Explore this insightful treatment of the function and fabrication of high-performance devices for environmental applications
Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices delivers an overview of state-of-the-art technology in functionalized carbon nanomaterials-based devices for environmental applications. The book provides a powerful foundation, based in materials science, on functionalized carbon nanomaterials in general, and environmental science and device fabrication in particular. The book focuses on the chemical and physical methods of functionalization of carbon nanomaterials and the technology of device fabrication, including lab-on-a-chip approaches and applications such as wastewater purification and gas sensing. It provides readers with a thorough understanding of effective environmental remediation techniques performed with carbon nanomaterials-based devices.
In addition to topics such as cross-linked graphene oxide membranes assembled with graphene oxide nanosheets, free-standing graphene oxide-chitin nanocrystal composite membranes for dye adsorption and oil/water separation, and in-situ grown covalent organic framework nanosheets on graphene for membrane-based dye/salt separation, readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: - A thorough introduction to charge-gated ion transport through polyelectrolyte intercalated amine reduced graphene oxide membranes - An exploration of hydrotalcite/graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets functionalized nanofiltration membrane for desalination - A discussion of the incorporation of attapulgite nanorods into graphene oxide nanofiltration membranes for efficient dyes wastewater treatment - An examination of attapulgite nanofibers and graphene oxide composite membranes for high-performance molecular separation
Perfect for materials scientists, analytical chemists, and environmental chemists, Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices will also earn a place in the libraries of sensor developers seeking a one-stop resource for high-performance devices and sensors useful for environmental applications.
Table of Contents
1 Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Sustainable Water Purification Applications 1
Uluvangada T. Uthappa, Dusan Losic, and Mahaveer D. Kurkuri
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Graphene and GO-Based Membrane Characteristics and Properties 2
1.3 Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Water Treatment Applications 4
1.3.1 Desalination 4
1.3.2 Treatment for Dyes 5
1.3.3 Graphene Nanomembranes for Salt and Dye Rejection 5
1.3.4 Translation of Graphene Nanomembranes for Real Applications 23
1.4 Graphene Nanomembranes for Heavy Metals Treatment 24
1.4.1 Heavy Metals 24
1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 25
Acknowledgments 26
Important Websites 26
References 26
2 Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials: Application in Environmental Decontamination 33
Karan Chaudhary and Dhanraj T. Masram
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 35
2.3 Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 36
2.3.1 Removal of Toxic Metal Contaminants 36
2.3.2 Removal of Toxic Organic Contaminants 41
2.3.3 Removal of Other Contaminants 45
2.4 Conclusion 46
Further Reading 46
References 47
3 Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Anila R. Cherian, Vinay S. Bhat, Anitha Varghese, and Gurumurthy Hegde
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Electrochemical Sensors 54
3.3 The Choice of Electrode Materials 54
3.4 Biomass-Derived Porous Carbons 56
3.4.1 Synthesis 56
3.4.1.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) 56
3.4.1.2 Pyrolysis 58
3.4.2 Structure and Properties 58
3.5 Biomass-Derived Carbons in Electrochemical Sensing 61
3.5.1 H2O2 Sensing from Okra-Derived Carbons 61
3.5.2 Acetaminophen (AC) Detection by Seaweed-Derived Carbons 62
3.5.3 4-Nitrophenol Detection from Mango Leave-Derived Carbons 65
3.5.4 Bisphenol-A (BPA) Detection Using Bamboo Fungi-Derived Carbon 67
3.5.5 Nitrite Ion Detection by Areca Nut-Derived Carbons 69
3.5.6 Catechin Sensing Using Bougainvillea spectabilis-Derived Carbons 72
3.5.7 Progesterone Sensing by Onion Peel-Derived Carbons 73
3.5.8 Butein Detection from Oil Palm Leave-Derived Carbons 75
3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79
Acknowledgment 79
Website Links 80
References 80
4 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 87
Ramesh K. Guduru, Anurag A. Gupta, Parwathi Pillai, and Swapnil Dharaskar
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Wastewater 88
4.3 Wastewater Treatment Methods 89
4.4 Nanomaterials 90
4.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 92
4.6 Adsorption Mechanisms of CNTs and Graphene 93
4.6.1 Adsorption Through Physical and Chemical Methods 93
4.6.2 Adsorption Through Biological Methods 114
4.6.3 Adsorption Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) 114
4.6.4 CNT- and Graphene-Based Composite Adsorbents 114
4.7 Membrane-Based Filtration of Contaminants Using CNTs and Graphene-Based Materials 115
4.8 Use of CNTs and Derivative Materials as Disinfecting Agents for Water Purification 121
4.9 Commercial Use of CNMs in Wastewater Treatment 122
4.10 Conclusions 122
Recommendations 123
References 123
5 Electrochemical Determination of Indigotine Based on Poly(Gibberellic Acid)-Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode 135
Girish Tigari, Jamballi G. Manjunatha, and Chenthattil Raril
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Experimental 136
5.2.1 Chemicals 136
5.2.2 Bare Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode (BCNTPE) Preparation 136
5.3 Results and Discussion 136
5.3.1 Electropolymerization of BCNTPE with GA 136
5.3.2 FE-SEM Characterization of BCNTPE and PGAMCNTPE 137
5.3.3 EIS Characterization for PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 137
5.3.4 CV Behavior of IT at PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 137
5.3.5 Variation of IT Behavior at Different pHs 137
5.3.6 Effect of Voltage Sweep Rate 139
5.3.7 Calibration Curve 140
5.3.8 Reproducible and Stable Sensor 141
5.3.9 Interference Analysis 141
5.3.10 Water Sample Analysis 141
5.4 Conclusion 142
Acknowledgment 143
Important Websites for Reference 143
References 143
6 Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 147
Arpita Adhikari and Joydip Sengupta
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 149
6.2.1 Fullerene 149
6.2.2 Carbon Nanotube 149
6.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 149
6.3 Nanotoxicology and Resulting Cytotoxicity or Cellular Toxicity 151
6.4 Assessment of Nanocytotoxicity 155
6.4.1 Respiratory or Pulmonary Toxicity 155
6.4.2 Dermal or Skin Toxicity 157
6.4.3 Cardiovascular Toxicity 158
6.4.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 158
6.4.5 Hepatotoxicity or Liver Toxicity 159
6.4.6 Ocular Toxicity 160
6.5 Conclusions 160
Important Websites 161
References 161
7 Fundamentals of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for Environmental Devices and Techniques 173
Kiran Soni and Rekha Yadav
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Synthesis 174
7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 174
7.2.2 Graphene 175
7.2.3 Fullerenes 176
7.2.4 Carbon Nanocones 176
7.2.5 Functionalization of Nanomaterials 176
7.3 Applications 177
7.3.1 Nanowires 177
7.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube as Environmental Sensor 177
7.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Wastewater Treatment 178
7.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Green Nanocomposite Design 179
7.3.1.4 CNT as Biological Sensor 179
7.3.1.5 CNT as Filler 180
7.3.2 Graphene 181
7.3.2.1 Graphene as Environmental Sensors 182
7.3.2.2 Graphene in Wastewater Treatment 183
7.3.2.3 Graphene as Biological Sensors 185
7.3.2.4 Graphene for Removing Organic Pollutants 186
7.3.3 Fullerenes 188
7.3.3.1 Fullerene as Environmental Sensor 188
7.3.3.2 Fullerene in Wastewater Treatment 188
7.3.3.3 Fullerene as Biological Sensor 188
7.3.3.4 Fullerene in Agriculture 189
7.3.4 Carbon Nanocones 189
7.3.4.1 Carbon Nanocones as Environmental Sensors 189
7.4 Conclusion 190
Useful Links 190
References 190
8 Fundamental of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques 197
Baskaran Ganesh Kumar, P. PonSathieshkumar, and K.S. Prakash
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Results and Discussion 199
8.2.1 What Are Carbon Nanomaterials? 199
8.2.1.1 Fullerene 199
8.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 199
8.2.1.3 Graphene 200
8.2.2 Functionalization of CNMs 200
8.2.2.1 Need for Functionalization 200
8.2.2.2 Covalent Functionalization 201
8.2.2.3 Non-covalent Functionalization 208
8.2.3 CNMs for Environment Devices 209
8.2.3.1 Solar Cell 213
8.2.3.2 Gas Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 214
8.2.3.3 Humidity Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 215
8.2.3.4 LEDs by Functionalized CNMs 215
8.2.3.5 Metal Absorption by Functionalized CNMs 216
8.2.3.6 Water Purification by Functionalized CNMs 217
8.3 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Prospects 218
Acknowledgments 218
Related Web Links 219
References 219
9 Functionalized Magnetic Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 227
Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Types of Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Used in Pollutants Removal from Environment 228
9.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 228
9.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 228
9.2.3 Fullerenes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 229
9.2.4 Nanodiamond-Filled Magnetic Nanocomposites 229
9.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 229
9.3 Different Processing Methods for Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 229
9.3.1 Melt Blending 229
9.3.2 Hydrothermal Method 230
9.3.3 Co-Precipitation Method 230
9.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 230
9.3.5 Sol-Gel Method 231
9.4 Applications of Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 231
9.4.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 231
9.4.2 Adsorption of Organic Dye 234
9.4.3 Other Organic Pollutants 236
9.5 Future Prospects 237
9.6 Conclusions 238
Important Websites 238
References 238
10 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 251
Rakshith K. Srinivasreddy and Ravi-Kumar Kadeppagari
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Ammonia Sensors 251
10.3 Types and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 253
10.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensors 254
10.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 257
10.6 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 258
10.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 259
Acknowledgments 259
Websites 259
References 259
11 Functionalized Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 265
RaviPrakash Magisetty, Naga Srilatha Cheekuramelli, and Radhamanohar Aepuru
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 Need for Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment, and Its Advancement 266
11.3 Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 267
11.3.1 Renewable Energy Applications 267
11.3.2 Agriculture Applications 268
11.3.3 Biomedical Applications 270
11.3.4 Ocean and Atmospheric Applications 274
11.4 Conclusion 278
Important Websites 279
References 279
12 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) as Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Emergent Perspectives from Applications 283
Shikha Gulati, Sanjay Kumar, Ayush Mongia, Anchita Diwan, and Parinita Singh
12.1 About the Chapter 283
12.2 Introduction 284
12.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 284
12.4 Classification of CNTs 286
12.4.1 Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 287
12.4.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 287
12.5 Synthetic Methodologies of CNTs 288
12.5.1 Laser Ablation (LA) Method 288
12.5.2 Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) Method 289
12.5.3 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) Method 289
12.5.4 Electrolysis Method 289
12.6 Purification Techniques of CNTs 290
12.6.1 Vacuum Oven Treatment 291
12.6.2 Microwave Treatment 291
12.6.3 Chemical Oxidation 291
12.6.4 Piranha Treatment 291
12.6.5 Annealing 292
12.6.6 Ultrasonication 292
12.6.7 Magnetic Purification 292
12.6.8 Cutting 292
12.6.9 Chromatography 292
12.7 Need of Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 293
12.8 Functionalization Strategies of CNTs 293
12.8.1 Covalent Functionalization 293
12.8.2 Non-covalent Functionalization 295
12.9 Advantages of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 296
12.10 Medicinal Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 296
12.10.1 FCNTs in Drug Delivery 296
12.10.2 FCNTs in Drug Loading 298
12.10.3 FCNTs in Drug Targeting 301
12.10.3.1 Cancer Targeting 301
12.10.3.2 Brain Targeting 302
12.10.3.3 Lymphatic Targeting 302
12.10.3.4 Tuberculosis Targeting 303
12.11 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Considerations of FCNTs 303
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 305
Some Important Websites 306
References 306
13 Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride by Carbon Nanomaterials 313
Tanvir Arfin
13.1 Introduction 313
13.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride 314
13.3 Fluoride in Water 314
13.3.1 Dynamics of Fluoride in Groundwater 315
13.4 Fluoride Solubility and Temperature 316
13.5 Sources of Fluoride in the Environment 316
13.6 Health Effects of Fluoride 316
13.7 Removal Technologies 316
13.8 Classification of Adsorbents 317
13.9 Carbon-Based Adsorbents 317
13.9.1 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNM) 318
13.9.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 319
13.9.1.2 Graphene 319
13.10 Conclusion 320
Acknowledgment 321
Important Websites 321
References 321
14 Functionalized Carbon Nano-Membranes Based Devices for Water Purification Technology 331
Lindomar Cordeiro A. de Araújo and Luiz Pereira da Costa
14.1 Introduction 331
14.2 Desalination 333
14.3 Removal of Particles (Ions, Heavy Metals) 335
14.4 Removal of Microorganisms 336
14.5 Final Considerations 339
Websites on the Topic 339
References 339
15 Functionalized Bio-carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Utilizations 347
Mahtabin R. Rozbu, Ahmedul Kabir, and Paulraj M. Selvakumar
15.1 Introduction 347
15.2 Carbon Nanomaterial 349
15.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes 349
15.4 Synthesis of CNTs 350
15.5 Synthesis of Graphenes 350
15.6 Bio-carbon Nanomaterials 351
15.7 Functionalization of Nanom\aterials 351
15.7.1 Importance of Functionalization 352
15.8 Nanocellulose 352
15.8.1 Synthesis of Nanocellulose (NC) 352
15.8.2 Synthesis of CNCs 353
15.8.3 Synthesis of CNFs 353
15.8.4 Synthesis of DCCs 354
15.8.5 Synthesis of BNC 354
15.8.6 Applications 354
15.8.6.1 NC in Purification Technology as Films and Foams 354
15.8.7 NC as Solar Cells 355
15.8.8 NC as Stabilizing Agent 355
15.8.9 NC in Biomedicine 355
15.9 Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Bio-carbon 356
15.9.1 Application Co-doped Bio-carbon 356
15.10 Biochar 356
15.10.1 Application of Biochar 357
15.10.1.1 Application of Bio-carbon Derived from Sisal Leaves 357
15.11 Biopolymers 357
15.11.1 Biopolymers in “Green” Synthesis of Nanoparticles 357
15.11.2 Biopolymers in Waste Water Treatments 358
15.11.3 Biopolymers as Bioplastics 358
15.11.4 Nanocomposites 358
15.11.5 Peptide Nanoparticles 359
15.11.5.1 Dipeptides 359
15.11.5.2 Peptide Amphiphiles 359
15.11.5.3 Dendrimers 360
15.11.5.4 Coiled-Coil Peptides 360
15.11.5.5 Peptide-Nucleic Acid Complexes 360
15.11.5.6 Casein Micelles 360
15.11.5.7 Peptide Nanotubes 360
15.11.6 Further Application of Bio-carbon Nanomaterials as Devices 361
15.11.7 Characterization Technique 361
15.12 Conclusion 362
Important Websites 363
References 363
16 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems 375
Subhendu Chakroborty and Suban K. Sahoo
16.1 Introduction 375
16.2 Carbon Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery 375
16.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Drug Delivery 375
16.2.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) in Drug Delivery 379
16.2.3 Carbon Dots (CDs) in Drug Delivery 384
16.2.4 Nanodiamonds (NDs) in Drug Delivery 387
16.3 Conclusions 389
Important Websites on Drug Delivery Systems 389
References 389
17 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (FCNMs): A Green and Sustainable Vision 395
Upasana Issar and Richa Arora
17.1 Introduction 395
17.2 Environment-Friendly and Greener Ways to Synthesize FCNMs 396
17.3 Applications of FCNMs for a Green and Sustainable Environment 398
17.3.1 FCNMs in Wastewater Remediation 398
17.3.2 FCNMs in Air Pollution Remediation 400
17.3.3 FCNMs in Nuclear Waste Management 401
17.3.4 FCNMs as Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts 402
17.3.5 FCNMs for Energy Storage 403
17.3.5.1 FCNMs and Solar Cells 403
17.3.5.2 FCNMs and Supercapacitors 405
17.3.5.3 FCNMs and Hydrogen Storage 406
17.3.5.4 FCNMs and Fuel Cell 407
17.3.6 FCNMs and Biofuels 408
17.3.7 FCNMs as Nanofertilizers 409
17.3.8 Miscellaneous Applications 409
17.4 Summary 410
Some Important Weblinks Related to Applications of FCNMs 410
References 410
18 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Impending Pharmaceutical Applications: A Green and
Sustainable Vision 423
Vaneet Kumar, Saruchi, and Harsh Kumar
18.1 Introduction 423
18.2 Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalization for Biomedical Applications 424
18.2.1 Applications of Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes in the Pharmaceutical Field 426
18.2.2 Treatments of Tumors by Functionalized CNT 428
18.2.3 Treatment of Infectious Diseases by Functionalized CNT 428
18.2.4 Functionalized CNT as Antioxidants 429
18.2.5 Functionalized CNTs as Diagnostics 429
18.2.6 Solid Phase Extraction of Drugs and Biochemical’s with CNTs 430
18.2.7 Toxicity Contemplation of CNTs 431
18.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 432
Important Websites about the Topic 433
References 433
Index 439
