The Global Market for Bioenergy 2023-2033

4.1 Market drivers
4.2 Market challenges
4.3 Bioenergy markets
4.3.1 Heat
4.3.2 Transport
4.3.3 Power
4.4 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
4.5 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
4.6 Global biofuels demand to 2040
4.7 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production
4.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
4.9 Conversion of biomass
4.10 Types of bioenergy products
4.10.1 Solid biomass based energy
4.10.2 Liquid biomass based energy
4.10.3 Gaseous biomass based energy
4.10.4 Conventional biomass based energy
4.10.5 Advanced biomassed based energy
4.11 Feedstocks
4.11.1 First-generation (1-G)
4.11.2 Second-generation (2-G)
4.11.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.11.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.11.3 Third-generation (3-G)
4.11.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.11.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
4.11.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.11.6 Energy crops
4.11.7 Agricultural residues
4.11.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
4.11.9 Forestry and wood waste
4.11.10 Feedstock costs

6.1 Biodiesel
6.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
6.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
6.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
6.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
6.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
6.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
6.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
6.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
6.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
6.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
6.1.3 Prices
6.1.4 Global production and consumption
6.2 Renewable diesel
6.2.1 Production
6.2.2 Prices
6.2.3 Global consumption

7.1 Description
7.1.1 Global market
7.1.2 Production pathways
7.1.3 Prices
7.1.4 Biojet fuel production capacities
7.1.5 Challenges
7.1.6 Global consumption

8.1 Overview
8.2 Markets and applications
8.3 Prices
8.4 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
8.5 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned

9.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology
9.1.1 Production processes
9.1.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
9.1.1.2 Biomass gasification
9.1.1.3 Power to Methane
9.1.2 Biomethanol prices

10.1 Technology description
10.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
10.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
10.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production
10.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
10.6 Gasification
10.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
10.6.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
10.7 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
10.8 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
10.8.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
10.8.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
10.8.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
10.8.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
10.8.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
10.9 Prices
10.10 Global ethanol consumption

11.1 Production
11.2 Prices

12.1 Biogas
12.1.1 Biomethane
12.1.2 Production pathways
12.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
12.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
12.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
12.1.3 Global production
12.1.4 Bio-LNG and bio-CNG
12.1.5 Plants
12.1.6 Prices
12.1.7 Carbon capture from biogas
12.2 Biosyngas
12.2.1 Production
12.2.2 Prices
12.3 Biohydrogen
12.3.1 Description
12.3.2 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
12.3.2.1 Biological Conversion Routes
12.3.2.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
12.3.3 Applications
12.3.4 Prices
12.4 Biochar in biogas production

13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
13.2 Feedstocks
13.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
13.2.2 CO2 capture
13.3 Production
13.3.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
13.4 Electrolysers
13.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
13.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
13.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
13.5 Prices
13.6 Market challenges
13.7 Companies

14.1 Technology description
14.2 Conversion pathways
14.3 Production
14.4 Market challenges
14.5 Prices
14.6 Commercial development and producers

15.1 Production
15.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
15.1.2 Green ammonia projects
15.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
15.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
15.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
15.2.3 Electrochemical production
15.2.4 Chemical looping processes
15.3 Blue ammonia
15.3.1 Blue ammonia projects
15.4 Markets and applications
15.4.1 Chemical energy storage
15.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
15.4.2 Marine fuel
15.5 Prices
15.6 Estimated market demand
15.7 Companies and projects

16.1 Description
16.2 Production
16.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis
16.2.2 Costs
16.2.3 Upgrading
16.3 Applications
16.4 Prices
16.5 Virgin and waste lubricant oils (WLO)

17.1 Plastic pyrolysis
17.2 Used tires pyrolysis
17.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
17.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
17.4 Gasification
17.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
17.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
17.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
17.5 Hydrothermal cracking

18.1 Overview
18.2 CO2 capture from point sources
18.3 Production routes
18.4 Prices
18.5 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
18.5.1 Overview of technology
18.5.2 Biomass conversion
18.5.3 BECCS facilities
18.5.4 Challenges
18.6 Biomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS)
18.7 Hydrogen bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (HyBECCs)
18.8 Direct air capture (DAC)
18.8.1 Description
18.8.2 Deployment
18.8.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
18.8.4 Technologies
18.8.4.1 Solid sorbents
18.8.4.2 Liquid sorbents
18.8.4.3 Liquid solvents
18.8.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
18.8.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
18.8.4.6 Direct conversion
18.8.4.7 Co-product generation
18.8.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
18.8.4.9 Regeneration methods
18.8.5 Commercialization and plants
18.8.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
18.8.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
18.8.8 Markets for DAC
18.8.9 Costs
18.8.10 Challenges
18.8.11 Players and production
18.9 Methanol
18.10 Algae based carbon utilization
18.11 CO2-fuels from solar
18.12 Companies
18.13 Challenges

19.1 Overview
19.2 Production
19.2.1 Mechanical biological treatment
19.2.2 Production process
19.2.3 Markets

20.1 Overview
20.1.1 Solid biofuels
20.2 Production
20.2.1 Wood chips and pellets
20.3 Markets

Table 1. Bioenergy industry developments in 2020-2023.
Table 2. Market drivers for biofuels.
Table 3. Market challenges for biofuels.
Table 4. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production.
Table 5. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type.
Table 6. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
Table 7. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
Table 8. Classification of biomass feedstock.
Table 9. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 10. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 11. First-Generation Feedstocks.
Table 12. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 13. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 14. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 15. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
Table 16. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
Table 17. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
Table 19. Bioenergy prices 2020-2023, by type.
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 21. Biodiesel production techniques.
Table 22. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 23. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 24. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 25. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.
Table 26. Main producers of HVO and capacities.
Table 27. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.
Table 28. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.
Table 29. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year).
Table 30. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year).
Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 32. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 33. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 34. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year).
Table 35. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
Table 36. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 37. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.
Table 38. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.
Table 39. Processes in bioethanol production.
Table 40. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.
Table 41. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres).
Table 42. Global biogas and biomethane production.
Table 43. Biogas feedstocks.
Table 44. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.
Table 45. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 46. Biohydrogen prices.
Table 47. Levelized cost and carbon footprint comparison between types of hydrogen.
Table 48. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
Table 49. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 50. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 51. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.
Table 52. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
Table 53. Market challenges for e-fuels.
Table 54. E-fuels companies.
Table 55. Companies producing algae-derived fuels.
Table 56. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
Table 57. Blue ammonia projects.
Table 58. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
Table 59. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
Table 60. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 61. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
Table 62. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 63. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.
Table 64. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 65. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 66. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 67. Point source examples.
Table 68. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon.
Table 69. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2.
Table 70. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 71. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 72. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 73. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 74. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 75. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 76. DAC projects in development.
Table 77. Markets for DAC.
Table 78. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 79. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 80. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 81. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 82. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 83. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 84. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 85. Overview of key resource recovery technologies.
Table 86. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.

Figure 1. Bioenergy pathways: from biomass to final energy use.
Figure 2. Role of bioenergy in final energy consumption.
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends.
Figure 4. Global biofuels demand to 2040.
Figure 5. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021.
Figure 6. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2022.
Figure 7. Current conversion technologies of biomass.
Figure 8. : Biomass feedstock conversion chains.
Figure 9. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 10. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 11. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.
Figure 12. Bioenergy prices 2020-2023, by type.
Figure 13. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).
Figure 14. Flow chart for biodiesel production.
Figure 15. Biodiesel prices, current and historical.
Figure 16. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year).
Figure 17. Renewable diesel prices.
Figure 18. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year).
Figure 19. Biojet fuel prices.
Figure 20. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year).
Figure 21. Bio-naphtha prices.
Figure 22. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).
Figure 23. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.
Figure 24. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.
Figure 25. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.
Figure 27. Biomethanol prices.
Figure 28. Bioethanol prices.
Figure 29. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres).
Figure 30. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 31. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 32. Biobutanol prices.
Figure 33. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 34. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 35. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.
Figure 36. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production.
Figure 37. Biomethane prices.
Figure 38. Bio-LNG from anaerobic digestion total cost range in 2020, 2030 and 2050, compared with fossil LNG.
Figure 39. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 40. Biosyngas prices.
Figure 41. Metabolic pathways of biohydrogen production by micro-algal biomass.
Figure 42. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 43. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 44. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 45. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 46. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 47. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 48. E-fuel prices.
Figure 49. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.
Figure 50. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 51. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.
Figure 52. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.
Figure 53. Algal biofuels prices.
Figure 54. Algal biofuel selling prices.
Figure 55. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 56. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 57. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 58. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 59. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 60. Green ammonia prices.
Figure 61. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.
Figure 62. Bio-oil prices.
Figure 63. Circular economy concept for the management of WLO.
Figure 64. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 65. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 66. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 67. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 68. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 69. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 70. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 71. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 72. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 73. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process.
Figure 74. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 75. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 76. DAC technologies.
Figure 77. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 78. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 79. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 80. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 81. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 82. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 83. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 84. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 85. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 86. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 87. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 88. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 89. Standard components of an RDF plant.
Figure 90. Woody biomass for energy in the wood value chain
Figure 91. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 92. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 93. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 94. FBPO process
Figure 95. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 96. CRI process.
Figure 97. Cassandra Oil process.
Figure 98. Colyser process.
Figure 99. Domsjö process.
Figure 100. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 101. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 102. FuelPositive system.
Figure 103. INERATEC unit.
Figure 104. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 105. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 106: Plantrose process.
Figure 107. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.
Figure 108. O12 Reactor.
Figure 109. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 110. CO2 made car part.
Figure 111. The Velocys process.
Figure 112. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 113. The Proesa® Process.