Provides a thorough overview of systematic methods for reducing risks encountered in diverse work places
Filled with more theory, numerous case examples, and references to new material than the original text, this latest edition of a highly acclaimed book on occupational safety and health includes substantial updates and expanded material on management systems, risk assessment methods, and OSH-relevant concepts, principles, and models.
Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health is organized into five parts: background; analysis methods; programmatic methods for managing risk; risk reduction for energy sources; and risk reduction for other than energy sources. It comprehensively covers both system safety methods and OSH management methods applicable to occupational health and safety. Suitable for worldwide applications, the author’s approach avoids reliance on the thousands of rules, codes, and standards by focusing on understanding hazards and reducing risks using strategies and tactics.
- Includes more content on methods for reducing risks, citations of recent research, and deeper coverage of OSH-relevant concepts, theories, and models
- Merges methods and principles traditionally associated with occupational hygiene, ergonomics, and safety
- Provides substantial updates on management systems and theories of occupational incidents, and includes new case studies in many chapters to help demonstrate the "real world" need for identifying and implementing risk-reduction strategies
- Addresses occupational risks that go beyond current regulations and standards, taking an international approach by stressing risk-reduction strategies
- Supports adoption of the book for university courses by providing chapter-specific learning exercises and support materials for professors
Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health is ideal for safety professionals, system safety engineers, safety engineers, industrial hygienists, ergonomists, and anyone with OSH responsibilities. It is also an excellent resource for students preparing for a career in OSH.
Table of Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgments xiv
About the Companion Website xv
Part I: Background 1
1. Contributions to Occupational Safety and Health 3
1.1 Contributions by Law Makers 3
1.2 Contributions by System Safety Specialists 6
1.3 Contributions by the Public Health Community 9
1.4 Contributions of Governmental and Private Organizations 12
1.5 Contributions from the Sciences and Engineering 15
Learning Exercises 15
Technical Terms 16
References 16
2. Key Terms and Concepts 19
2.1 Hazard 19
2.2 Risk 24
2.3 Risk Reduction 26
2.4 Concepts of Causation 27
Learning Exercises 32
Technical Terms 33
References 34
3. Mental Skills for OSH Professionals 35
3.1 Types of Cognitive Skills 35
3.2 Using Models for Safety Analyses 38
3.3 Using Charts and Diagrams 42
3.4 Summary of Part I 47
Learning Exercises 48
Technical Terms 49
References 50
Part II: Analysis Methods 51
4. Analyzing Jobs and Tasks 53
4.1 Basics of Job Hazard Analysis 53
4.2 Implementing JHAs into the Work 57
4.3 Example JHA 58
4.4 Hazard Analyses Similar to JHAs 60
Learning Exercises 61
Technical Terms 62
References 63
5. Using Risk‐Assessment Methods 65
5.1 Risk‐Assessment Processes - The Future of OSH 65
5.2 An Eight‐Step Process 66
5.3 Example Risk Assessment 74
Learning Exercises 79
Technical Terms 80
References 80
6. Constructing Fault Trees 83
6.1 Common Symbols and Arrangements 83
6.2 Example Fault Trees 86
6.3 Example Success Tree 90
6.4 Common Mistakes 91
6.5 Additional Fault Tree Tools 92
Learning Exercises 94
Technical Terms 96
References 97
7. Analyzing Fault Trees 99
7.1 Analyzing Fault Trees Quantitatively 99
7.2 Identifying Cut Sets 105
7.3 Finding Common‐Cause Failures 109
Learning Exercises 112
Technical Terms 113
References 114
8. Other Useful Analysis Methods 115
8.1 FMEA Reveals Potential Equipment Problems 115
8.2 HAZOP Leads to Safety Through Design 119
8.3 Bow‐Tie Diagrams Support Communication 120
8.4 Layers of Protection Analysis Examines Multiple Barriers 123
8.5 Summary of Part II 123
Learning Exercises 125
Technical Terms 126
References 127
Part III: Programmatic Methods for Managing Risk 129
9. Managing OSH Programs 131
9.1 Clarifying OSH Program Aspirations 131
9.2 Influencing Safety Culture 132
9.3 Using a Management Systems Approach 136
9.4 Having an Ethical Policy for OSH 141
Learning Exercises 144
Technical Terms 144
Appendix: Example Code of Professional Conduct 145
References 146
10. Broadly Applicable Programs and Practices 147
10.1 Programs and Practices to Help People Perform Safely 147
10.2 Sanitation and Housekeeping Practices 158
10.3 Use of Safety Devices 159
10.4 Hazard‐Specific Programs 162
10.5 Financial Aspects of OSH Programs 162
Learning Exercises 166
Technical Terms 169
References 170
11. Incident Investigation Programs 173
11.1 Closed‐Loop Process 174
11.2 Policy Considerations 175
11.3 Investigative Processes 178
11.4 Events and Causal Factors Chart 181
11.5 Practical Analysis Tools for Incident Investigators 187
11.6 Learn from Prior Incident Investigations 192
11.7 Method for Modeling Harmful Occupational Incidents 193
Learning Exercises 195
Technical Terms 196
References 198
12. Human Error Reduction 199
12.1 Concepts of Errors 199
12.2 Comprehensive Classification System 203
12.3 Methods for Finding Feasible Countermeasures 205
Learning Exercises 206
Technical Terms 208
References 208
13. Risk‐Reduction Strategies 211
13.1 Strategies, Tactics, and Applications 211
13.2 The Nine Strategies 215
13.3 Priority for Applying Strategies 219
13.4 Summary of Part III 221
Learning Exercises 222
Technical Terms 227
References 228
Part IV: Risk Reduction for Energy Sources 229
14. Kinetic Energy Hazards 231
14.1 Fundamentals of Energy and Mechanics 231
14.2 Mechanisms of Harming 236
14.3 Gravitational Energy Hazards: People and Objects Falling 238
14.4 Transportation Hazards: Travelers and Roadway Work Zones 245
14.5 Mechanical Hazards: People Interfacing with Machines and Equipment 253
Learning Exercises 258
Technical Terms 259
References 259
15. Electrical Energy Hazards 261
15.1 Electrical Energy as a Source of Hazard 261
15.2 Mechanisms of Harming 265
15.3 Strategies and Tactics for Electrical Energy 274
Learning Exercises 277
Technical Terms 278
References 279
16. Acoustic Energy and Vibration Hazards 281
16.1 Background on Noise and Vibration 281
16.2 Mechanisms of Harming 284
16.3 Strategies and Tactics for Noise Exposure 288
16.4 Strategies and Tactics for Vibration Exposure 292
Learning Exercises 295
Technical Terms 295
References 297
17. Thermal Hazards: Heat and Cold 299
17.1 Background on Thermal Hazards 299
17.2 Mechanisms of Harming 306
17.3 Strategies and Tactics for Thermal Hazards 310
Learning Exercises 315
Technical Terms 316
References 317
18. Fire Hazards 319
18.1 Fundamentals of Fire 319
18.2 Mechanisms of Harming 326
18.3 Strategies and Tactics for Fires 329
Learning Exercises 334
Technical Terms 335
References 336
19. Explosion Hazards 337
19.1 Background on Explosions 337
19.2 Mechanisms of Harming 338
19.3 Strategies and Tactics for Explosions 339
Learning Exercises 344
Technical Terms 345
References 345
20. Pressure Hazards 347
20.1 Overview of Pressure Hazards 347
20.2 Mechanisms of Harming 349
20.3 Strategies and Tactics for Pressure‐Related Hazards 353
Learning Exercises 360
Technical Terms 361
References 362
21. Hazards of Electromagnetic Energies 363
21.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Energy 363
21.2 Mechanisms of Harming 366
21.3 Strategies and Tactics for Electromagnetic Hazards 371
Learning Exercises 376
Technical Terms 376
References 377
22. Hazards of Severe Weather and Geologic Events 379
22.1 Background 379
22.2 Mechanisms of Harming 381
22.3 Strategies and Tactics for Weather and Geologic Events 386
22.4 Summary of Part IV 389
Learning Exercises 390
Technical Terms 390
References 391
Part V: Risk Reduction for Other Than Energy Sources 393
23. Workplace Conditions 395
23.1 Background 395
23.2 Walking Surfaces 396
23.3 Stairways and Steps 403
23.4 Ramps 407
23.5 Confined Spaces 408
23.6 Areas with Dusty Air 410
23.7 Areas with Mold 411
Learning Exercises 412
Technical Terms 413
References 414
24. Chemical Substances 415
24.1 Major Categories of Chemicals Encountered at Work 415
24.2 Mechanisms of Harming 417
24.3 Strategies and Tactics for Workplace Chemicals 421
Learning Exercises 424
Technical Terms 424
Appendix: Personal Protective Equipment for Chemicals 425
References 429
25. Biological Sources 431
25.1 Worker-Pathogen Exposures 431
25.2 Workers-Animal Encounters 436
25.3 Worker-Plant Exposures 441
Learning Exercises 442
Technical Terms 442
References 442
26. Musculoskeletal Stressors 445
26.1 Background on Musculoskeletal Stressors 445
26.2 Means by Which Musculoskeletal Stressors Can Harm 447
26.3 Useful Employee Surveys 452
26.4 Strategies and Tactics for Musculoskeletal Stressors 454
Learning Exercises 458
Technical Terms 458
References 459
27. Violent Actions of People 461
27.1 Workplace Violence 462
27.2 Terrorist Attacks 465
27.3 Summary of Part V 466
Learning Exercises 468
Technical Terms 468
References 468
Index 469
