EXPERT OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD OF COLOUR ENGINEERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH NEW, UPDATED TECHNOLOGIES AND A MATLAB TOOLBOX
Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering provides important coverage on topics that hold the power to extend our knowledge of colour reproduction, such as colour measurement and appearance and the methods used, with additional discussion of the technologies responsible for reproducing colour across a wide range of devices, together with the colour management systems that are used to connect devices and exchange information.
Composed of 20 chapters, the Editor and his team of expert contributors consider the new ICC.2 architecture, an approach that introduces an evolutionary step in colour engineering, ensuring wider possibilities for technology. The text also considers the emerging applications for advanced colour management, such as processing spectral data, handling HDR images, and the capture and reproduction of material appearance.
The text is supported by a MATLAB toolbox of relevant functions and data. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is a useful reference for anyone involved in the reproduction of colour and a strong supplementary course potential for master???s degrees with a colour science component.
Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering includes information on: - Instruments and methods of colour measurement, colorimetry, and colour difference, and colour appearance - Colour spaces and colour encodings, and characterizing input devices, displays and printers - Colour gamut communication and imaging standards, high dynamic range imaging, and HDR - Sensor adjustment in colour management, open source tools for colour engineering, and colour transform evaluation
Supporting active learning with the inclusion of a toolbox of relevant functions and data, Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is an essential resource for students in relevant programs of study, and for professionals within colour engineering and reproduction looking to maximize their skill set and keep their skills updated.
Table of Contents
Series Editor's Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Introductory Notes xxi
1 Instruments and Methods for the Colour Measurements Required in Colour Engineering 1
Danny Rich
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Visual Colorimetry 3
1.3 Analogue Simulation of Visual Colorimetry 7
1.4 Digital Simulation of Visual Colorimetry 12
1.5 Selecting and Using Colorimeters and Spectrocolorimeters 15
1.6 Geometric Requirements for Colour Measurements 18
1.7 Conclusions and Expectations 22
2 Colorimetry and Colour Difference 27
Phil Green
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Colorimetry 27
2.3 Normalization 28
2.4 Colour Matching Functions 29
2.5 Illuminants 29
2.6 Data for Observers and Illuminants 30
2.7 Range and Interval 30
2.8 Calculation of Chromaticity 31
2.9 Calculation of CIE 1976 Uniform Colour Spaces 31
2.10 Inversion of CIELAB Equations 34
2.11 Colour Difference 34
2.12 Problems with Using UCS Colour Difference 35
2.13 Uniformity of the Components of Colour Difference 35
2.14 Viewing Conditions 36
2.15 Surface Characteristics 37
2.16 Acceptability of Colour Differences 37
2.17 Overcoming the Limitations of UCS Colour Difference with Advanced Colour Difference Metrics 37
2.18 CIE94 37
2.19 CIEDE2000 39
2.20 Progress on Colour Difference Metrics since CIEDE2000 41
2.21 3D Colour Difference 41
2.22 Colour Difference in High Luminance Conditions 41
2.23 Colour Difference Formulas Based on Colour Appearance Models 41
2.24 Limitations in the Use of Advanced Colour Difference Metrics in Colour Imaging 42
2.25 Basis Conditions 42
2.26 Colour Difference in Complex Images 43
2.27 Acceptability and Perceptibility 44
2.28 Large vs Small Differences 44
2.29 Deriving Colour Difference Tolerances 44
2.30 Sample Preparation 45
2.31 Psychophysical Experiments 45
2.32 Colour Difference Judgements by Observers with a Colour Vision Deficiency 46
2.33 Calculating Colour Tolerances from Experimental Data 46
2.34 Calculation of Discrimination Ellipsoids and Tolerance Distributions 46
2.34.1 Calculation of Parametric Constants in Weightings Functions 47
2.35 Calculation of Acceptability Thresholds 48
2.36 Evaluating Colour Difference Metrics 48
2.37 Conclusion 48
3 Fundamentals of Device Characterization 53
Phil Green
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Characterization Methods 54
3.3 Numerical Models 57
3.4 Look-Up Tables with Interpolation 63
3.5 Evaluating Accuracy -- Training and Test Data 67
4 Characterization of Input Devices 71
Phil Green
4.1 Input Channels 71
4.2 Characterization Goals 72
4.3 Transform Encoding 73
4.4 Dynamic Range 73
4.5 Input Characterization Methods 74
4.5.1 Scanners 74
4.6 Targets 74
4.7 Modelling 74
4.7.1 Digital Cameras 75
4.8 Target-Based Characterization 75
4.9 Targets 75
4.10 Modelling 76
5 Color Processing for Digital Cameras 81
Michael S. Brown
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Basics of a Camera Sensor 82
5.3 The Camera Pipeline 83
5.4 Multi-Frame Processing 93
5.5 Towards the Neural ISP 94
5.6 Concluding Remarks 95
6 Display Calibration 99
Catherine Meininger, Tom Lianza, and Grace Annese
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 From CRT to Contemporary Display Technologies 99
6.3 The Display Never Sleeps... Merging Television and Computer Display Standards 102
6.4 The Evolution of Display Calibration Capabilities 103
6.5 Measurement Set Requirements 111
6.6 Calibration Validation Methodologies 113
6.7 Low Blue Light Developments 114
6.8 Conclusions 117
7 Characterizing Hard Copy Printers 119
Phil Green
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Properties of Hard Copy Printers 120
7.3 Substrates and Inks 120
7.4 Colour Gamut 120
7.5 Halftoning 121
7.6 Mechanical Printing Systems 122
7.7 Printing Conditions 122
7.8 Digital Systems 122
7.9 RGB Printers 122
7.10 Test Charts 123
7.11 Printer Models 124
7.12 Block Dye Model 125
7.13 Physical Models 126
7.14 Numerical Models and Look-up Tables 134
7.15 Inverting the Model 137
7.16 Multi-Colour and Spot Colour Characterization 137
7.17 Spectral Characterization 137
7.18 White Ink 138
7.19 Reducing the Frequency of Characterization 138
7.20 Conclusions 138
8 Colour Encodings 143
Phil Green
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Colour Encoding Components 143
8.3 Colour Spaces 144
8.4 Device and Colour Space Encodings 144
8.5 Colorimetric Interpretation 144
8.6 Image State 145
8.7 Standard 3-Component Colour Space Encodings 146
8.8 Colour Gamut 146
8.8.1 Extended Colour Gamut 147
8.9 Precision and Range 147
8.9.1 High Dynamic Range 148
8.9.2 Negative Values 149
8.10 Luminance/Chrominance Encodings 149
8.11 Conversion to Colorimetry 150
8.12 Implementation Issues 150
8.13 File Formats 152
9 Colour Gamut Communication 155
Kiran Deshpande
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 How to Describe Colour Gamuts 157
9.3 How to Obtain a Colour Gamut of a Printing System 162
9.4 How to Obtain a Colour Gamut of a Display 163
9.5 How to Calculate Gamut Volume 163
9.6 How to Analyse Colour Gamuts 164
9.7 How to Visualize Colour Gamuts 167
9.8 How to Communicate Colour Gamuts 171
9.9 Summary 173
10 The ICC Colour Management Architecture 177
Phil Green
10.1 Origins of the ICC 177
10.2 Fundamentals of the ICC Architecture: The PCS, the ICC Profile, Transforms and the CMM 178
10.3 Other CMM Operations 185
10.4 Workflows 187
10.5 Current Status of ICC.1 188
10.6 ICC.2 189
11 iccMAX Color Management -- Philosophy, Overview, and Basics 193
Max Derhak
11.1 Background and Philosophy Leading to iccMAX 193
11.2 Overview 194
11.3 Creating Transforms 207
11.4 Specification Subsets via ICSs 209
11.5 Domain Specific Examples 210
11.6 Getting Started with iccMAX (Where Color Engineering Comes to Play) 212
11.7 Conclusion 213
12 Sensor Adjustment 215
Phil Green
12.1 Introduction 215
12.2 Aims of Sensor Adjustment 215
12.3 Luminance Adjustment 216
12.4 Chromatic Adaptation 218
12.5 Material-Equivalent Adjustment 220
12.6 Local Adaptation 221
12.7 Incomplete Adaptation 222
13 Evaluating Colour Transforms 227
Phil Green
13.1 Introduction 227
13.2 Accuracy 227
13.3 Cost 232
13.4 Subjective Preference 233
14 Appearance Beyond Colour: Gloss and Translucency Perception 239
Davit Gigilashvili and Jean-Baptiste Thomas
14.1 Introduction 239
14.2 Gloss Perception 240
14.3 Translucency Perception 244
14.4 Interaction among Appearance Attributes 248
14.5 Impact on Colour Technologies 250
14.6 Conclusion 252
15 Colour Management of Material Appearance 259
Tanzima Habib
15.1 Introduction 259
15.2 Material Appearance Modelling 260
15.3 Appearance Support in Colour Management 263
15.4 A Colour Management Workflow for Material Appearance 264
15.5 Conclusion 269
16 Color on the Web 271
Chris Lilley
16.1 Early History 271
16.2 Color on the Legacy Web 272
16.3 Wide Color Gamut (WCG) Comes to the Web 277
16.4 Color on the Wide Gamut Web 281
16.5 HDR Comes to the Web 286
17 High Dynamic Range Imaging 293
Mekides Assefa Abebe
17.1 Introduction and Background 293
17.2 High Dynamic Range Imaging 296
17.3 Conclusion 308
18 HDR and Wide Color Gamut Display Technologies and Considerations 311
Timo Kunkel and Ajit Ninan
18.1 Introduction 311
18.2 Early HDR Display Systems 312
18.3 Transmissive Displays 313
18.4 Emissive Displays 317
18.5 Projection Systems 319
18.6 Reflective Displays 320
18.7 Achieving Wide Color Gamuts 321
18.8 Spatial Display Properties 326
18.9 Temporal Display Properties 327
18.10 Signaling 328
18.11 Characterization and Calibration 330
18.12 Ambient Effects 330
18.13 Conclusion 332
19 Colour in AR and VR 335
Michael J. Murdoch
19.1 Introduction 335
19.2 Colour Synthesis in AR and VR Displays 337
19.3 Colour Appearance in AR and VR 342
19.4 Colour Imaging and Graphics in AR and VR 350
19.5 Conclusion 351
20 Colour Engineering Toolbox and Other Open Source Tools 355
Phil Green
20.1 Colour Engineering Toolbox 2.0 355
20.2 Polar Calculations 357
20.3 Media-Relative and PCS Scaling 357
20.4 DemoIccMax 360
20.5 Color.js 360
20.6 Little CMS 360
20.7 Argyll 361
20.8 Colour 361
References 361
Index 363
