Practical methodologies to develop holistic and comprehensive fire safety strategies for buildings and industrial assets
In Fire Risk Management: Principles and Strategies for Buildings and Industrial Assets, a team of distinguished authors delivers an incisive combination of risk management principles and fire safety assessment methods that offers practical strategies and workflows to prevent and mitigate today’s complex fire scenarios. The book summarizes modern, risk-based approaches to fire safety, discussing fire safety objectives in terms of functional statements, performance requirements, and detailed protection measures for buildings and industrial assets towards the development of a fire safety case to timely manage risk with a systematic and structured approach throughout the life cycle of the asset.
The authors introduce the fundamentals of fire safety and design principles before moving on to discuss topics like fire risk assessment methods, risk profiles, risk mitigation, safety management and performance, and protective layers and controls. Fire Risk Management presents practical methods, often borrowed from those successfully used in other domains, that can be defined, shared, and communicated with multiple stakeholders from different backgrounds and with different needs and perspectives. Readers will also find: - A code-neutral examination of fire safety principles that is independent of local regulations - Discussions of key principle standards, including NFPA 550 and ISO 45001, and guidelines on fire risk assessment - Practical explorations that connect theory with practice in the real world - In-depth case studies that walk readers through fire risk management strategies for railway stations, warehouse storage facilities, heritage buildings, renewable energy installations, and process industry plants
Perfect for fire safety practitioners, engineers, and other stakeholders involved in the design and operation of buildings and industrial assets, Fire Risk Management: Principles and Strategies for Buildings and Industrial Assets will also earn a place in the libraries of facility owners and operators, safety systems managers, occupational health and safety professionals, and code officials.
Table of Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Acronyms xxiii
About the Companion Website xxvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Recent Fires and Failed Strategies 3
2.1 Torre dei Moro 4
2.1.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 4
2.2 Norman Atlantic 6
2.2.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 7
2.3 Storage Building on Fire 8
2.3.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 8
2.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 9
2.4.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 9
2.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 12
2.5.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 13
2.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 16
2.6.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 17
3 Fundamentals of Risk Management 21
3.1 Introduction to Risk and Risk Management 22
3.2 ISO 31000 Standard 26
3.2.1 The Principles of RM 28
3.3 ISO 31000 Risk Management Workflow 28
3.3.1 Leadership and Commitment 28
3.3.2 Understanding the Organisation and Its Contexts 30
3.3.3 Implementation of the RM Framework 31
3.3.4 The Risk Management Process 32
3.4 The Risk Assessment Phase 32
3.5 Risk Identification 33
3.6 Risk Analysis 34
3.6.1 Analysis of Controls and Barriers 35
3.6.2 Consequence Analysis 35
3.6.3 Frequency Analysis and Probability Estimation 36
3.7 Risk Evaluation 36
3.7.1 Acceptability and Tolerability Criteria of the Risk 37
3.8 The ALARP Study 40
3.9 Risk Management over Time 43
3.10 Risk Treatment 44
3.11 Monitoring and Review 46
3.12 Audit Activities 47
3.13 The System Performance Review 47
3.14 Proactive and Reactive Culture of Organisations Dealing with Risk Management 50
3.15 Systemic Approach to Fire Risk Management 64
4 Fire as an Accident 65
4.1 Industrial Accidents 65
4.2 Fires 67
4.2.1 Flash Fire 67
4.2.2 Pool Fire 71
4.2.3 Fireball 72
4.2.4 Jet Fire 75
4.3 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) 76
4.4 Explosion 76
4.5 Deflagrations and Detonations 78
4.5.1 Vapour Cloud Explosion 79
4.5.2 Threshold Values 79
4.5.3 Physical Effect Modelling 81
4.6 Fire in Compartments 82
5 Integrate Fire Safety into Asset Design 93
6 Fire Safety Principles 103
6.1 Fire Safety Concepts Tree 103
6.2 NFPA Standard 550 104
6.3 NFPA Standard 551 111
6.3.1 The Risk Matrix Method Applied to Fire Risk 121
7 Fire-Safety Design Resources 123
7.1 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 123
7.1.1 Iso 16732 125
7.1.2 Iso 16733 133
7.1.3 Iso 23932 139
7.1.3.1 Scope and Principles of the Standard 139
7.1.4 Iso 17776 143
7.1.5 Iso 13702 143
7.2 British Standards (BS) - UK 146
7.2.1 Pas 911 147
7.2.1.1 Risk and Hazard Assessment 152
7.2.2 Bs 9999 156
7.3 Society of Fire Protection Engineers - USA (SFPE-USA) 159
7.3.1 Engineering Guide to Fire Risk Assessment 160
7.3.2 Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection 163
7.4 Italian Fire Code 167
7.4.1 IFC Fire-Safety Design Method 168
8 Performance-Based Fire Engineering 175
9 Fire Risk Assessment Methods 189
9.1 Risk Assessment Method Selection 191
9.2 Risk Identification 192
9.2.1 Brainstorming 193
9.2.2 Checklist 194
9.2.3 What-If 194
9.2.4 Hazop 196
9.2.5 Hazid 199
9.2.6 Fmea/fmeda/fmeca 201
9.3 Risk Analysis 215
9.3.1 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 215
9.3.2 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 219
9.3.3 Bow-Tie and LOPA 224
9.3.3.1 Description of the Method 226
9.3.3.2 Building a Bow-Tie 229
9.3.3.3 Barriers 232
9.3.3.4 LOPA Analysis in Bow-Tie 238
9.3.4 FERA and Explosion Risk Assessment and Quantitative Risk Assessment 243
9.3.5 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) 243
9.3.6 Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment (FERA) 254
9.4 Risk Evaluation 258
9.4.1 FN Curves 258
9.4.2 Risk Indices 259
9.4.3 Risk Matrices 260
9.4.4 Index Methods 264
9.4.4.1 An Example from a “Seveso” Plant 266
9.4.5 SWeHI Method 267
9.4.6 Application 268
9.5 Simplified Fire Risk Assessment Using a Weighted Checklist 272
9.5.1 Risk Levels 273
10 Risk Profiles 281
10.1 People 282
10.2 Property 283
10.3 Business Continuity 285
10.4 Environment 287
11 Fire Strategies 289
11.1 Risk Mitigation 289
11.2 Fire Reaction 295
11.3 Fire Resistance 296
11.4 Fire Compartments 300
11.5 Evacuation and Escape Routes 303
11.6 Emergency Management 312
11.7 Active Fire Protection Measures 317
11.8 Fire Detection 323
11.9 Smoke Control 330
11.10 Firefighting and Rescue Operations 332
11.11 Technological Systems 334
12 Fire-Safety Management and Performance 339
12.1 Preliminary Remarks 339
12.2 Safety Management in the Design Phase 341
12.3 Safety Management in the Implementation and Commissioning Phase 344
12.4 Safety Management in the Operation Phase 345
13 Learning from Real Fires (Forensic Highlights) 349
13.1 Torre dei Moro 349
13.1.1 Why It Happened 349
13.1.2 Findings 350
13.1.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 350
13.2 Norman Atlantic 352
13.2.1 Why It Happened 352
13.2.2 Findings 355
13.2.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 357
13.3 Storage Building on Fire 357
13.3.1 Why It Happened 357
13.3.2 Findings 358
13.3.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 359
13.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 360
13.4.1 Why It Happened 360
13.4.2 Findings 363
13.4.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 364
13.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 366
13.5.1 Why It Happened 366
13.5.2 Findings 367
13.5.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 367
13.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 367
13.6.1 Why It Happened 367
13.6.2 Findings 370
13.6.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 373
13.7 Fire in Historical Buildings 374
13.7.1 Introduction 374
13.7.1.1 Description of the Building and Works 376
13.7.2 The Fire 379
13.7.2.1 The Fire Damage 379
13.7.3 Fire-Safety Lessons Learned 379
13.8 Fire Safety Concepts Tree Applied to Real Events 380
14 Case Studies (Risk Assessment Examples) 387
14.1 Introduction 396
14.2 Facility Description 396
14.3 Assessment 397
14.3.1 Selected Approach and Workflow 397
14.3.2 Methods 398
14.3.3 Fire Risk Assessment 404
14.3.4 Specific Insights 406
14.4 Results 410
15 Conclusions 421
Bibliography 425
Index 435
