In Net Zeros and Ones: How Data Erasure Promotes Sustainability, Privacy, and Security, a well-rounded team of accomplished industry veterans delivers a comprehensive guide to managing permanent and sustainable data erasure while complying with regulatory, legal, and industry requirements. In the book, you’ll discover the why, how, and when of data sanitization, including why it is a crucial component in achieving circularity within IT operations. You will also learn about future-proofing yourself against security breaches and data leaks involving your most sensitive information - all while being served entertaining industry anecdotes and commentary from leading industry personalities.
The authors also discuss:
Several new standards on data erasure, including the soon-to-be published standards by the IEEE and ISO
How data sanitization strengthens a sustainability or Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) program
How to adhere to data retention policies, litigation holds, and regulatory frameworks that require certain data to be retained for specific timeframes
An ideal resource for ESG, data protection, and privacy professionals, Net Zeros and Ones will also earn a place in the libraries of application developers and IT asset managers seeking a one-stop explanation of how data erasure fits into their data and asset management programs.
Table of Contents
Foreword xv
Introduction xix
Chapter 1 End of Life for Data 1
1.1 Growth of Data 3
1.2 Managing Data 4
1.2.1 Discovery 4
1.2.2 Classification 5
1.2.3 Risk 6
1.3 Data Loss 6
1.3.1 Accidental 7
1.3.2 Theft 7
1.3.3 Dumpster Diving 9
1.4 Encryption 9
1.5 Data Discovery 9
1.6 Regulations 10
1.7 Security 10
1.8 Legal Discovery 11
1.9 Data Sanitization 12
1.10 Ecological and Economic Considerations 13
1.10.1 Ecological 13
1.10.2 Economic 13
1.11 Summary: Proactive Risk Reduction and Reactive End of Life 14
Chapter 2 Where Are We, and How Did We Get Here? 15
2.1 Digital Data Storage 16
2.2 Erasing Magnetic Media 17
2.3 History of Data Erasure 17
2.3.1 The Beginnings of Commercial Data Erasure 19
2.3.2 Darik’s Boot and Nuke (DBAN) 19
2.4 Summary 21
Chapter 3 Data Sanitization Technology 23
3.1 Shredding 24
3.2 Degaussing 24
3.3 Overwriting 25
3.4 Crypto- Erase 27
3.5 Erasing Solid- State Drives 28
3.6 Bad Blocks 29
3.7 Data Forensics 29
3.8 Summary 31
Chapter 4 Information Lifecycle Management 33
4.1 Information Lifecycle Management vs. Data Lifecycle Management 33
4.2 Information Lifecycle Management 34
4.2.1 Lifecycle Stages 34
4.3 Data Security Lifecycle 35
4.3.1 Stages for Data Security Lifecycle 36
4.4 Data Hygiene 36
4.5 Data Sanitization 37
4.5.1 Physical Destruction 37
4.5.2 Cryptographic Erasure 37
4.5.3 Data Erasure 38
4.6 Summary 39
Chapter 5 Regulatory Requirements 41
5.1 Frameworks 42
5.1.1 NIST Cybersecurity Framework Applied to Data 42
5.2 Regulations 43
5.2.1 GDPR 44
5.2.1.1 The Right to Erasure 45
5.2.1.2 Data Retention 51
5.2.2 HIPAA Security Rule Subpart c 53
5.2.3 PCI DSS V3.2 Payment Card Industry Requirements 56
5.2.4 Sarbanes-Oxley 58
5.2.5 Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority Payment Services Regulations 59
5.2.6 New York State Cybersecurity Requirements of Financial Services Companies 23 NYCRR 500 59
5.2.7 Philippines Data Privacy Act 2012 60
5.2.8 Singapore Personal Data Protection Act 2012 61
5.2.9 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 61
5.3 Standards 62
5.3.1 ISO 27000 and Family 62
5.3.2 NIST SP 800- 88 63
5.4 Summary 65
Chapter 6 New Standards 67
6.1 IEEE P2883 Draft Standard for Sanitizing Storage 68
6.1.1 Data Sanitization 68
6.1.2 Storage Sanitization 68
6.1.3 Media Sanitization 68
6.1.4 Clear 69
6.1.5 Purge 69
6.1.6 Destruct 69
6.2 Updated ISO/IEC CD 27040 Information Technology Security Techniques - Storage Security 70
6.3 Summary 71
Chapter 7 Asset Lifecycle Management 73
7.1 Data Sanitization Program 73
7.2 Laptops and Desktops 74
7.3 Servers and Network Gear 76
7.3.1 Edge Computing 78
7.4 Mobile Devices 79
7.4.1 Crypto- Erase 80
7.4.2 Mobile Phone Processing 80
7.4.3 Enterprise Data Erasure for Mobile Devices 81
7.4.3.1 Bring Your Own Device 81
7.4.3.2 Corporate- Issued Devices 81
7.5 Internet of Things: Unconventional Computing Devices 82
7.5.1 Printers and Scanners 82
7.5.2 Landline Phones 82
7.5.3 Industrial Control Systems 82
7.5.4 HVAC Controls 83
7.5.5 Medical Devices 83
7.6 Automobiles 83
7.6.1 Off- Lease Vehicles 84
7.6.2 Used Vehicle Market 85
7.6.3 Sanitization of Automobiles 85
7.7 Summary 86
Chapter 8 Asset Disposition 87
8.1 Contracting and Managing Your ITAD 88
8.2 ITAD Operations 89
8.3 Sustainability and Green Tech 91
8.4 Contribution from R2 91
8.4.1 Tracking Throughput 91
8.4.2 Data Security 92
8.5 e- Stewards Standard for Responsible Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment 92
8.6 i- SIGMA 93
8.7 FACTA 93
8.8 Summary 95
Chapter 9 Stories from the Field 97
9.1 3stepIT 98
9.2 TES - IT Lifecycle Solutions 101
9.2.1 Scale of Operations 103
9.2.2 Compliance 104
9.2.3 Conclusion 104
9.3 Ingram Micro 104
9.4 Summary 106
Chapter 10 Data Center Operations 109
10.1 Return Material Allowances 110
10.2 NAS 110
10.3 Logical Drives 110
10.4 Rack- Mounted Hard Drives 111
10.5 Summary 112
Chapter 11 Sanitizing Files 113
11.1 Avoid Confusion with CDR 113
11.2 Erasing Files 114
11.3 When to Sanitize Files 115
11.4 Sanitizing Files 116
11.5 Summary 116
Chapter 12 Cloud Data Sanitization 117
12.1 User Responsibility vs. Cloud Provider Responsibility 117
12.2 Attacks Against Cloud Data 119
12.3 Cloud Encryption 119
12.4 Data Sanitization for the Cloud 120
12.5 Summary 121
Chapter 13 Data Sanitization and Information Lifecycle Management 123
13.1 The Data Sanitization Team 124
13.2 Identifying Data 124
13.3 Data Sanitization Policy 124
13.3.1 Deploy Technology 125
13.3.2 Working with DevOps 125
13.3.3 Working with Data Security 125
13.3.4 Working with the Legal Team 125
13.3.5 Changes 126
13.4 Summary 126
Chapter 14 How Not to Destroy Data 127
14.1 Drilling 127
14.1.1 Nail Gun 128
14.1.2 Gun 128
14.2 Acids and Other Solvents 128
14.3 Heating 128
14.4 Incineration 129
14.5 Street Rollers 129
14.6 Ice Shaving Machines 129
Chapter 15 The Future of Data Sanitization 131
15.1 Advances in Solid- State Drives 132
15.2 Shingled Magnetic Recording 133
15.3 Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording, Also Known as Heat- Assisted Magnetic Recording 133
15.4 Microwave- Assisted Magnetic Recording 134
15.5 DNA Data Storage 135
15.6 Holographic Storage 135
15.7 Quantum Storage 136
15.8 NVIDMM 137
15.9 Summary 138
Chapter 16 Conclusion 139
Appendix Enterprise Data Sanitization Policy 143
Introduction 143
Intended Audience 143
Purpose of Policy 144
General Data Hygiene and Data Retention 144
Data Spillage 144
Handling Files Classified as Confidential 144
Data Migration 144
End of Life for Classified Virtual Machines 145
On Customer’s Demand 145
Seven Steps to Creating a Data Sanitization Process 145
Step 1: Prioritize and Scope 146
Step 2: Orient 146
Step 3: Create a Current Profile 146
Step 4: Conduct a Risk Assessment 147
Step 5: Create a Target Profile 147
Step 6: Determine, Analyze, and Prioritize Gaps 147
Step 7: Implement Action Plan 147
Data Sanitization Defined 147
Physical Destruction 148
Degaussing 148
Pros and Cons of Physical Destruction 148
Cryptographic Erasure (Crypto- Erase) 148
Pros and Cons of Cryptographic Erasure 149
Data Erasure 149
Pros and Cons of Data Erasure 150
Equipment Details 150
Asset Lifecycle Procedures 151
Suggested Process, In Short 152
Create Contract Language for Third Parties 152
Data Erasure Procedures 152
Responsibility 152
Validation of Data Erasure Software and Equipment 153
Personal Computers 153
Servers and Server Storage Systems 154
Photocopiers, Network Printers, and Fax Machines 154
Mobile Phones, Smartphones, and Tablets 154
Point- of- Sale Equipment 155
Virtual Machines 155
Removable Solid- State Memory Devices (USB Flash Drives, SD Cards) 155
CDs, DVDs, and Optical Discs 155
Backup Tape 155
General Requirements for Full Implementation 155
Procedure for Partners and Suppliers 155
Audit Trail Requirement 156
Policy Ownership 156
Mandatory Revisions 156
Roles and Responsibilities 157
CEO 157
Board of Directors 157
Index 159
