Provides the analytical methodology required to detect different families of organic compounds of emerging concern (CECs) from environmental samples
Most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) - such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, sunscreens, perfluorinated compounds, and microplastics - have been present in the environment for years, yet some have only recently been identified, and many of these organic compounds remain unregulated. Analytical methods have been developed to determine the toxicity and risk of different families of CECs.
Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern presents the methods currently available to determine families of organic CECs in environmental samples. Each section of the book is devoted to a particular family of CECs, covering different analytical methods supported by examples of both cutting-edge research and commonly used methods. An international panel of experts describes every step of the analytical procedures, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry or other instrumental techniques. Specific requirements are linked to the properties of the contaminants and the sample matrix for each procedure presented. Throughout the book, in-depth case studies of analytical procedures for CEC extraction, separation, and determination are presented to help readers transfer the analytical methods to their laboratories. - Provides detailed descriptions of various approaches for determining each group of CECs in environmental samples - Covers different types of aqueous, solid, and atmospheric samples - Includes up-to-date information on CEC properties, relevant legislation, reported or potential metabolites/transformation products, and environmental occurrence - Addresses CECs such as novel psychoactive substances, artificial sweeteners, musk fragrances, disinfection byproducts, and microplastics - Offers practical tips and advice on special care procedures to assist readers in CEC determination
Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern is an essential reference and guide for advanced students and researchers in analytical chemistry and science, environmental science, forensic science, and specialized subjects related to analytical chemistry.
Table of Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xv
1 Pesticides 1
Irene Domínguez, Rosalía López Ruiz, Antonia Garrido Frenich, and Roberto Romero González
1.1 Overview of Pesticides 1
1.1.1 Properties 1
1.1.2 Legislation 2
1.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 3
1.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 4
1.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 9
1.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 9
1.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 10
1.3 Determination of Pesticides 20
1.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 20
1.3.1.1 Chromatography 20
1.3.1.2 Detection 22
1.3.2 Figures of Merit 24
1.3.3 Hints and Tips 24
1.4 Future Directions and Challenges 25
Acknowledgments 26
Bibliography 26
2 Pharmaceuticals 37
Monika Paszkiewicz, Hanna Lis, Magda Caban, Anna Białk-Bielińska, and Piotr Stepnowski
2.1 Overview of Pharmaceuticals 37
2.1.1 Properties 37
2.1.2 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 37
2.1.3 Occurrence 39
2.1.4 Legislation 44
2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 46
2.2.1 Solid Samples 46
2.2.2 Water Samples 47
2.3 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals 51
2.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 51
2.3.2 Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 55
2.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 60
References 60
3 Personal Care Products 71
Maria Llompart, Maria Celeiro, and Thierry Dagnac
3.1 Overview of Personal Care Products 71
3.1.1 Properties 71
3.1.2 Legislation 72
3.1.3 Transformation Products 73
3.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 73
3.2 Sample Preparation for PCPs in the Aquatic Environment 74
3.2.1 Sorbent-based Methodologies 75
3.2.1.1 Solid-phase Extraction 75
3.2.1.2 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction 99
3.2.1.3 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction 100
3.2.1.4 Solid-phase Microextraction 102
3.2.2 Liquid-based Extraction Techniques 104
3.2.2.1 Microextraction Liquid Phase Approaches: DLLME, SDME, USAEME 104
3.3 Determination of Personal Care Products 107
3.4 Future Directions and Challenges 108
Acknowledgements 108
References 109
4 New Psychoactive Substances 127
Noelia Salgueiro-González, Ettore Zuccato, and Sara Castiglioni
4.1 Overview of New Psychoactive Substances 127
4.1.1 Properties 127
4.1.2 NPS Market, Dynamics and International Control 130
4.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 131
4.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 132
4.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 133
4.2.1 Urban Wastewater 133
4.2.1.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 133
4.2.1.2 Extraction Procedures and Clean-up 134
4.2.2 Other Environmental Matrices 136
4.3 Determination of New Psychoactive Substances 139
4.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 140
4.3.1.1 Chromatographic Separation 140
4.3.1.2 Detection 140
4.3.2 Figures of Merit 142
4.3.3 Hits and Tips 142
4.4 Future Direction and Challenges 143
Acknowledgments 144
References 144
5 Artificial Sweeteners 151
Konstatinos Vasilatos, Maria-Christina Nika, Georgios Gkotsis, and Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
5.1 Overview of Artificial Sweeteners 151
5.1.1 Properties 151
5.1.2 Legislation and Environmental Risk Assessment 154
5.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 155
5.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 157
5.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 167
5.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 167
5.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 167
5.3 Determination of Artificial Sweeteners 172
5.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 172
5.3.1.1 Chromatography 172
5.3.1.2 Detection 175
5.3.2 Figures of Merit 177
5.3.3 Hints and Tips 178
5.4 Future Directions and Challenges 180
References 181
6 Perfluorinated Substances 187
Julian Campo and Yolanda Picó
6.1 Overview of Perfluoroalkyl Substances 187
6.1.1 Properties 190
6.1.2 Legislation 190
6.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 191
6.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 193
6.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 197
6.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 197
6.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 199
6.3 Determination of PFASs 201
6.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 201
6.3.1.1 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 201
6.3.1.2 Biosensors 206
6.3.2 Figures of Merit 207
6.3.3 Hints and Tips 209
6.4 Future Directions and Challenges 210
References 212
7 High Production Volume Chemicals 223
Óscar Castro, Eva Pocurull, Francesc Borrull, Rosa Maria Marcé, and Núria Fontanals
7.1 Overview of High Production Volume Chemicals 223
7.1.1 Properties 223
7.1.2 Legislation 226
7.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 227
7.1.4 Occurrence 228
7.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 231
7.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 231
7.2.1.1 Water 231
7.2.1.2 Air and Dust 231
7.2.1.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 232
7.2.1.4 Biota 232
7.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-Up 233
7.2.2.1 Water 233
7.2.2.2 Air and Dust 238
7.2.2.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 244
7.2.2.4 Biota 247
7.3 Determination of High Production Volume Chemicals 251
7.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 251
7.3.2 Figures of Merit 253
7.3.3 Hints and Tips 253
7.4 Future Directions and Challenges 253
Acknowledgments 254
References 254
8 Musk Fragrances 263
Irene Aparicio, Julia Martín, Juan Luis Santos, and Esteban Alonso
8.1 Overview of Musk Fragrances 263
8.1.1 Properties 263
8.1.2 Legislation 267
8.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 267
8.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 268
8.1.4.1 Occurrence in Wastewater and Sewage Sludge 268
8.1.4.2 Occurrence in Surface Water, Soils, Sediments and Air 269
8.1.4.3 Occurrence in Biota 269
8.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 270
8.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 270
8.2.1.1 Air Samples 270
8.2.1.2 Water Samples 270
8.2.1.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples 271
8.2.1.4 Biota 271
8.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 271
8.2.2.1 Air Samples 271
8.2.2.2 Water Samples 271
8.2.2.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples 276
8.2.2.4 Biota 276
8.3 Determination of Musk Fragrances 279
8.3.1 Chromatography 279
8.3.2 Detection 280
8.4 Future Directions and Challenges 280
References 281
9 Disinfection Byproducts in Water 287
Cristina Postigo, Joshua M. Allen, Amy A. Cuthbertson, María José Farré, and Susana Y. Kimura
9.1 Overview of Main DBP Classes 287
9.1.1 Properties 288
9.1.2 Legislation 298
9.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 308
9.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 310
9.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 313
9.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 313
9.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 314
9.3 Determination of DBPs 320
9.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 320
9.3.1.1 Chromatography 320
9.3.1.2 Detection 328
9.3.2 Figures of Merit 330
9.3.2.1 Linearity 330
9.3.2.2 Precision and Accuracy 331
9.3.2.3 Sensitivity 332
9.3.3 Hints and Tips 333
9.4 Future Directions and Challenges 335
Acknowledgements 336
References 336
10 Microplastics 353
Marta Llorca and Marinella Farré
10.1 Overview of Micro- and Nanoplastics 353
10.1.1 Properties 353
10.1.2 Legislation 353
10.1.3 Origin and Distribution 354
10.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 355
10.1.4.1 Water Systems 355
10.1.4.2 Sediments 358
10.1.4.3 Biota 359
10.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 360
10.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 360
10.2.1.1 Water 360
10.2.1.2 Sediment 360
10.2.1.3 Biota 360
10.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 361
10.2.2.1 Separation 361
10.2.2.2 Matrix Removal by Digestion 362
10.3 Determination of MNPLs 362
10.3.1 Physical Characterization 362
10.3.2 Chemical Characterization 362
10.4 Future Directions and Challenges 363
Acknowledgments 363
References 363
Index 375
