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Applied Water Science, Volume 2. Remediation Technologies. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 688 Pages
  • December 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5837426
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE VOLUME 2

The second volume in a new two-volume set on applied water science, this book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involve the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment. This generates high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment have flourished.

Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are due to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic and are a potential threat to water, soil, and air. Their consumption in higher concentrations gives hazardous outcomes. Water quality is usually measured in terms of chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities that can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries.

This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering.

This outstanding new volume: - Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science - Is written by leading experts in the field - Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike - Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field

Audience: This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the fields of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii

1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater: A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques 1
Ali Khadir, Amin M. Ramezanali, Shabnam Taghipour and Khadijeh Jafari

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods 4

1.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 4

1.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 8

1.2.3 Adsorption Processes 12

1.2.3.1 Activated Carbon and its Composites 12

1.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials/Adsorbents 15

1.2.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 18

1.2.4.1 Fenton Type Processes 19

1.2.4.2 Peroxone 24

1.2.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation 27

1.2.5 Electrocoagulation 30

1.3 Conclusion 32

References 33

2 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived Adsorbents in Water Treatment 49
Wojciech Stawiński and Katarzyna Wal

2.1 Introduction 50

2.2 Water Treatment 50

2.3 Adsorption 51

2.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in Water Treatment 51

2.4.1 Bark 52

2.4.1.1 Eucalyptus 52

2.4.1.2 Pine 52

2.4.1.3 Other 55

2.4.2 Coffee 55

2.4.3 Feather 58

2.4.4 Husks or Hulls 60

2.4.4.1 Peanut 62

2.4.4.2 Rice 62

2.4.4.3 Other 63

2.4.5 Leaves 63

2.4.6 Peels 65

2.4.6.1 Banana 65

2.4.6.2 Citruses 67

2.4.6.3 Garlic 69

2.4.6.4 Litchi 70

2.4.6.5 Other 71

2.4.7 Rinds 71

2.4.8 Seeds 75

2.4.9 Stones or Pits 78

2.4.9.1 Date 78

2.4.9.2 Olive 81

2.4.9.3 Other 81

2.4.10 Tea 82

2.5 Disadvantages 84

2.6 Conclusions 86

References 86

3 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation 107
Hamidreza Bagheri, Ali Mohebbi, Maryam Mirzaie and Vahab Ghalandari

3.1 Introduction 108

3.2 Water Remediation 109

3.2.1 Water Remediation Techniques 110

3.3 Reactor Modeling 112

3.3.1 Modeling of Multi-Phase Flows 118

3.3.2 Governing Equations for Multiphase Models 124

3.3.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors 128

3.3.2.2 Bubble Column 132

3.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors 137

3.3.2.4 Adsorption Column 142

3.3.2.5 Air Sparging Technology 143

3.3.2.6 Electrochemical Reactors 146

3.4 Conclusions 154

References 156

4 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated MicrobialElectrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands 171
A. Biswas and S. Chakraborty

4.1 Introduction 172

4.2 Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell (CW-MFC) System 174

4.2.1 Role of Redox Gradient 175

4.2.2 Role of Microorganisms 176

4.2.3 Role of WW Strength 176

4.2.4 Role of Wetland Vegetation 176

4.3 iMETLand State of the Art 177

4.3.1 iMETLand as a Potential Treatment Unit for Industrial Wastewater 184

4.4 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Directions 184

References 185

5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 191
Shahryar Jafarinejad and Nader Vahdat

5.1 Introduction 191

5.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process 192

5.2.1 Main Factors in FO Technology 193

5.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 194

5.3.1 Literature Review of FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 194

5.3.2 Recent Advances in FO Membranes 205

5.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives 206

5.5 Conclusions 207

References 208

6 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals and Applications 215
Slimane Merouani and Oualid Hamdaoui

6.1 Introduction 216

6.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution 217

6.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of Periodate 218

6.4 Application of UV/IO-4 for Organics Degradation 223

6.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory Conditions 234

6.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process 236

6.6.1 Initial Periodate Concentration 236

6.6.2 Irradiation Intensity 237

6.6.3 Initial Pollutant Concentration 237

6.6.4 pH 238

6.6.5 Temperature 240

6.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process 240

6.8 Conclusion 241

Acknowledgements 242

References 242

7 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological Biotechnology 249
Ali Khadir, Arman N. Ardestani, Mika Sillanpää and Shreya Mahajan

7.1 Introduction 250

7.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics 252

7.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 255

7.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes 258

7.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment 260

7.5.1 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor 260

7.5.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 263

7.5.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor 266

7.5.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor 267

7.5.5 Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Lagoons 271

7.5.6 Trickling Filter 273

7.5.7 Rotating Biological Contactor 274

7.6 Conclusion 276

References 277

8 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem 289
Rashmirekha Tripathy, Tejaswini Sahoo, Jagannath Panda, Madhuri Hembram, Saraswati Soren, C.K. Rath, Sunil Kumar Sahoo and Rojalin Sahu

8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles 290

8.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water 291

8.2.1 Inorganic Contaminant 292

8.2.2 Nuclear Contaminants 293

8.2.3 Organic Contaminants 293

8.2.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water 294

8.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water 295

8.3.1 Applications of MOF Nanoparticles for Water Remediation 296

8.3.2 Adsorption By MOF Nanoparticles 298

8.3.3 Conventional Nanoparticles Used in Water Remediation 299

8.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant 303

8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 303

8.4.2 MOF Powder-Based Membrane for Organic Contaminants Removal 306

8.4.3 Photocatalytic Remediation of Water Using MOF Nanoparticles 307

8.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology for Water Remediation 307

8.5.1 Iron as a Remediation Tool 308

8.5.2 Research Needs and Limitations 310

8.6 Conclusions 311

References 311

9 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal 321
Anam Asghar, Mustapha Mohammed Bello and Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman

9.1 Introduction 322

9.2 Heavy Metals in Environment 323

9.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies 325

9.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 326

9.3.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal 327

9.4 Applications of Metal-Organic Framework in Heavy Metals Removal 330

9.4.1 Mercury 330

9.4.2 Copper 336

9.4.3 Chromium 338

9.4.4 Lead 340

9.4.5 Arsenic 341

9.4.6 Cadmium 344

9.5 Conclusion 344

References 345

10 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 357
Rosangela R. Dias, Mariany C. Deprá, Leila Q. Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 357

10.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms 358

10.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation 360

10.3.1 Heavy Metals 360

10.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 362

10.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation 363

10.4.1 Agrochemicals 363

10.4.2 Phthalate Esters (PAEs) 364

10.4.3 Tributyltin 365

10.4.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 366

10.4.5 Trinitrotoluene 367

10.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal 368

10.5.1 Pharmaceutics 368

10.5.2 Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds (PFAS) 370

10.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts Production 370

10.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 372

10.8 Conclusion 372

References 373

11 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection 381
Prachi Upadhyay and Sankar Chakma

11.1 Introduction 381

11.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection 383

11.2.1 Ozone and Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 384

11.2.2 H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection 386

11.2.3 Fenton-Based Water Disinfection 387

11.2.4 Sonolysis-Based Water Disinfection 388

11.2.5 Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection 390

11.2.6 Ultrasound/Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 394

11.2.7 Ultrasound/H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection 395

11.2.8 Ultrasound/Fenton/H2O2-Based Water Disinfection 395

11.2.9 Ultrasound/Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection 396

11.3 Conclusion 398

References 398

12 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward: Challenges and Opportunities 405
Shinomol George K. and Bhanu Revathi K.

12.1 Introduction 405

12.1.1 Bioremediation and Biosorption 406

12.1.2 Recent Developments in Bioremediation 408

12.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation 410

12.2.1 Algae and Weeds as Biosorbants 410

12.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium 411

12.2.1.2 Removal of Cadmium 412

12.2.1.3 Removal of Zinc 412

12.2.1.4 Removal of Copper 413

12.2.1.5 Removal of Strontium, Uranium and Lead 413

12.2.2 Agricultural Biomass as Biosorbents 414

12.2.2.1 Removal of Nickel and Chromium 415

12.2.2.2 Removal of Cadmium and Lead 416

12.2.2.3 Removal of Copper and Zinc 418

12.2.2.4 Removal of Other Metals: Fe (II), Mn(II), Va and Mo 419

12.2.2.5 Removal of Nickel and Cobalt 419

12.2.2.6 Removal of Uranium 420

12.2.2.7 Other Biomaterials 421

12.2.3 Biochar as Biosorbent 422

12.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation 423

12.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives 424

12.4.1 Future Perspectives 424

12.5 Conclusion 425

References 426

13 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled Continuous Technology 437
Kaouther Kerboua and Oualid Hamdaoui

13.1 Introduction 438

13.2 Water Remediation Technologies: The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry 439

13.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry: State-of-the-Art 456

13.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation 460

References 461

14 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater 469
Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar

14.1 Introduction 469

14.2 Principle Involved 471

14.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 472

14.3.1 Fenton’s Reagent 472

14.3.2 Peroxonation 474

14.3.3 Sonolysis 475

14.3.4 Ozonation 476

14.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation-Based AOP 476

14.3.6 Photo-Fenton Process 477

14.3.7 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 478

14.4 Perspectives and Recommendations 478

14.5 Conclusions 479

Acknowledgment 480

References 480

15 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes 485
D. Mohammady Maklavany, Z. Rouzitalab, S. Jafarinejad, Y. Mohammadpourderakhshi and A. Rashidi

15.1 Introduction 485

15.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs 487

15.2.1 Fenton-Based Processes 487

15.2.2 Catalytic Ozonation 487

15.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 489

15.2.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) 490

15.2.5 Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation (CSCWO) 491

15.2.6 Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Processes (PS-AOPs) 491

15.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts 492

15.3.1 Morphologically Transformed Copper Oxide 493

15.3.2 Supported Copper Oxide (CuOx/Support) 494

15.3.3 Coupled Copper Oxide 496

15.3.4 Doped Copper Oxide (X-Doped CuOx) 497

15.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs 499

15.4.1 Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 499

15.4.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater 507

15.4.3 Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater 510

15.4.4 Degradation of Other Toxic Organic Compounds in Wastewater 514

15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 514

Acknowlegments 516

References 516

16 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the Adsorption Process 527
Ali Khadir

16.1 Introduction 527

16.2 Adsorption Fundamentals 529

16.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals 530

16.3.1 Contact Time 530

16.3.2 Effect of Initial pH 533

16.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage 537

16.3.4 Effect of Temperature and Thermodynamic Parameters 537

16.4 Isotherm Models 542

16.5 Adsorption Kinetics 548

16.6 Conclusion 553

References 554

17 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater 565
Shivani Garg, Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas and Chin Wei Lai

Abbreviations 565

17.1 Introduction 566

17.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater 566

17.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment 567

17.3.1 Biological Treatment Processes 568

17.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment 568

17.3.1.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 570

17.3.2 Bioremediation of Pesticides 573

17.3.3 Constructed Wetlands 574

17.3.4 Riparian Buffer 575

17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 575

Acknowledgements 576

References 576

18 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using Agricultural Waste 581
Arti Jain and Ritu Payal

18.1 Introduction 582

18.2 Components in Wastewater and Their Negative Impact 583

18.3 Techniques for Remediation of Wastewater 583

18.4 Agricultural Waste Materials 584

18.4.1 Orange Peel 585

18.4.2 Pomelo Peel 605

18.4.3 Grapefruit Peel (GFP) 605

18.4.4 Lemon Peels 605

18.4.5 Banana Peel 606

18.4.6 Jackfruit Peel 606

18.4.7 Cassava Peel 606

18.4.8 Pomegranate Peel 607

18.4.9 Garlic Peel 607

18.4.10 Palm Kernel Shell 607

18.4.11 Coconut Shell 607

18.4.12 Mangosteen 608

18.4.13 Rice Husk 608

18.4.14 Corncob 608

18.5 Agricultural Waste-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Wastewater Remediation Through Nanoparticles 608

18.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents 609

18.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm 609

18.6.2 Freundlich Isotherm 610

18.7 Conclusions 611

References 611

19 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatments 623
S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty

19.1 Introduction 624

19.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater 626

19.2.1 Occurrence and Potential Threats 626

19.2.2 Advanced Biological Remediation 626

19.3 Pesticide Contaminated Wastewater 628

19.3.1 Source of Pollution With Environmental and Health Impacts 628

19.3.2 Advanced Biological Treatments 628

19.4 Surfactant Pollution 632

19.4.1 Source and Impacts of Pollution 632

19.4.2 Biological Remediation 632

19.5 Microplastic Pollution 634

19.5.1 Occurrence and Environmental Threats 634

19.5.2 Proposed Remediation Strategies 635

19.5.2.1 Microplastic Generation Source Control 635

19.5.2.2 Mitigation Policies 636

19.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment 636

19.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters 637

19.8 Conclusion 637

Acknowledgement 638

References 638

Index 645

Authors

Mohd Imran Ahamed Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Rajender Boddula National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez