Explore the latest developments in electrochemical energy storage device technology
In Novel Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices, an accomplished team of authors delivers a thorough examination of the latest developments in the electrode and cell configurations of lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Several kinds of newly developed devices are introduced, with information about their theoretical bases, materials, fabrication technologies, design considerations, and implementation presented.
You’ll learn about the current challenges facing the industry, future research trends likely to capture the imaginations of researchers and professionals working in industry and academia, and still-available opportunities in this fast-moving area. You’ll discover a wide range of new concepts, materials, and technologies that have been developed over the past few decades to advance the technologies of lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and intelligent devices. Finally, you’ll find solutions to basic research challenges and the technologies applicable to energy storage industries.
Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:- A thorough introduction to energy conversion and storage, and the history and classification of electrochemical energy storage- An exploration of materials and fabrication of electrochemical energy storage devices, including categories, EDLCSs, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors- A practical discussion of the theory and characterizations of flexible cells, including their mechanical properties and the limits of conventional architectures- A concise treatment of the materials and fabrication technologies involved in the manufacture of flexible cells
Perfect for materials scientists, electrochemists, and solid-state chemists, Novel Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices will also earn a place in the libraries of applied physicists, and engineers in power technology and the electrotechnical industry seeking a one-stop reference for portable and smart electrochemical energy storage devices.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Energy Conversion and Storage: A Global Challenge 1
1.2 Development History of Electrochemical Energy Storage 3
1.3 Classification of Electrochemical Energy Storage 4
1.4 LIBs and ECs: An Appropriate Electrochemical Energy Storage 6
1.5 Summary and Outlook 10
References 10
2 Materials and Fabrication 15
2.1 Mechanisms and Advantages of LIBs 15
2.1.1 Principles 15
2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 16
2.2 Mechanisms and Advantages of ECs 18
2.2.1 Categories 18
2.2.2 EDLCs 18
2.2.3 Pseudocapacitor 20
2.2.4 Hybrid Capacitors 21
2.3 Roadmap of Conventional Materials for LIBs 22
2.4 Typical Positive Materials for LIBs 23
2.4.1 LiCoO2 Materials 23
2.4.2 LiNiO2 and Its Derivatives 25
2.4.3 LiMn2O4 Material 26
2.4.4 LiFePO4 Material 27
2.4.5 Lithium-Manganese-rich Materials 28
2.4.6 Commercial Status of Main Positive Materials 28
2.5 Typical Negative Materials for LIBs 29
2.5.1 Graphite 29
2.5.2 Soft and Hard Carbon 31
2.6 New Materials for LIBs 33
2.6.1 Nanocarbon Materials 33
2.6.2 Alloy-Based Materials 35
2.6.3 Metal Lithium Negative 39
2.7 Materials for Conventional ECs 39
2.7.1 Porous Carbon Materials 40
2.7.2 Transition Metal Oxides 41
2.7.3 Conducting Polymers 42
2.8 Electrolytes and Separators 42
2.8.1 Electrolytes 42
2.8.2 Separators 45
2.9 Evaluation Methods 46
2.9.1 Evaluation Criteria for LIBs 46
2.9.2 Theoretical Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density 46
2.9.3 Practical Energy and Power Density of LIBs 47
2.9.4 Cycle Life 48
2.9.5 Safety 48
2.9.6 Evaluation Methods for ECs 49
2.10 Production Processes for the Fabrication 50
2.10.1 Design 50
2.10.2 Mixing, Coating, Calendering, and Winding 51
2.10.3 Electrolyte Injecting and Formation 51
2.11 Perspectives 51
References 53
3 Flexible Cells: Theory and Characterizations 67
3.1 Limitations of the Conventional Cells 67
3.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Conventional Materials 67
3.1.2 Limitations of Conventional Architectures 68
3.1.3 Limitations of Electrolytes 69
3.2 Mechanical Process for Bendable Cells 69
3.2.1 Effect of Thickness 70
3.2.2 Effect of Flexible Substrates and Neutral Plane 71
3.3 Mechanics of Stretchable Cells 72
3.3.1 Wavy Architectures by Small Deformation Buckling Process 72
3.3.2 Wavy Architectures by Large Deformation Buckling Process 74
3.3.3 Island Bridge Architectures 75
3.4 Static Electrochemical Performance of Flexible Cells 76
3.5 Dynamic Performance of Flexible Cells 77
3.5.1 Bending Characterization 78
3.5.2 Stretching Characterization 78
3.5.3 Conformability Test 79
3.5.4 Stress Simulation by Finite Element Analysis 79
3.5.5 Dynamic Electrochemical Performance During Bending 83
3.5.6 Dynamic Electrochemical Performance During Stretching 85
3.6 Summary and Perspectives 90
References 90
4 Flexible Cells: Materials and Fabrication Technologies 95
4.1 Construction Principles of Flexible Cells 95
4.2 Substrate Materials for Flexible Cells 95
4.2.1 Polymer Substrates 96
4.2.2 Paper Substrate 97
4.2.3 Textile Substrate 98
4.3 Active Materials for Flexible Cells 98
4.3.1 CNTs 98
4.3.2 Graphene 99
4.3.3 Low-Dimensional Materials 99
4.4 Electrolytes for Flexible LIBs 101
4.4.1 Inorganic Solid-state Electrolytes for Flexible LIBs 102
4.4.2 Solid-state Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible LIBs 104
4.5 Electrolytes for Flexible ECs 104
4.6 Nonconductive Substrates-Based Flexible Cells 107
4.6.1 Paper-Based Flexible Cells 108
4.6.2 Textiles-Based Flexible Cells 112
4.6.3 Polymer Substrates-Based Flexible Cells 117
4.7 CNT and Graphene-Based Flexible Cells 121
4.7.1 Free-standing Graphene and CNTs Films for SCs 121
4.7.2 Free-standing Graphene and CNT Films for LIBs 122
4.7.3 Flexible CNTs/Graphene Composite Films for the Cells 125
4.8 Construction of Stretchable Cells by Novel Architectures 127
4.8.1 Stretchable Cells Based onWavy Architecture 127
4.8.2 Stretchable Cells Based on Island-Bridge Architecture 129
4.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 130
4.9.1 Mechanical Performance Improvement 131
4.9.2 Innovative Architecture for Stretchable Cells 132
4.9.3 Electrolytes Development 132
4.9.4 Packaging and Tabs 132
4.9.5 Integrated Flexible Devices 133
References 133
5 Architectures Design for Cells with High Energy Density 147
5.1 Strategies for High Energy Density Cells 147
5.2 Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density of Electrodes 149
5.3 Classification of Thick Electrodes: Bulk and Foam Electrodes 151
5.4 Design and Fabrication of Bulk Electrodes 153
5.4.1 Advantages of Bulk Electrodes 153
5.4.2 Low Tortuosity: The Key for Bulk Electrodes 155
5.5 Characterization and Numerical Simulation of Tortuosity 157
5.5.1 Characterization of Tortuosity by X-ray Tomography 157
5.5.2 Numerical Simulation of Tortuosity on Rates by Commercial Software 158
5.6 Fabrication Methods for Bulk Electrodes 159
5.7 Thick Electrodes with Random Pore Structure 160
5.7.1 Pressure-less High-temperature Sintering Process 160
5.7.2 Cold Sintering Process 161
5.7.3 Spark Plasma Sintering Technology 162
5.7.4 Brief Summary for Sintering Technologies 165
5.8 Thick Electrodes with Directional Pore Distribution 165
5.8.1 Iterative Extrusion Method 165
5.8.2 Magnetic-Induced Alignment Method 168
5.8.3 CarbonizedWood Template Method 168
5.8.4 Ice Templates Method 172
5.8.5 3D-Printing for Thick Electrodes 173
5.8.6 Brief Summary for Bulk Electrodes 175
5.9 Carbon-Based Foam Electrodes with High Gravimetric Energy Density 178
5.9.1 Graphene Foam 179
5.9.2 CNTs Foam 181
5.9.3 CNT/Graphene Foam 181
5.10 Carbon-Based Thick Electrodes 182
5.10.1 Low Electronic Conductive Material/Carbon Foam 182
5.10.2 Large Volume Variation Materials/Carbon Foam 186
5.10.3 Compact Graphene Electrodes 188
5.10.4 Summary for Carbon Foam Electrodes 189
5.11 Thick Electrodes Based on the Conductive Polymer Gels 191
5.12 Summary and Perspectives 193
References 195
6 Miniaturized Cells 205
6.1 Introduction 205
6.1.1 Definition of the Miniaturized Cells and Their Applications 205
6.1.2 Classification of Miniaturized Cells 206
6.1.3 Development Trends of the Miniaturized Cells 207
6.2 Evaluation Methods for the Miniaturized Cells 209
6.2.1 Evaluation Methods for Electric Double-layer m-ECs 210
6.2.2 Evaluation methods for m-LIBs and m-ECs 211
6.3 Architectures of Various Miniaturized Cells 212
6.4 Materials for the Miniaturized Cells 213
6.4.1 Electrode Materials 213
6.4.2 Electrolytes for the Miniaturized Cells 214
6.5 Fabrication Technologies for Miniaturized Cells 215
6.5.1 Fabrication of Miniaturized Cells with 2D Parallel Plate Configuration 216
6.6 Fabrication Technologies for 2D Interdigitated Cells 220
6.7 Printing Technologies for 2D Interdigitated Cells 222
6.7.1 Advantages of Printing Technologies 222
6.7.2 Classification of Printing Techniques 222
6.7.3 Screen Printing for Miniaturized Cells 224
6.7.4 Inkjet Printing 228
6.8 Electrochemical Deposition Method for 2D Interdigitated Cells 228
6.9 Laser Scribing for 2D Interdigitated Cells 231
6.10 In Situ Electrode Conversion for 2D Interdigitated Cells 234
6.11 Fabrication Technologies for 3D In-plane Miniaturized Cells 236
6.11.1 3D Printing for 3D Interdigitated Configuration Cells 236
6.11.2 3D Interdigitated Configuration by Electrodeposition 239
6.12 Fabrication of Miniaturized Cells with 3D Stacked Configuration 240
6.12.1 3D Stacked Configuration by Template Deposition 241
6.12.2 3D Stacked Configuration by Microchannel-Plated Deposition Methods 245
6.13 Integrated Systems 247
6.14 Summary and Perspectives 249
References 250
7 Smart Cells 263
7.1 Definition of Smart Materials and Cells 263
7.1.1 Definition of Smart Cells 263
7.1.2 Definition of Smart Materials 263
7.2 Type of Smart Materials 264
7.2.1 Self-healing Materials 264
7.2.2 Shape-memory Alloys 265
7.2.3 Thermal-responding PTC Thermistors 266
7.2.4 Electrochromic Materials 267
7.3 Construction of Smart Cells 268
7.3.1 Self-healing Silicon Anodes 268
7.3.2 Aqueous Self-healing Electrodes 271
7.3.3 Liquid-alloy Self-healing Electrode Materials 273
7.3.4 Thermal-responding Layer 274
7.3.5 Thermal-responding Electrodes Based on the PTC Effect 276
7.3.6 Ionic Blocking Effect-Based Thermal-responding Electrodes 278
7.4 Application of Shape-memory Materials in LIBs and ECs 280
7.4.1 Self-adapting Cells 280
7.4.2 Shape-memory Alloy-Based Thermal Regulator 281
7.5 Self-heating and Self-monitoring Designs 282
7.5.1 Self-heating 283
7.5.2 Self-monitoring 285
7.6 Integrated Electrochromic Architectures for Energy Storage 286
7.6.1 Integration Possibilities 286
7.6.2 Integrated Electrochromic ECs 287
7.6.3 Integrated Electrochromic LIBs 289
7.7 Summary and Perspectives 291
References 292
Index 301
