Digital VLSI Design Problems and Solution with Verilog delivers an expertly crafted treatment of the fundamental concepts of digital design and digital design verification with Verilog HDL. The book includes the foundational knowledge that is crucial for beginners to grasp, along with more advanced coverage suitable for research students working in the area of VLSI design. Including digital design information from the switch level to FPGA-based implementation using hardware description language (HDL), the distinguished authors have created a one-stop resource for anyone in the field of VLSI design.
Through eleven insightful chapters, you?ll learn the concepts behind digital circuit design, including combinational and sequential circuit design fundamentals based on Boolean algebra. You?ll also discover comprehensive treatments of topics like logic functionality of complex digital circuits with Verilog, using software simulators like ISim of Xilinx. The distinguished authors have included additional topics as well, like: - A discussion of programming techniques in Verilog, including gate level modeling, model instantiation, dataflow modeling, and behavioral modeling - A treatment of programmable and reconfigurable devices, including logic synthesis, introduction of PLDs, and the basics of FPGA architecture - An introduction to System Verilog, including its distinct features and a comparison of Verilog with System Verilog - A project based on Verilog HDLs, with real-time examples implemented using Verilog code on an FPGA board
Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in electronics engineering and computer science engineering, Digital VLSI Design Problems and Solution with Verilogalso has a place on the bookshelves of academic researchers and private industry professionals in these fields.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
1 Combinational Circuit Design 1
1.1 Logic Gates 1
1.1.1 Universal Gate Operation 3
1.1.2 Combinational Logic Circuits 5
1.2 Combinational Logic Circuits Using MSI 6
1.2.1 Adders 6
1.2.2 Multiplexers 12
1.2.3 De-multiplexer 14
1.2.4 Decoders 15
1.2.5 Multiplier 17
1.2.6 Comparators 18
1.2.7 Code Converters 19
1.2.8 Decimal to BCD Encoder 20
Review Questions 21
Multiple Choice Questions 22
Reference 23
2 Sequential Circuit Design 25
2.1 Flip-flops (F/F) 25
2.1.1 S-R F/F 25
2.1.2 D F/F 26
2.1.3 J-K F/F 26
2.1.4 T F/F 28
2.1.5 F/F Excitation Table 29
2.1.6 F/F Characteristic Table 29
2.2 Registers 31
2.2.1 Serial I/P and Serial O/P (SISO) 31
2.2.2 Serial Input and Parallel Output (SIPO) 31
2.2.3 Parallel Input and Parallel Output (PIPO) 32
2.2.4 Parallel Input and Serial Output (PISO) 32
2.3 Counters 33
2.3.1 Synchronous Counter 33
2.3.2 Asynchronous Counter 33
2.3.3 Design of a 3-Bit Synchronous Up-counter 34
2.3.4 Ring Counter 36
2.3.5 Johnson Counter 37
2.4 Finite State Machine (FSM) 37
2.4.1 Mealy and Moore Machine 38
2.4.2 Pattern or Sequence Detector 38
Review Questions 41
Multiple Choice Questions 41
Reference 42
3 Introduction to Verilog HDL 43
3.1 Basics of Verilog HDL 43
3.1.1 Introduction to VLSI 43
3.1.2 Analog and Digital VLSI 43
3.1.3 Machine Language and HDLs 44
3.1.4 Design Methodologies 44
3.1.5 Design Flow 45
3.2 Level of Abstractions and Modeling Concepts 45
3.2.1 Gate Level 45
3.2.2 Dataflow Level 47
3.2.3 Behavioral Level 47
3.2.4 Switch Level 47
3.3 Basics (Lexical) Conventions 47
3.3.1 Comments 47
3.3.2 Whitespace 48
3.3.3 Identifiers 48
3.3.4 Escaped Identifiers 48
3.3.5 Keywords 48
3.3.6 Strings 49
3.3.7 Operators 49
3.3.8 Numbers 49
3.4 Data Types 50
3.4.1 Values 50
3.4.2 Nets 50
3.4.3 Registers 51
3.4.4 Vectors 51
3.4.5 Integer Data Type 51
3.4.6 Real Data Type 51
3.4.7 Time Data Type 52
3.4.8 Arrays 52
3.4.9 Memories 52
3.5 Testbench Concept 53
Multiple Choice Questions 53
References 54
4 Programming Techniques in Verilog I 55
4.1 Programming Techniques in Verilog I 55
4.2 Gate-Level Model of Circuits 55
4.3 Combinational Circuits 57
4.3.1 Adder and Subtractor 57
4.3.2 Multiplexer and De-multiplexer 66
4.3.3 Decoder and Encoder 71
4.3.4 Comparator 75
Review Questions 77
Multiple Choice Questions 77
References 78
5 Programming Techniques in Verilog II 79
5.1 Programming Techniques in Verilog II 79
5.2 Dataflow Model of Circuits 79
5.3 Dataflow Model of Combinational Circuits 80
5.3.1 Adder and Subtractor 80
5.3.2 Multiplexer 82
5.3.3 Decoder 85
5.3.4 Comparator 86
5.4 Testbench 87
5.4.1 Dataflow Model of the Half Adder and Testbench 88
5.4.2 Dataflow Model of the Half Subtractor and Testbench 89
5.4.3 Dataflow Model of 2 × 1 Mux and Testbench 90
5.4.4 Dataflow Model of 4 × 1 Mux and Testbench 91
5.4.5 Dataflow Model of 2-to-4 Decoder and Testbench 92
Review Questions 93
Multiple Choice Questions 94
References 95
6 Programming Techniques in Verilog II 97
6.1 Programming Techniques in Verilog II 97
6.2 Behavioral Model of Combinational Circuits 98
6.2.1 Behavioral Code of a Half Adder Using If-else 98
6.2.2 Behavioral Code of a Full Adder Using Half Adders 99
6.2.3 Behavioral Code of a 4-bit Full Adder (FA) 100
6.2.4 Behavioral Model of Multiplexer Circuits 101
6.2.5 Behavioral Model of a 2-to-4 Decoder 104
6.2.6 Behavioral Model of a 4-to-2 Encoder 106
6.3 Behavioral Model of Sequential Circuits 108
6.3.1 Behavioral Modeling of the D-Latch 108
6.3.2 Behavioral Modeling of the D-F/F 109
6.3.3 Behavioral Modeling of the J-K F/F 110
6.3.4 Behavioral Modeling of the D-F/F Using J-K F/F 112
6.3.5 Behavioral Modeling of the T-F/F Using J-K F/F 113
6.3.6 Behavior Modeling of an S-R F/F Using J-K F/F 114
Review Questions 115
Multiple Choice Questions 115
References 116
7 Digital Design Using Switches 117
7.1 Switch-Level Model 117
7.2 Digital Design Using CMOS Technology 118
7.3 CMOS Inverter 119
7.4 Design and Implementation of the Combinational Circuit Using Switches 120
7.4.1 Types of Switches 120
7.4.2 CMOS Switches 121
7.4.3 Resistive Switches 121
7.4.4 Bidirectional Switches 122
7.4.5 Supply and Ground Requirements 122
7.5 Logic Implementation Using Switches 123
7.5.1 Digital Design with a Transmission Gate 127
7.6 Implementation with Bidirectional Switches 127
7.6.1 Multiplexer Using Switches 127
7.7 Verilog Switch-Level Description with Structural-Level Modeling 131
7.8 Delay Model with Switches 131
Review Questions 132
Multiple Choice Questions 133
References 134
8 Advance Verilog Topics 135
8.1 Delay Modeling and Programming 135
8.1.1 Delay Modeling 135
8.1.2 Distributed-Delay Model 135
8.1.3 Lumped-Delay Model 136
8.1.4 Pin-to-Pin-Delay Model 137
8.2 User-Defined Primitive (UDP) 138
8.2.1 Combinational UDPs 139
8.2.2 Sequential UDPs 142
8.2.3 Shorthands in UDP 144
8.3 Task and Function 144
8.3.1 Difference between Task and Function 144
8.3.2 Syntax of Task and Function Declaration 145
8.3.3 Invoking Task and Function 147
8.3.4 Examples of Task Declaration and Invocation 147
8.3.5 Examples of Function Declaration and Invocation 148
Review Questions 148
Multiple Choice Questions 149
References 149
9 Programmable and Reconfigurable Devices 151
9.1 Logic Synthesis 151
9.1.1 Technology Mapping 151
9.1.2 Technology Libraries 152
9.2 Introduction of a Programmable Logic Device 152
9.2.1 PROM, PAL and PLA 153
9.2.2 SPLD and CPLD 154
9.3 Field-Programmable Gate Array 156
9.3.1 FPGA Architecture 158
9.4 Shannon’s Expansion and Look-up Table 158
9.4.1 2-Input LUT 159
9.4.2 3-Input LUT 160
9.5 FPGA Families 161
9.6 Programming with FPGA 161
9.6.1 Introduction to Xilinx Vivado Design Suite for FPGA-Based Implementations 163
9.7 ASIC and Its Applications 163
Review Questions 164
Multiple Choice Questions 164
References 167
10 Project Based on Verilog HDLs 169
10.1 Project Based on Combinational Circuit Design Using Verilog HDL 171
10.1.1 Full Adder Using Switches at Structural Level Model 171
10.1.2 Ripple-Carry Full Adder (RCFA) 174
10.1.3 4-bit Carry Look-ahead Adder (CLA) 174
10.1.4 Design of a 4-bit Carry Save Adder (CSA) 176
10.1.5 2-bit Array Multiplier 177
10.1.6 2 × 2 Bit Division Circuit Design 178
10.1.7 2-bit Comparator 179
10.1.8 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit 180
10.1.9 Design and Implementation of 4 × 16 Decoder Using 2 × 4 Decoder 181
10.2 Project Based on Sequential Circuit Design Using Verilog HDL 182
10.2.1 Design of 4-bit Up/down Counter 182
10.2.2 LFSR Based 8-bit Test Pattern Generator 183
10.3 Counter Design 185
10.3.1 Random Counter that Counts Sequence like 2,4,6,8,2,8…and so On 185
10.3.2 Use of Task at the Behavioral-Level Model 187
10.3.3 Traffic Signal Light Controller 188
10.3.4 Hamming Code(h,k) Encoder/Decoder 189
Review Questions 192
Multiple Choice Questions 192
References 193
11 System Verilog 195
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Distinct Features of System Verilog 195
11.2.1 Data Types 196
11.2.2 Arrays 197
11.2.3 Typedef 199
11.2.4 Enum 200
11.3 Always_type 201
11.4 $log2c() Function 202
11.5 System-Verilog as a Verification Language 203
Review Questions 203
Multiple Choice Questions 204
Reference 204
Index 205
