Spain
12.5.6 Belgium
12.5.7 Netherlands
12.5.8 Austria
12.5.9 Poland
12.5.10 Russia
Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast Heart Health Functional Food Market in MEA (2018-2028)
13.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
13.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
13.5 Key Countries Analysis
13.5.1 Egypt
13.5.2 Israel
13.5.3 South Africa
13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
13.5.5 Turkey
Chapter 14 Summary For Global Heart Health Functional Food Market (2018-2023)
14.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size
14.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand by End Use
14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
Chapter 15 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1 Heart Health Functional Food Market Size Forecast
15.2 Heart Health Functional Food Demand Forecast
15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
16.1 Nestle
16.1.1 Company Profile
16.1.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Nestle
16.1.4 Nestle Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.2 Raisio
16.2.1 Company Profile
16.2.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.2.3 SWOT Analysis of Raisio
16.2.4 Raisio Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.3 Kraft
16.3.1 Company Profile
16.3.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.3.3 SWOT Analysis of Kraft
16.3.4 Kraft Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.4 Marico
16.4.1 Company Profile
16.4.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.4.3 SWOT Analysis of Marico
16.4.4 Marico Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.5 Kalbe Farma
16.5.1 Company Profile
16.5.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.5.3 SWOT Analysis of Kalbe Farma
16.5.4 Kalbe Farma Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.6 Bagrry
16.6.1 Company Profile
16.6.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.6.3 SWOT Analysis of Bagrry
16.6.4 Bagrry Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.7 Associated British Foods
16.7.1 Company Profile
16.7.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.7.3 SWOT Analysis of Associated British Foods
16.7.4 Associated British Foods Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.8 ConAgra
16.8.1 Company Profile
16.8.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.8.3 SWOT Analysis of ConAgra
16.8.4 ConAgra Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
16.9 PepsiCo
16.9.1 Company Profile
16.9.2 Main Business and Heart Health Functional Food Information
16.9.3 SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo
16.9.4 PepsiCo Heart Health Functional Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Tables and Figures
Table Abbreviation and Acronyms List
Table Research Scope of Heart Health Functional Food Report
Table Data Sources of Heart Health Functional Food Report
Table Major Assumptions of Heart Health Functional Food Report
Figure Market Size Estimated Method
Figure Major Forecasting Factors
Figure Heart Health Functional Food Picture
Table Heart Health Functional Food Classification
Table Heart Health Functional Food Applications List
Table Drivers of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Restraints of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Opportunities of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Threats of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Covid-19 Impact For Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
Table Different Production Methods of Heart Health Functional Food
Table Cost Structure Analysis of Heart Health Functional Food
Table Key End Users List
Table Latest News of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Merger and Acquisition List
Table Planned/Future Project of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table Policy of Heart Health Functional Food Market
Table 2018-2028 Regional Export of Heart Health Functional Food
Table 2018-2028 Regional Import of Heart Health Functional Food
Table 2018-2028 Regional Trade Balance
Figure 2018-2028 Regional Trade Balance
Table 2018-2028 North America Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 North America Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 North America Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 North America Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 North America Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 North America Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 North America Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 North America Heart Health Functional Food Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 United States Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 United States Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Canada Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Canada Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Mexico Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Mexico Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South America Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 South America Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 South America Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 South America Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 South America Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 South America Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 South America Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 South America Heart Health Functional Food Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Brazil Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Brazil Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Argentina Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Argentina Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Chile Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Chile Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Peru Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Peru Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Asia & Pacific Heart Health Functional Food Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 China Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 China Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 India Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 India Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Japan Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Japan Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South Korea Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 South Korea Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Heart Health Functional Food Market Size List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Heart Health Functional Food Import List
Table 2018-2028 Southeast Asia Heart Health Functional Food Export List
Table 2018-2028 Australia Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Australia Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Europe Heart Health Functional Food Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Germany Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Germany Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 France Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 France Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 United Kingdom Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 United Kingdom Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Italy Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Italy Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Spain Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Spain Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Belgium Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Belgium Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Netherlands Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Netherlands Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Austria Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Austria Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Poland Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Poland Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Russia Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Russia Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2018-2028 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2018-2028 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2018-2028 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Sales List
Table 2018-2023 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Key Players Market Share List
Table 2018-2028 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 MEA Heart Health Functional Food Price List by Type
Table 2018-2028 Egypt Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Egypt Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Israel Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Israel Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 South Africa Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 South Africa Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2028 Turkey Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2018-2028 Turkey Heart Health Functional Food Import & Export List
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Sales List
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Sales Share List
Figure 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and Growth Rate
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Revenue List
Figure 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Growth Rate
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Revenue Share List
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2018-2023 Regional Heart Health Functional Food Price List
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Application
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Sales List
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Sales Share List
Figure 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Volume and Growth Rate
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Revenue List
Figure 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Market Size and Growth Rate
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Key Vendors Revenue Share List
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand List by Type
Table 2023-2028 Global Heart Health Functional Food Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2023-2028 Heart Health Functional Food Regional Price List
Table Nestle Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Nestle
Table 2018-2023 Nestle Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Nestle Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Nestle Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Raisio Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Raisio
Table 2018-2023 Raisio Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Raisio Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Raisio Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Kraft Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Kraft
Table 2018-2023 Kraft Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Kraft Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Kraft Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Marico Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Marico
Table 2018-2023 Marico Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Marico Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Marico Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Kalbe Farma Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Kalbe Farma
Table 2018-2023 Kalbe Farma Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Kalbe Farma Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Kalbe Farma Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Bagrry Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Bagrry
Table 2018-2023 Bagrry Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Bagrry Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Bagrry Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table Associated British Foods Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Associated British Foods
Table 2018-2023 Associated British Foods Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 Associated British Foods Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 Associated British Foods Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table ConAgra Information
Table SWOT Analysis of ConAgra
Table 2018-2023 ConAgra Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 ConAgra Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 ConAgra Heart Health Functional Food Market Share
Table PepsiCo Information
Table SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo
Table 2018-2023 PepsiCo Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
Figure 2018-2023 PepsiCo Heart Health Functional Food Sale Volume and Growth Rate
Figure 2018-2023 PepsiCo Heart Health Functional Food Market Share

Companies Mentioned

  • Nestle
  • Raisio
  • Kraft
  • Marico
  • Kalbe Farma
  • Bagrry
  • Associated British Foods
  • ConAgra
  • PepsiCo

Methodology

Loading
LOADING...

Related Topics

Related Reports

Heart Health Functional Food Market Outlook Report: Industry Size, Competition, Trends and Growth Opportunities by Region, YoY Forecasts from 2024 to 2031 - Product Image

Heart Health Functional Food Market Outlook Report: Industry Size, Competition, Trends and Growth Opportunities by Region, YoY Forecasts from 2024 to 2031

  • Report
  • 144 Pages
  • Global
From
Functional Food Market Report by Product Type, Ingredient, Distribution Channel, Application, and Region 2024-2032 - Product Image

Functional Food Market Report by Product Type, Ingredient, Distribution Channel, Application, and Region 2024-2032

  • Report
  • 138 Pages
  • Global
From
Functional Foods Global Market Report 2024 - Product Image

Functional Foods Global Market Report 2024

  • Report
  • 300 Pages
  • Global
From
The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health - Product Image

The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health

  • Book
  • Global
Functional Food Market by Product, Ingredient, Type, Distribution Channel, Application - Global Forecast 2025-2030 - Product Image

Functional Food Market by Product, Ingredient, Type, Distribution Channel, Application - Global Forecast 2025-2030

  • Report
  • 189 Pages
  • Global
From
Copyright © 2002-2024 Research and Markets. All Rights Reserved.