New edition of the popular textbook, comprehensively updated throughout and now includes a new dedicated website for gas dynamic calculations
The thoroughly revised and updated third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics maintains the focus on gas flows below hypersonic. This targeted approach provides a cohesive and rigorous examination of most practical engineering problems in this gas dynamics flow regime. The conventional one-dimensional flow approach together with the role of temperature-entropy diagrams are highlighted throughout.
The authors - noted experts in the field - include a modern computational aid, illustrative charts and tables, and myriad examples of varying degrees of difficulty to aid in the understanding of the material presented. The updated edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics includes new sections on the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, and the gas dynamic laser. The book contains all equations, tables, and charts necessary to work the problems and exercises in each chapter. This book’s accessible but rigorous style:
- Offers a comprehensively updated edition that includes new problems and examples
- Covers fundamentals of gas flows targeting those below hypersonic
- Presents the one-dimensional flow approach and highlights the role of temperature-entropy diagrams
- Contains new sections that examine the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, the gas dynamic laser, and an expanded coverage of rocket propulsion
- Explores applications of gas dynamics to aircraft and rocket engines
- Includes behavioral objectives, summaries, and check tests to aid with learning
Written for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering and professionals and researchers in the field, the third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics has been updated to include recent developments in the field and retains all its learning aids.
Table of Contents
Preface to Third Edition xi
Preface to Second Edition xiii
To the Student xv
About the Companion Website xix
1 Definitions and Fundamental Principles 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Units and Notation 2
1.3 Why we use Nondimensional Quantities 8
1.4 Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Mass Analysis 12
Review Questions 21
Review Problems 24
2 Control Volume Analysis - Part I 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Objectives 28
2.3 Flow Dimensionality and Average Velocity 28
2.4 Transformation of a Material Derivative to a Control Volume Approach 31
2.5 Conservation of Mass 37
2.6 Conservation of Energy 39
2.7 Summary 48
Problems 50
Check Test 53
3 Control Volume Analysis - Part II 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Objectives 55
3.3 Comments on Entropy 56
3.4 Pressure-Energy Equation 58
3.5 The Stagnation Concept 60
3.6 Stagnation Pressure-Energy Equation 64
3.7 Consequences of Constant Density 66
3.8 Momentum Equation 71
3.9 Summary 80
Problems 82
Check Test 88
4 Introduction to Compressible Flow 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Objectives 92
4.3 Sonic Speed and Mach Number 92
4.4 Wave Propagation 98
4.5 Equations for Perfect Gases in Terms of Mach Number 100
4.6 h-s and T-s Diagrams 107
4.7 Summary 108
Problems 109
Check Test 112
5 Varying-Area Adiabatic Flow 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Objectives 116
5.3 General Fluid with No Losses 117
5.4 Perfect Gases with Losses 123
5.5 The ∗ Reference Concept 127
5.6 Isentropic Table 129
5.7 Nozzle Operation 136
5.8 Nozzle Performance 144
5.9 Diffuser Performance 146
5.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 148
5.11 Beyond the Tables 148
5.12 Summary 152
Problems 153
Check Test 157
6 Standing Normal Shocks 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Objectives 160
6.3 Shock Analysis: General Fluid 160
6.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 163
6.5 Normal-Shock Table 167
6.6 Shocks in Nozzles 172
6.7 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation 178
6.8 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 180
6.9 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 182
6.10 Summary 183
Problems 184
Check Test 188
7 Moving and Oblique Shocks 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Objectives 192
7.3 Normal Velocity Superposition: Moving Normal Shocks 192
7.4 Tangential Velocity Superposition: Oblique Shocks 196
7.5 Oblique-Shock Analysis: Perfect Gas 202
7.6 Oblique-Shock Table and Charts 204
7.7 Boundary Condition of Flow Direction 206
7.8 Boundary Condition of Pressure Equilibrium 210
7.9 Conical Shocks 213
7.10 The Shock Tube 216
7.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 219
7.12 Summary 221
Problems 222
Check Test 227
8 Prandtl-Meyer Flow 229
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Objectives 229
8.3 Argument for Isentropic Turning Flow 230
8.4 Analysis of Prandtl-Meyer Flow 237
8.5 Prandtl-Meyer Function 241
8.6 Overexpanded and Underexpanded Nozzles 244
8.7 Supersonic Airfoils 249
8.8 Aerospike Nozzle 254
8.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 256
8.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 257
8.11 Summary 258
Problems 259
Check Test 264
9 Fanno Flow 267
9.1 Introduction 267
9.2 Objectives 267
9.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 268
9.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 275
9.5 Reference State and Fanno Table 280
9.6 Applications 285
9.7 Correlation with Shocks 290
9.8 Friction Choking 292
9.9 (Optional) How the Left-Hand-Side of Equation (9.40) Arose 296
9.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 296
9.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 297
9.12 Summary 298
Problems 300
Check Test 305
10 Rayleigh Flow 307
10.1 Introduction 307
10.2 Objectives 308
10.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 309
10.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 319
10.5 Reference State and the Rayleigh Table 323
10.6 Applications 326
10.7 Correlation with Shocks 330
10.8 Thermal Choking Due to Heating 334
10.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 338
10.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 338
10.11 Summary 339
Problems 341
Check Test 347
11 Real Gas Effects 349
11.1 Introduction 349
11.2 Objectives 350
11.3 What’s Really Going on 351
11.4 Semiperfect Gas Behavior and Development of the Gas Tables 354
11.5 Real Gas Behavior, Equations of State and, Compressibility Factors 361
11.6 Variable-γ Variable-Area Flows 365
11.7 Variable-γ Constant-Area Flows 373
11.8 High-Energy Gas Lasers 375
11.9 Summary 377
Problems 380
Check Test 381
12 Propulsion Systems 383
12.1 Introduction 383
12.2 Objectives 384
12.3 Brayton Cycle 384
12.4 Propulsion Engines 394
12.5 General Performance Parameters, Thrust, Power, and Efficiency 412
12.6 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 419
12.7 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Incorporating Real Gas Effects 424
12.8 Rocket Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 426
12.9 Supersonic Diffusers 431
12.10 Summary 434
Problems 435
Check Test 439
Appendices
A Summary of the English Engineering (EE) System of Units 441
B Summary of the International System (SI) of Units 445
C Friction-Factor Chart 449
D Oblique-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Two-Dimensional) 451
E Conical-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Three-Dimensional) 455
F Generalized Compressibility Factor Chart 459
G Isentropic Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) (Including Prandtl-Meyer Function) 461
H Normal-Shock Parameters (γ = 1.4) 473
I Fanno Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 483
J Rayleigh Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 495
K Properties of Air at Low Pressure 507
L Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures 517
Selected References 519
Answers to Problems 523
Index 535
