Offering unique perspectives from one social and one natural scientist and combining them with the view of an industry expert, this book covers definitions and ways of quantifying energy and sustainability, and examines today?s energy production and consumption technologies?paying particular attention to the environmental, historic, and regulatory aspects of each introduced energy technology. It also deals with alternative and future energy technologies, as well as examples of sustainable approaches to everyday issues of transportation, urban planning, and home construction.
Introduction to Energy and Sustainability starts with a section on introductory concepts and covers such things as the history of our relationship with energy; defining and quantifying both energy and sustainability; flows and conversions of energy and matter; and the laws of thermodynamics energy production today. It examines how energy is produced and consumed in our modern world?and looks at what types of energy exist and how we use it. The book also discusses the future of energy and how we will provide and utilize our current and forthcoming sources of power as our world changes.
-Balances the treatment of hard science and engineering concepts of energy and sustainability with a thorough discussion of their socioeconomic and geopolitical implications
-Offers a unique perspective of one social and one natural scientist, combined with the view of an industry expert
-Filled with chapters that feature practice questions and solutions
-Relevant to students in energy fields and environmentalists
Introduction to Energy and Sustainability is an ideal text for post-graduate level students of energy fields. It will also greatly benefit environmentalists, engineers, power engineers, and chemists in industry.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Part I Introductory Concepts 1
1 Brief History of Our Relationship with Energy 3
1.1 Discussion Questions 9
Further Reading 10
2 Defining and Quantifying Energy 11
2.1 International System of Units 11
2.2 Definition of Force, Energy, and Power 17
2.3 Units of Energy and Their Interconversion 20
2.4 Heat Capacity 23
2.5 Phase Changes 25
2.6 Energy Content of Fuels 27
2.7 Practice Problems 29
2.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 30
2.9 Discussion Questions 32
Further Reading 33
3 Flows and Conversions of Energy and Matter 35
3.1 Forms of Energy 35
3.2 Earth’s Water Cycle 38
3.3 Carbon Cycle 40
3.4 Earth’s Energy Balance 43
3.5 Energy Balance of the United States 45
3.6 Practice Problems 47
3.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 48
3.8 Discussion Questions 49
Further Reading 49
4 Defining and Quantifying Sustainability 51
4.1 Defining Sustainability 54
4.2 Quantifying Development 57
4.3 Energy Security, Environmental Stewardship, Economic Growth, and Equity 62
4.4 Examples of Sustainable and Unsustainable Development 65
4.5 Practice Problems 68
4.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 68
4.7 Discussion Questions 69
Further Reading 70
5 Laws of Thermodynamics 73
5.1 Energy Conversions 73
5.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics 76
5.3 Entropy 78
5.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 80
5.5 Practice Problems 82
5.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 83
5.7 Discussion Questions 85
Further Reading 85
Part II Energy Production Today 87
6 Fossil Fuels and Pollution 89
6.1 Origins and Evolution of Fossil Fuels 89
6.2 Combustion - How Does it Work? 91
6.3 Pollutants: Undesirable Products of Combustion 92
6.4 Where Are the Pollutants? Environmental Discrimination and Environmental Justice 102
6.5 Practice Problems 103
6.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 103
6.7 Discussion Questions 105
Reference 105
Further Reading 106
7 Coal 107
7.1 Coal Formation 107
7.2 History of Human Coal Use 108
7.3 Manufactured Gas: Creating New Markets for Coal 115
7.4 Coal and Labor 120
7.5 Coal and Environmental Regulations 122
7.6 How Does It Work? 123
7.6.1 Coal Mining 124
7.6.2 Coal Analysis 124
7.6.3 Coal Utilization 126
7.7 Supply and Demand 128
7.8 Environmental and Societal Risks 130
7.9 Future of Coal 133
7.10 Practice Problems 136
7.11 Solutions to Practice Problems 136
7.12 Discussion Questions 137
Reference 138
Further Reading 138
8 Oil 141
8.1 Formation of Oil 141
8.2 History of Human Oil Use 143
8.3 How Does It Work? 156
8.4 Oil Refining 159
8.5 Supply and Demand 162
8.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 164
8.7 Political Risks in International Oil 166
8.7.1 The Case of Venezuela 168
8.8 Future of Oil 178
8.9 Practice Problems 179
8.10 Solutions to Practice Problems 179
8.11 Discussion Questions 180
Further Reading 181
9 Natural Gas 183
9.1 History of Human Natural Gas Use 183
9.2 How Does It Work? 191
9.2.1 Chemical Composition 191
9.3 Supply and Demand 195
9.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 197
9.5 Global Approaches to Natural Gas 201
9.5.1 Germany and Poland 201
9.5.2 Russia 202
9.5.3 Australia 202
9.5.4 China 203
9.6 Future of Natural Gas 203
9.7 Practice Problems 204
9.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 204
9.9 Discussion Questions 205
Further Reading 205
10 Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuels 207
10.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 208
10.2 Expanding into Hostile Regions: Offshore and the Arctic 211
10.3 Economic Benefits of Oil Sands vs. the Environmental Costs of Tar Sands 217
10.3.1 Heavy Oil in Venezuela 224
10.4 Shale Gas and Oil: Innovations in Drilling and the Fracking Revolution 225
10.5 Future of Unconventional Oil and Gas 232
10.6 Practice Problem 234
10.7 Solution to Practice Problem 234
10.8 Discussion Questions 234
Further Reading 235
11 Nuclear Energy 237
11.1 History of Nuclear Energy Use 237
11.2 How Does It Work? 238
11.2.1 Atomic Structure 238
11.2.2 Radioactivity 239
11.2.3 Nuclear Fission 241
11.2.4 Nuclear Fuel and Reactor Design 243
11.3 Supply and Demand 246
11.3.1 Uranium Supply and Demand 246
11.3.2 Nuclear Electricity 247
11.3.3 Fuel Reprocessing 248
11.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 249
11.4.1 Nuclear Accidents 251
11.5 Global Approaches to Nuclear Energy 255
11.6 Future of Nuclear Power 260
11.7 Practice Problems 261
11.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 261
11.9 Discussion Questions 263
Further Reading 264
12 Hydroelectric Power 265
12.1 How Does it Work? 266
12.1.1 Pumped Storage 268
12.2 Supply and Demand 270
12.3 Environmental and Societal Impacts 273
12.4 Global Approaches to Hydroelectric Energy 276
12.4.1 Norway 276
12.4.2 China 277
12.4.3 United States 277
12.5 Future of Hydroelectric Energy 278
12.6 Practice Problems 280
12.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 280
12.8 Discussion Questions 282
Further Reading 282
13 Production and Storage of Electricity 285
13.1 Measuring and Quantifying Electricity 286
13.2 Electromagnetic Induction 288
13.3 Storage of Electricity: Batteries 291
13.4 Electric Cars 295
13.5 Supply and Demand 296
13.6 Practice Problems 299
13.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 299
13.8 Discussion Questions 300
Further Reading 300
Part III Energy Consumption Today 303
14 Energy Use in Transportation 305
14.1 Cars and Internal Combustion Engines 306
14.2 Trains 310
14.3 Global Shipping 315
14.4 Airplanes 316
14.5 Practice Problems 318
14.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 319
14.7 Discussion Questions 320
Further Reading 321
15 Agricultural Energy Use 323
15.1 Fertilizers 325
15.2 Farm Mechanization 328
15.3 Pesticides 330
15.4 Carbon Emissions in Agriculture 331
15.5 Food Waste 332
15.6 Practice Problems 334
15.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 335
15.8 Discussion Questions 335
Further Reading 335
16 Energy Use in Buildings: Residential and Commercial Consumption 339
16.1 Heating 340
16.2 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 342
16.3 Lighting 346
16.4 Labor-Saving Appliances 349
16.5 Practice Problems 350
16.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 350
16.7 Discussion Questions 351
Further Reading 351
17 Industrial Energy Consumption 353
17.1 Production of Iron and Steel 353
17.2 Aluminum Production 356
17.3 Production of Cement 358
17.4 Production of Plastics 360
17.5 Embodied Energy 362
17.6 Practice Problems 363
17.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 364
17.8 Discussion Questions 364
Further Reading 365
Part IV Energy Transitions 367
18 Sustainability Transition: Why, When, How Long? 369
18.1 Drivers of Previous Transitions 369
18.2 Economics of Energy Transitions: Primacy of Price 372
18.2.1 Scarcity of Supply 373
18.2.2 Internalization of Externalities 373
18.3 Politics of Energy Transitions 374
18.4 Geopolitical Drivers of Transition: Resource Curse 378
18.5 Exxon, World Bank, and Chad: A Failed Experiment in Avoiding Resource Curse 379
18.6 Timeline for the Sustainability Transition 381
18.7 Regional Specificities and International Tensions 382
18.8 Practice Problem 384
18.9 Solution to Practice Problem 384
18.10 Discussion Questions 385
Further Reading 385
19 Climate Change 387
19.1 Definition of Climate 389
19.2 Measuring and Modeling Climate 390
19.3 Is It Changing? 390
19.4 Are We Responsible? 391
19.5 The Earth is Warming. So What? 394
19.5.1 Feedback Loops 398
19.6 Societal and Economic Effects of Climate Change 399
19.7 Can We Stop It? 401
19.8 Practice Problems 402
19.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 403
19.10 Discussion Questions 403
Further Reading 404
Part V Energy Production Tomorrow 407
20 Biomass as a Source of Energy 409
20.1 How Does It Work? 411
20.1.1 Wood as a Fuel 412
20.1.2 Municipal Waste 414
20.1.3 Biofuels 416
20.2 Supply and Demand 419
20.3 Environmental and Societal Risks 421
20.4 Global Approaches to Biomass Utilization 423
20.4.1 Brazil and Sugarcane-Based Ethanol 424
20.4.2 United States and Corn-Based Ethanol 425
20.5 Future of Biomass as an Energy Source 427
20.6 Practice Problems 428
20.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 428
20.8 Discussion Questions 429
Further Reading 430
21 Wind Energy 433
21.1 History of Use of Wind Energy 433
21.2 How Does It Work? 437
21.3 Supply and Demand 441
21.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 444
21.5 Future of Wind Energy 447
21.6 Practice Problems 447
21.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 447
21.8 Discussion Questions 449
Further Reading 449
22 Solar Energy 451
22.1 History of Human Solar Energy Usage 451
22.2 How Does It Work? 453
22.2.1 Solar Electricity 456
22.3 Supply and Demand 460
22.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 461
22.5 Global Approaches to Solar Energy 462
22.6 Future of Solar Energy 465
22.7 Practice Problems 465
22.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 466
22.9 Discussion Questions 467
Further Reading 467
23 Hydrogen as a Fuel 469
23.1 History of Human Hydrogen Use 470
23.2 Production of Hydrogen 471
23.2.1 Steam Reforming 472
23.2.2 Electrolysis 473
23.3 Hydrogen as a Combustion Fuel 474
23.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 474
23.5 Hydrogen as a Nuclear Fuel: Where Does the Solar Energy Really Come From? 477
23.5.1 Nuclear Fusion on Earth 478
23.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 480
23.7 Future of Hydrogen as a Fuel 481
23.8 Practice Problems 482
23.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 482
23.10 Discussion Questions 483
Further Reading 483
24 Geothermal Energy 485
24.1 History of Geothermal Energy Use 485
24.2 How Does It Work? 486
24.3 Supply and Demand 490
24.4 Global Approaches to Geothermal Energy 492
24.4.1 Iceland 492
24.4.2 Costa Rica 492
24.4.3 West of the United States 493
24.5 Environmental and Societal Risks 493
24.6 Practice Problems 495
24.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 495
24.8 Discussion Questions 496
Further Reading 496
Part VI Energy Consumption Tomorrow 499
25 Changes in Global Energy Consumption Patterns 501
25.1 Developing Countries Become Developed 503
25.2 Population Growth 504
25.3 Middle Class Growth in the Developing World 507
25.4 Sustainability as a Source of Friction Between Developed and Developing Countries 508
25.5 Outsourcing Unsustainable Practices 509
25.6 Practice Problems 511
25.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 511
25.8 Discussion Questions 512
Further Reading 512
26 Energy Conservation 515
26.1 Increasing the Efficiency of Appliances and Energy-Consuming Devices 515
26.2 Minimizing Energy Waste 518
26.3 Changes in Habits and Living Standards 519
26.4 Reduction in Material Consumption 522
26.4.1 Reduce 523
26.4.2 Reuse 523
26.4.3 Recycle 525
26.5 Global Approaches to Energy Conservation and Recycling 527
26.5.1 Japan 528
26.5.2 Sweden 528
26.5.3 USA 529
26.6 Practice Problems 529
26.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 530
26.8 Discussion Questions 530
Further Reading 531
27 Future of Cars 533
27.1 Fuel Efficiency Standards for Vehicles 533
27.2 Powertrain Competition 536
27.3 Driverless Vehicles and Ride-Sharing Services 538
27.4 Changing Habits: Car as a Status Symbol? 540
27.5 Practice Problems 541
27.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 541
27.7 Discussion Questions 542
Further Reading 543
28 Energy Conservation in Architectural Design and Urban Planning 545
28.1 Energy Efficiency in Old Buildings 545
28.2 Energy Conservation in New Construction 547
28.2.1 Construction 548
28.2.2 Day-to-Day Operation 548
28.2.3 Energy-Efficient Design Features 550
28.2.4 Demolition 553
28.2.5 LEED Certifications 553
28.3 Energy Conservation in Urban Planning 554
28.4 Future of Residential Construction 557
28.5 Practice Problems 558
28.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 558
28.7 Discussion Questions 559
Further Reading 559
Appendix 561
Index 563
