With the ever-increasing amount of research being published, it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus, topical review articles provide an alternate and very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art in many subjects representing the field of adhesion science and adhesives.
The 19 chapters in this Volume 6 follow the same order as the review articles originally published in RAA in the year 2020 and up to June 2021. The subjects of these 19 chapters fall in the following areas: - Adhesives and adhesive joints - Contact angle - Reinforced polymer composites - Bioadhesives - Icephobic coatings - Adhesives based on natural resources - Polymer surface modification - Superhydrophobic surfaces
The topics covered include: hot-melt adhesives; adhesively-bonded spar-wingskin joints; contact angle hysteresis; fiber/matrix adhesion in reinforced thermoplastic composites; bioadhesives in biomedical applications; mucoadhesive pellets for drug delivery applications; bio-inspired icephobic coatings; wood adhesives based on natural resources; adhesion in biocomposites; vacuum UV surface photo-oxidation of polymers and other materials; vitrimers and their relevance to adhesives; superhydrophobic surfaces by microtexturing; structural acrylic adhesives; mechanically durable water-repellent surfaces; mussel-inspired underwater adhesives; and cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology for modifying polymers.
Audience
This book will be valuable and useful to researchers and technologists in materials science, nanotechnology, physics, surface and colloid chemistry in multiple disciplines in academia, industry, various research institutes and other organizations.
Table of Contents
Preface xxi
1 Hot-Melt Adhesives: Fundamentals, Formulations, and Applications: A Critical Review 1
Swaroop Gharde, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
1.1 Introduction to Hot-Melt Adhesives (HMAs) 2
1.2 Formulation of Hot-Melt Adhesives 4
1.2.1 Theories or Mechanisms of Adhesion 4
1.2.1.1 Mechanical Interlocking Theory 4
1.2.1.2 Electrostatic Theory 5
1.2.1.3 Diffusion Theory 5
1.2.1.4 Physical Adsorption or Wetting Theory 5
1.2.1.5 Chemical Bonding 5
1.2.2 Intermolecular Forces between Adhesives and Adherend 5
1.2.3 Thermodynamic Model of Adhesion 6
1.2.4 Bonded Joints 7
1.2.5 Surface Preparation for HMA Application 8
1.2.5.1 Solvent Degreasing 9
1.2.5.2 Chemically-Active Surface 9
1.3 Fundamental Aspects of Adhesive Behavior of HMAs 10
1.3.1 Mechanical and Physical Behaviors 10
1.3.2 Blending Behavior and the Effects of Other Ingredients 11
1.3.3 Polymeric Behavior 12
1.4 Preparation of HMAs Using Various Polymers 12
1.4.1 HMAs by Grafting Acrylic and Crotonic Acids on Metallocene Ethylene-Octene Polymers 12
1.4.1.1 Solution Grafting 13
1.4.1.2 Melt Grafting 14
1.4.1.3 Preparation of HMAs 14
1.4.2 Cross-Linked Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesives (PUR-HMAs) 14
1.4.3 Soybean Protein Isolate and Polycaprolactone Based HMAs (SPIP-HMAs) 15
1.5 Mechanical Analysis of Hot-Melt Adhesives 16
1.5.1 Fracture Mechanics of HMAs 16
1.5.1.1 Fracture Energy Measurement 18
1.5.2 Stress-Strain, and Frequency-Temperature Sweep Tests for Viscoelasticity 18
1.6 Industrial Applications of Hot-Melt Adhesives 20
1.6.1 Medical Applications 20
1.6.2 Electronic Applications 21
1.6.3 Anticorrosion Applications 21
1.6.4 Food Packaging Applications 21
1.6.5 Textile Applications 22
1.7 Current Challenges and Future Scope of HMAs 22
1.8 Summary 23
Acknowledgment 24
References 24
2 Optimization of Adhesively Bonded Spar-Wingskin Joints of Laminated FRP Composites Subjected to Pull-Off Load: A Critical Review 29
S. Rakshe, S. V. Nimje and S. K. Panigrahi
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Finite Element Analysis of SWJ 31
2.2.1 Geometry and Configuration 31
2.2.2 Finite Element Modeling 32
2.2.3 Validation and Convergence Study 33
2.3 Taguchi Method of Optimization 34
2.3.1 Optimization of Material and Lamination Scheme 35
2.3.2 Geometrical Parameter 36
2.4 Results and Discussion 38
2.4.1 Material and Lamination Scheme 38
2.4.1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 39
2.4.2 Geometrical Parameter 41
2.4.2.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 42
2.5 Conclusions 44
References 45
3 Contact Angle Hysteresis - Advantages and Disadvantages: A Critical Review 47
Andrew Terhemen Tyowua and Stephen Gbaoron Yiase
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Contact Angle and Hysteresis Measurement 49
3.2.1 Theoretical Treatment of Static Contact Angles 51
3.2.2 Modeling of Dynamic Contact Angles 53
3.2.3 Modelling Contact Angle Hysteresis 57
3.3 Advantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis 59
3.4 Disadvantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis 59
3.5 Summary 61
3.6 Acknowledgements 62
References 62
4 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion in Cellulose Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Materials: A Critical Review 69
J. Müssig and N. Graupner
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Terms and Definitions 70
4.2.1 Fibres 71
4.2.2 Fibre Bundle 71
4.2.3 Equivalent Diameter 72
4.2.4 Critical Length 72
4.2.5 Aspect Ratio and Critical Aspect Ratio 72
4.2.6 Single Element versus Collective 73
4.2.7 Interface and Interphase 75
4.2.8 Adhesion and Adherence 75
4.2.9 Practical & Theoretical Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 75
4.3 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 76
4.3.1 Overview 76
4.3.2 Single Fibre/Single Fibre Bundle Tests 77
4.3.2.1 Pull-Out Test 77
4.3.2.2 Microbond Test 88
4.3.3 Test Procedures for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 91
4.3.3.1 Pull-Out Test 92
4.3.3.2 Microbond Test 93
4.3.3.3 Evaluation of Characteristic Values from Pull-Out and Microbond Tests 94
4.3.3.4 Fragmentation Test 98
4.4 Comparison of IFSS Data 103
4.5 Influence of Fibre Treatment on the IFSS 107
4.6 Summary 118
Acknowledgements 119
References 119
5 Bioadhesives in Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review 131
Aishee Dey, Proma Bhattacharya and Sudarsan Neogi
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Theories of Bioadhesion 132
5.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion 134
5.3 Different Polymers Used as Bioadhesives 134
5.3.1 Collagen-Based Bioadhesives 135
5.3.2 Chitosan-Based Bioadhesives 137
5.3.3 Albumin-Based Bioadhesives 138
5.3.4 Dextran-Based Bioadhesives 139
5.3.5 Gelatin-Based Bioadhesives 140
5.3.6 Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Bioadhesives 142
5.3.7 Poly(acrylic acid)-Based Bioadhesives 142
5.3.8 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-Based Bioadhesives 145
5.4 Summary 147
References 148
6 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications: A Critical Review 155
Inderbir Singh, Gayatri Devi, Bibhuti Ranjan Barik, Anju Sharma and Loveleen Kaur
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers 157
6.3 Pellets 159
6.3.1 Preparation and Evaluation of Pellets 160
6.3.2 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications 161
6.4 Summary and Prospects 166
Conflict of Interest 166
References 166
7 Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Icing Mitigation: A Critical Review 171
Liqun Ma, Zichen Zhang, Linyue Gao, Yang Liu and Hui Hu
7.1 Introduction 172
7.2 The State-of-the-Art Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces 174
7.2.1 Lotus-Leaf-Inspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces (SHS) with Micro-/Nano-Scale Surface Textures 176
7.2.2 Pitcher-Plant-Inspired Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) 177
7.3 Impact Icing Process Pertinent to Aircraft Inflight Icing Phenomena 179
7.4 Preparation of Typical SHS and SLIPS Coatings/Surfaces 181
7.5 Measurements of Ice Adhesion Strengths on Different Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces 182
7.6 Icing Tunnel Testing to Evaluate the Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces for Impact Icing Mitigation 184
7.7 Characterization of Rain Erosion Effects on the Icephobic Coatings 189
7.8 Summary and Conclusions 196
Acknowledgments 198
References 198
8 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part I. Protein-Based Adhesives 203
Manfred Dunky
List of Abbreviations 203
8.1 Overview and Challenges for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 205
8.1.1 Definition of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 205
8.1.2 Motivation to Use Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 207
8.1.3 Combined Use of Synthetic and Naturally-Based Wood Adhesives 208
8.1.4 Review Articles on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 209
8.1.5 Motivation for this Review Article in Four Parts in the Journal “Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives” 211
8.1.6 Overview on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 212
8.1.7 Requirements, Limitations, and Opportunities for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 214
8.1.8 Synthetic and Natural Crosslinkers 214
8.1.9 Future of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 219
8.2 Protein-Based Adhesives 222
8.2.1 Introduction 222
8.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Proteins 223
8.2.1.2 Proteinaceous Feedstock 224
8.2.1.3 Wood Bonding with Proteins 224
8.2.2 Plant-Based Proteins 228
8.2.2.1 Overview on Plant-Based Protein Sources and Types 228
8.2.2.2 Soy Proteins 228
8.2.2.3 Soy Protein as Wood Adhesive 239
8.2.2.4 Thermal Treatment of Soy Proteins 243
8.2.3 Animal-Based Proteins 246
8.2.3.1 Types and Sources of Animal-Based Proteins 246
8.2.3.2 Mussels (Marine) Proteins 246
8.2.3.3 Slaughterhouse Waste as Source of Proteins 257
8.2.3.4 Proteins from Specified Risk Materials (SRMs) 260
8.2.4 Properties of Protein-Based Adhesives 261
8.2.5 Denaturation and Modification of Proteins 261
8.2.5.1 Modification of Proteins 265
8.2.5.2 Crosslinking of Proteins 265
8.2.6 Proteins in Combination with Other Natural Adhesives and Natural Crosslinkers 286
8.2.7 Proteins in Combination with Synthetic Adhesive Resins and Crosslinkers 286
8.2.8 Application of Protein-Based Wood Adhesives 286
8.3 Summary 316
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 316
Protein-Based Adhesives 317
Plant Proteins (including Soy) 318
Animal Proteins and Other Sources 318
References 318
9 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part II. Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives 337
Manfred Dunky
List of Abbreviations 337
9.1 Types and Sources of Carbohydrates Used as Wood Adhesives 338
9.2 Modification of Starch for Possible Use as Wood Adhesive 348
9.3 Citric Acid as Naturally-Based Modifier and Co-Reactant 348
9.4 Combination and Crosslinking of Carbohydrates with Natural and Synthetic Components 348
9.5 Degradation and Repolymerization of Carbohydrates 348
9.6 Summary 373
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives 373
References 373
10 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part III. Tannin- and Lignin-Based Adhesives 383
Manfred Dunky
List of Abbreviations 384
10.1 Introduction 385
10.2 Tannin-Based Adhesives 385
10.2.1 Chemistry of Condensed Tannins 386
10.2.2 Types of Condensed Tannins 390
10.2.3 Extraction, Purification, and Modification Methods for Tannins 390
10.2.4 Hardening and Crosslinking of Tannins 400
10.2.5 Hardening of Tannins by Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine) 418
10.2.6 Autocondensation of Tannins 419
10.2.7 Combination of Tannins with Natural Components 421
10.2.8 Combination of Tannins with Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers 421
10.3 Lignin-Based Adhesives 421
10.3.1 Chemistry and Structure of Lignin 430
10.3.2 Lignin as Adhesive 432
10.3.3 Analysis of Molecular Structure 437
10.3.4 Modification of Lignin 437
10.3.5 Lignin as Sole Adhesive and Chemical Activation of the Wood Surface 452
10.3.6 Laccase Induced Activation of Lignin 452
10.3.7 Pre-Methylolation of Lignin 469
10.3.8 Incorporation of Lignin into PF Resins 481
10.3.9 Reactions of Lignin With Various Aldehydes and Other Naturally-Based Components 481
10.3.10 Reaction of Lignin With Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers 481
10.4 Summary 481
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Tannin and Lignin 499
References 501
11 Adhesion in Biocomposites: A Critical Review 531
Siji K. Mary, Merin Sara Thomas, Rekha Rose Koshy, Prasanth K.S. Pillai, Laly A. Pothan and SabuThomas
11.1 Introduction 531
11.2 Biocomposite Processing Methods 533
11.3 Factors Enhancing Adhesion Property in Biocomposites 536
11.3.1 Effect of Chemical Modification 537
11.3.2 Effect of Enzymatic Modification 539
11.3.3 Effect of Physical Modification 539
11.4 Physical and Chemical Characterization 542
11.5 Adhesion in Polymer Biocomposites with Specific Applications 545
11.5.1 Biomedical Applications 546
11.5.2 Dye Adsorption and Removal 547
11.5.3 Automotive Applications 548
11.6 Summary 549
References 549
12 Vacuum UV Surface Photo-Oxidation of Polymeric and Other Materials for Improving Adhesion: A Critical Review 559
Gerald A. Takacs, Massoud J. Miri and Timothy Kovach
12.1 Introduction 559
12.2 Vacuum UV Photo-Oxidation Process 561
12.2.1 VUV Background 561
12.2.2 VUV Radiation 561
12.2.2.1 Emission from Excited Atoms 561
12.2.2.2 Emission from High Pressure Rare Gas Plasmas 563
12.2.2.3 Emission from Rare-Gas Halides and Halogen Dimers 564
12.2.3 VUV Optical Filters 564
12.2.4 Penetration Depths of VUV Radiation in Polymers 565
12.2.5 Analytical Methods for Surface Analysis 565
12.2.6 VUV Photochemistry of Oxygen 565
12.2.7 Reaction of O Atoms and Ozone with a Polymer Surface 566
12.3 Adhesion to VUV Surface Photo-Oxidized Polymers 567
12.3.1 Fluoropolymers 567
12.3.2 Nafion® 568
12.3.3 Polyimides 569
12.3.4 Metal-Containing Polymers 569
12.3.5 Polyethylene (PE) 570
12.3.6 Polystyrene 571
12.3.7 Other Polymers 571
12.3.7.1 Polypropylene (PP) 571
12.3.7.2 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 571
12.3.7.3 Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) 571
12.3.7.4 Cyclo-Olefin Polymers 572
12.3.7.5 Polybenzimidazole (PBI) 572
12.4 Applications of VUV Surface Photo-Oxidation to Other Materials 573
12.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Diamond 573
12.4.2 Metal Oxides 574
12.5 Prospects 575
12.5.1 Sustainable Polymers 575
12.6 Summary 576
References 576
13 Bio- and Water-Based Reversible Covalent Bonds Containing Polymers (Vitrimers) and Their Relevance to Adhesives - A Critical Review 587
Natanel Jarach, Racheli Zuckerman, Naum Naveh, Hanna Dodiuk and Samuel Kenig
List of Abbreviations 587
13.1 Introduction 588
13.1.1 RCBPs Classification 589
13.1.2 Reversible Bonds 590
13.1.2.1 General Reversible Covalent Bonds 590
13.1.2.2 Dynamic Reversible Covalent Bonds 590
13.1.3 RCBPs Applications 591
13.1.3.1 Recyclability 591
13.1.3.2 Self-Healing Materials 592
13.1.3.3 Shape-Memory Materials 592
13.1.3.4 Smart Composites 593
13.1.3.5 Adhesives 593
13.1.3.6 Dynamic Hydrogels and Biomedical Materials 594
13.2 Bio-Based RCBPs 595
13.2.1 Bio-Based Polymers 595
13.2.1.1 Classification of Bio-Based Polymers 596
13.2.1.2 Common Synthetic Bio-Based Polymers 596
13.2.2 Bio-Based RCBPs 599
13.2.2.1 Bio-Based DA RCBPs 600
13.2.2.2 Bio-Based Acylhydrazone-Containing RCBPs 601
13.2.2.3 Bio-Based Imine (Schiff-Base)-Containing RCBPs 601
13.2.2.4 Bio-Based β-Hydroxy Ester Containing RCBPs 604
13.2.2.5 Bio-Based Disulfide-Containing RCBPs 606
13.3 Water-Based RCBPs 607
13.3.1 Solvents in Polymer Industry 607
13.3.1.1 Organic and Inorganic Solvents Used in RCBPs Synthesis 608
13.3.1.2 Water-Based Polymers 608
13.3.2 Water-Based RCBPs 609
13.3.2.1 Acylhydrazone-Containing Water-Based RCBPs 609
13.3.2.2 Schiff-Base-Containing Water-Based RCBPs 609
13.4 Summary 611
13.5 Authors Contributions 611
13.6 Funding 611
13.7 Conflict of Interest 611
References 612
14 Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Microtexturing: A Critical Review 621
Anustup Chakraborty, Alan T. Mulroney and Mool C. Gupta
14.1 Introduction 622
14.1.1 Background 622
14.1.2 State-of-the-Art 626
14.1.2.1 Microtexture Geometry 627
14.1.2.2 Ice Adhesion 627
14.1.2.3 Optical Transparency 628
14.1.2.4 Anti-Condensation Surfaces 628
14.2 Fabrication of Microtextured Surfaces 628
14.2.1 Surface Materials 628
14.2.2 Methods of Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 630
14.2.2.1 Plasma Treatment 630
14.2.2.2 Laser Ablation 631
14.2.2.3 Chemical Etching 632
14.3 Properties of Microtextured Surfaces 634
14.3.1 Antifogging 634
14.3.2 Antibacterial 634
14.3.3 Antireflection 634
14.3.4 Self-Cleaning 636
14.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Surface Properties 636
14.4 Applications 639
14.4.1 Anti-Icing 639
14.4.2 Drag Reduction 640
14.4.3 Anti-Corrosion 641
14.4.4 Solar Cells 641
14.4.5 Water-Repellent Textiles 641
14.5 Future Outlook 643
Acknowledgments 644
References 644
15 Structural Acrylic Adhesives: A Critical Review 651
D.A. Aronovich and L.B. Boinovich
15.1 Introduction 651
15.2 Compositions and Chemistries 653
15.2.1 Base Monomer 654
15.2.2 Thickeners and Elastomeric Components 656
15.2.3 Adhesive Additives 663
15.2.4 Initiators 665
15.2.5 Aerobically Curable Systems 670
15.2.6 Fillers 671
15.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of SAAs 673
15.4 Adhesives for Low Surface Energy Materials 677
15.4.1 Initiators Based on Trialkylboranes 677
15.4.2 Alternative Types of Boron-Containing Initiators 686
15.4.3 Additives Modifying the Curing Stage 687
15.4.4 Hybrid SAAs 690
15.5 Comparison of the Properties of SAAs and Other Reactive Adhesives 693
15.6 Summary and Outlook 698
References 698
16 Current Progress in Mechanically Durable Water-Repellent Surfaces: A Critical Review 709
Philip Brown and Prantik Mazumder
16.1 Introduction 709
16.2 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobicity and SLIPs 710
16.2.1 Intermolecular Forces and Wetting 710
16.2.2 Young’s Contact Angle and Surface Chemistry Limitation 712
16.2.3 Superhydrophobicity by Texturing 715
16.2.4 Hysteresis and Tilt Angle 717
16.2.5 Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPs) 719
16.3 Techniques to Achieve Water-Repellent Surfaces 720
16.3.1 Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings 720
16.3.2 Superhydrophobic Textured Surfaces 724
16.3.3 Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces/SLIPs 728
16.4 Durability Testing 729
16.5 Future Trends 732
16.6 Summary 734
References 734
17 Mussel-Inspired Underwater Adhesives- from Adhesion Mechanisms to Engineering Applications: A Critical Review 739
Yanfei Ma, Bozhen Zhang, Imri Frenkel, Zhizhi Zhang, Xiaowei Pei, Feng Zhou and Ximin He
17.1 Introduction 740
17.2 Adhesion Mechanisms of Mussel and the Catechol Chemistry 741
17.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination 742
17.2.2 Hydrophobic Interaction 743
17.2.3 Cation/Anion/π-π Interactions 743
17.2.4 The Flexibility of the Molecular Chain 744
17.3 Catechol-Functionalized Adhesive Materials 744
17.3.1 Permanent/High-Strength Adhesives 745
17.3.2 Temporary/Smart Adhesives 748
17.3.2.1 pH-Responsive Adhesives 748
17.3.2.2 Electrically Responsive Adhesives 750
17.3.2.3 Thermally Responsive Adhesives 750
17.3.2.4 Photo-Responsive Adhesives 750
17.3.3 Applications 751
17.4 Summary and Outlook 753
References 754
18 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part IV. Special Topics 761
Manfred Dunky
List of Abbreviations 762
18.1 Liquified Wood 765
18.2 Pyrolysis of Wood 769
18.3 Replacement of Formaldehyde in Resins 772
18.4 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives 791
18.5 Natural Polymers 793
18.5.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 793
18.5.2 Natural Rubber 795
18.6 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) 796
18.7 Thermoplastic Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 797
18.7.1 Polyurethanes (PURs) 798
18.7.2 Polyamides (PAs) 806
18.7.3 Epoxies 808
18.8 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) 808
18.8.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) as Sole Adhesives 810
18.8.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils as Components of Adhesives 812
18.9 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) 812
18.10 Summary 819
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 820
References 820
19 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology for Modifying Polymers to Enhance Adhesion: A Critical Review 841
Hom Bahadur Baniya, Rajesh Prakash Guragain and Deepak Prasad Subedi
19.1 Introduction 842
19.2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Discharge 844
19.2.1 Corona Discharge 844
19.2.2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) 845
19.2.3 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 845
19.2.4 Polymer Surface Modification by CAPPJ 845
19.3 Experimental Setup for the Generation of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet 846
19.4 Methods and Materials for Surface Modification of Polymers 847
19.5 Direct Method for the Determination of Temperature of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 848
19.6 Results and Discussion 848
19.6.1 Temperature Determination of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 848
19.6.2 Electrical Characterization of the CAPPJ 849
19.6.2.1 Power Balance Method 849
19.6.2.2 Current Density Method 850
19.6.2.3 Determination of Energy Dissipation in the Cold Plasma Discharge per Cycle by the Lissajous Figure Method 851
19.6.3 Optical Characterization of CAPPJ 852
19.6.3.1 Line Intensity Ratio Method 852
19.6.3.2 Stark Broadening Method 856
19.6.3.3 Boltzmann Plot Method 858
19.6.3.4 Determination of the Rotational Temperature 859
19.6.3.5 Determination of the Vibrational Temperature 860
19.7 Surface Characterization/Adhesion Property of Polymers 862
19.7.1 Contact Angle Measurements and Surface Free Energy Determination 862
19.7.1.1 Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 862
19.7.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) 864
19.7.1.3 Polyamide (PA) 867
19.7.1.4 Polycarbonate (PC) 869
19.7.2 FTIR Analysis 871
19.7.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PET 871
19.7.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PP 872
19.7.3 SEM Analysis 872
19.7.3.1 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PET 872
19.7.3.2 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PP 872
19.8 Summary 873
Acknowledgements 874
Data Availability 874
Conflict of Interest 874
References 874
