The third volume of the ultimate reference on the science and applications of aggregation-induced emission
The Handbook of Aggregation-Induced Emission explores foundational and advanced topics in aggregation-induced emission, as well as cutting-edge developments in the field, celebrating twenty years of progress and achievement in this important and interdisciplinary field. The three volumes combine to offer readers a comprehensive and insightful interpretation accessible to both new and experienced researchers working on aggregation-induced emission.
In Volume 3: Emerging Applications, the editors address the applications of AIEgens in several fields, including bio-imaging, fluorescent molecular switches, electrochromic materials, regenerative medicine, detection of organic volatile contaminants, hydrogels, and organogels. Topics covered include:
- AIE-active emitters and their applications in OLEDs, and circularly polarized luminescence of aggregation-induced emission materials
- AIE polymer films for optical sensing and energy harvesting, aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence, and mechanoluminescence materials with aggregation-induced emission
- Dynamic super-resolution fluorescence imaging based on photoswitchable fluorescent spiropyran
- Visualization of polymer microstructures
- Self-assembly of micelle and vesicles
- New strategies for biosensing and cell imaging
Perfect for academic researchers working on aggregation-induced emission, this set of volumes is also ideal for professionals and students in the fields of photophysics, photochemistry, materials science, optoelectronic materials, synthetic organic chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, polymer science, and biological sciences.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xv
Preface xxi
Preface to Volume 3: Applications xxiii
1 AIE-active Emitters and Their Applications in OLEDs 1
Qiang Wei, Jiasen Zhang, and Ziyi Ge
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conventional Aggregation-induced Emissive Emitters 4
1.2.1 Blue Aggregation-induced Emissive Emitters 4
1.2.2 Green Aggregation-induced Emissive Emitters 7
1.2.3 Red Aggregation-induced Emissive Emitters 8
1.2.4 Aggregation-induced Emission-active Emitters-Based White OLED 9
1.3 High Exciton Utilizing Efficient Aggregation-induced Emissive Materials 13
1.3.1 Aggregation-induced Phosphorescent Emissive Emitters 13
1.3.2 Aggregation-induced Delayed Fluorescent Emitters 14
1.3.3 Hybridized Local and Charge Transfer Materials Aggregation-induced Emissive Emitters 15
1.4 Conclusion and Outlook 16
References 18
2 Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Aggregation-induced Emission Materials 27
Fuwei Gan, Chengshuo Shen, and Huibin Qiu
2.1 Introduction of Circularly Polarized Luminescence 27
2.2 Small Organic Molecules 28
2.3 Macrocycles and Cages 33
2.4 Metal Complexes and Clusters 35
2.5 Supramolecular Systems 37
2.6 Polymers 46
2.7 Liquid Crystals 50
2.8 Conclusions and Outlook 51
References 53
3 AIE Polymer Films for Optical Sensing and Energy Harvesting 57
Andrea Pucci
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Working Mechanism of AIEgens 59
3.3 AIE-doped Polymer Films for Optical Sensing 61
3.3.1 Mechanochromic AIE-doped Polymer Films 61
3.3.2 Thermochromic AIE-doped Polymer Films 65
3.3.3 Vapochromic AIE-doped Polymer Films 67
3.4 AIE-doped Polymer Films for Energy Harvesting 70
3.5 Conclusions 72
References 73
4 Aggregation-induced Electrochemiluminescence 79
Serena Carrara
4.1 Introduction: From Electrochemiluminescence to AI-ECL 79
4.1.1 Mechanisms of AI-ECL 81
4.2 Classification and Properties of AI-ECL luminophores 85
4.2.1 Metal Transition Complexes 85
4.2.2 Polymers and Polymeric Nanoaggregates 87
4.2.3 Organic Molecules 90
4.2.4 Hybrid and Functional Materials 93
4.3 Applications and Outlooks 95
References 98
5 Mechanoluminescence Materials with Aggregation-induced Emission 105
Zhiyong Yang, Juan Zhao, Eethamukkala Ubba, Zhan Yang, Yi Zhang, and Zhenguo Chi
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Mechanoluminescence of Organic Molecules Not Mentioned AIE 107
5.3 ML-AIE Materials 117
5.4 Summary and Outlook 132
References 133
6 Dynamic Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging Based on Photo-switchable Fluorescent Spiropyran 139
Cheng Fan, Chong Li, and Ming-Qiang Zhu
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Materials and Methods 141
6.2.1 Materials 141
6.2.2 The Preparation of PSt-b-PEO Block Copolymer Micelles 141
6.2.3 Super-resolution Microscope 141
6.2.4 Super-resolution Imaging 141
6.3 Super-resolution Imaging of Block Copolymer Self-assembly 141
6.4 Optimization of Spatial Resolution 144
6.5 Temporal Resolution 145
6.6 Dynamic Super-resolution Imaging 147
6.7 Conclusion and Prospection 147
References 149
7 Visualization of Polymer Microstructures 151
Shunjie Liu, Yuanyuan Li, Ting Han, Jacky W. Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Synthetic Polymers 152
7.2.1 Polymer Self-assembly 152
7.2.2 Polymerization Reaction 154
7.2.3 Physical Process Visualization 155
7.2.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature 155
7.2.3.2 Solubility Parameter 157
7.2.3.3 Crystallization 158
7.2.3.4 Microphase Separation 158
7.2.4 Stimuli Response 161
7.2.4.1 Heat Response 161
7.2.4.2 Humidity Response 162
7.2.4.3 Other Response 164
7.3 Biological Polymers 164
7.3.1 DNA Synthesis 165
7.3.2 DNA Sequence 165
7.3.3 Protein Conformation 168
7.3.4 Protein Fibrillation 169
7.3.5 Other Process 171
7.4 Summary and Perspective 172
References 173
8 Self-assembly of Aggregation-induced Emission Molecules into Micelles and Vesicles with Advantageous Applications 179
Jinwan Qi, Jianbin Huang, and Yun Yan
8.1 General Background of Micelles and Vesicles 179
8.2 AIE Micelles 180
8.2.1 General Strategies Leading to AIE Micelles 180
8.2.1.1 Incorporating Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) Unit into Single-Chained Surfactants 180
8.2.1.2 Incorporating Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) Unit into Gemini Surfactants 182
8.2.1.3 Incorporating Platinum Complex into Amphiphiles 182
8.2.1.4 Polymeric AIE Micelles 183
8.2.1.5 Coassembled AIE Micelles 188
8.2.2 Applications of AIE Micelles 190
8.2.2.1 Untargeted Bioimaging 191
8.2.2.2 Targeted Bioprobing 192
8.2.2.3 Micellar Theranostics 193
8.2.2.4 Sensing 197
8.2.2.5 Visualization of Physical Chemistry Process 199
8.3 AIE Vesicles 203
8.3.1 AIE Vesicles Based on Synthetic Amphiphiles 203
8.3.1.1 Synthetic Ionic Amphiphiles 203
8.3.1.2 Synthetic Nonionic AIE Amphiphiles 203
8.3.1.3 Synthetic Nonamphiphilic AIE Molecules 205
8.3.2 Supramolecular AIE Vesicles 206
8.3.2.1 AIE Vesicles Directed by Host-Guest Chemistry 208
8.3.2.2 AIE Vesicles Based on Electrostatic Interactions 209
8.3.2.3 AIE Vesicles Based on Coordination Interactions 209
8.3.3 Applications of AIE Vesicles 210
8.3.3.1 Cell Models 210
8.3.3.2 Bioimaging 211
8.3.3.3 Theranostics 212
8.3.3.4 Light-harvesting 214
8.3.3.5 Other Applications 216
8.4 Summary and Outlooks 217
References 217
9 Vortex Fluidics-mediated Fluorescent Hydrogels with Aggregation-induced Emission Characteristics 221
Javad Tavakoli and Youhong Tang
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Tunning the Size and Property of AIEgens, a New Approach to Create FL Hydrogels with Superior Properties 222
9.3 AIEgens for Characterization of Hydrogels 231
9.4 Conclusion 238
References 238
10 Design and Preparation of Stimuli-responsive AIE Fluorescent Polymers-based Probes for Cells Imaging 243
Juan Qiao and Li Qi
10.1 Introduction 243
10.2 Design and Preparation Strategies for AIE-SRP Probes 246
10.2.1 Mechanism of AIE-SRP Probes 246
10.2.2 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 247
10.2.2.1 Thermal-Sensitive Polymers 247
10.2.2.2 pH-Sensitive Polymers 247
10.2.2.3 Photo-Sensitive polymers 247
10.2.2.4 Protein-Sensitive Polymers 248
10.2.3 AIE Dyes 249
10.2.4 Combination of Stimuli-Sensitive Polymer and AIE Dyes 251
10.2.4.1 Chemical Synthesis 251
10.2.4.2 Physical Blending 256
10.3 Application of AIE-SRP Probes 257
10.3.1 Thermal-Sensitive Application 257
10.3.2 pH-Sensitive Application 259
10.3.3 Photo-Sensitive Application 260
10.3.4 Protein-Sensitive Application 260
10.3.5 MultiSensitive Application 260
10.4 Summary and Prospect 262
References 263
11 AIE: New Strategies for Cell Imaging and Biosensing 269
Tracey Luu, Bicheng Yao, and Yuning Hong
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Cellular Imaging 271
11.2.1 Cytoplasma Membrane Imaging 272
11.2.2 Mitochondria Imaging 273
11.2.3 Lysosome Imaging 275
11.2.4 Lipid Droplet Imaging 276
11.2.5 Nucleus Imaging 277
11.3 Biosensing 278
11.3.1 Ions 279
11.3.2 Lipids and Carbohydrates 281
11.3.3 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 283
11.3.4 Nucleic Acids and Pathogens 286
11.4 Conclusion 289
References 289
12 AIE-based Systems for Imaging and Image-guided Killing of Pathogens 297
Jiangman Sun, Fang Hu, Yongjie Ma, Yufeng Li, Guan Wang, and Xinggui Gu
12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 Bacteria Imaging Based on AIEgens 298
12.2.1 Broad-spectrum Bacterial Imaging and Identification 299
12.2.2 Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria Distinguishing 299
12.2.3 Long-term Bacterial Tracking 303
12.2.4 Live and Dead Bacteria Discrimination Based on AIEgens 304
12.3 Bacteria-targeted Imaging and Ablation Based on AIEgens 305
12.3.1 Surfactant-structure Based AIEgens for Bacterial Elimination 305
12.3.2 Photodynamic Therapy for Bacterial Elimination 309
12.3.2.1 Vancomycin-bacteria Interaction Mediated Photodynamic Ablation 309
12.3.2.2 Positive-charged AIE PS for Bacteria Ablation 311
12.3.2.3 Metabolic Labeling-mediated Imaging and Photodynamic Ablation 313
12.3.3 AIEgen with Antimicrobial Agents for Bacteria Elimination 315
12.3.4 Biodegradable Biocides for Bacteria Elimination 315
12.4 Bacterial Susceptibility Evaluation and Antibiotics Screening 315
12.5 Sensors for Bacterial Detection Based on AIEgens 317
12.5.1 Fluorescent Sensor Arrays 317
12.5.2 Biosensors Constructed by Electrospun Fibers 319
12.5.3 Micromotors for Bacterial Detection 320
12.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 321
References 321
13 AIEgen-based Trackers for Cancer Research and Regenerative Medicine 329
Chen Zhang and Kai Li
13.1 Introduction 329
13.2 AIEgens for Long-term Cancer Cell Tracking 330
13.2.1 AIEgen-based Long-term Cell Trackers with Emission in the Visible Range 330
13.2.2 AIEgen-based Long-term Cell Trackers with Near-infrared (NIR) Emission 334
13.2.3 AIEgen-based Long-term Cell Trackers with Multiphoton Absorption 335
13.2.4 AIEgen-based Hybrid or Multifunctional Systems for Cell Tracking 336
13.3 AIEgens for Stem Cell-based Regenerative Medicine and Regeneration-related Process 338
13.3.1 AIEgen-based Trackers for Adipose-derived Stem Cells 338
13.3.2 AIEgen-based Trackers for Bone Marrow Stem Cells 340
13.3.3 AIEgen-based Trackers for Embryo-related Cells 342
13.3.4 AIEgens for Monitoring Biological Process in Regenerative Medicine 345
13.3.5 AIEgen-based Nanocomplexes in Regenerative Medicine 346
13.4 Conclusion 347
References 350
14 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Enzymes and Their Applications in Disease Theranostics 355
Jianguo Wang and Guoyu Jiang
14.1 Introduction 355
14.2 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Enzymes and Their Applications in Disease Theranostics 356
14.2.1 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Alkaline Phosphatase 356
14.2.2 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Caspases 358
14.2.3 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Cathepsin B 361
14.2.4 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for β-Galactosidase 363
14.2.5 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase 365
14.2.6 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Reductases 366
14.2.6.1 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for AzoR 366
14.2.6.2 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for NQO1 369
14.2.6.3 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for NTR 369
14.2.6.4 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for CYP450 Reductase 371
14.2.7 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Chymase 371
14.2.8 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Esterase 372
14.2.8.1 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for CaE 372
14.2.8.2 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Lipase 375
14.2.9 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Histone Deacetylase 376
14.2.10 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for MMP-2 379
14.2.11 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Furin 380
14.2.12 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Trypsin 380
14.2.13 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for Telomerase 385
14.2.14 AIE-active Fluorescence Probes for DPP-4 386
14.3 Summary and Outlook 387
References 388
15 AIE Nanoprobes for NIR-II Fluorescence In Vivo Functional Bioimaging 399
Zhe Feng, Xiaoming Yu, and Jun Qian
15.1 Introduction 399
15.2 NIR-II Fluorescence Macroimaging In Vivo 400
15.3 NIR-II Fluorescence Wide-field Microscopic Imaging In Vivo 436
15.4 NIR-II Fluorescence Confocal Microscopic Imaging In Vivo 440
15.5 Summary and Perspectives 441
References 444
16 In Vivo Phototheranostics Application of AIEgen-based Probes 447
Zhiyuan Gao, Heqi Gao, and Dan Ding
16.1 Introduction 447
16.2 AIE Fluorescent Probe with Photodynamic Therapy Function 448
16.3 AIE Photoacoustic Probe with Photothermal Therapy Function 451
16.4 Application of AIE Fluorescent Probe in Synergistic Therapy 454
16.5 AIE Fluorescent Probe with Immunotherapy Function 458
16.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 460
References 460
17 Red-emissive AIEgens Based on Tetraphenylethylene for Biological Applications 465
Yanyan Huang, Fang Hu, and Deqing Zhang
17.1 Introduction 465
17.2 TPE-based AIEgens with Dicyanovinyl Group 466
17.2.1 Design of Red-emissive AIEgens with Dicyanovinyl Group 466
17.2.2 Red-emissive AIEgens as Photosensitizers 469
17.2.3 Photosensitization Enhancement of AIEgens with Dicyanovinyl Group 471
17.2.4 Self-assembly of AIEgens with Dicyanovinyl Groups 473
17.3 Pyridinium-based AIEgens 475
17.3.1 Photophysical Properties of Pyridinium-based AIEgens 475
17.3.2 Bio-sensing Applications of Pyridinium-substituted Tetraphenylethylenes 477
17.3.3 Bacterial Imaging and Ablation 479
17.3.4 Imaging and Interrupting Mitochondria and Related Biological Processes with Pyridinium-based AIEgens 480
17.4 Summary and Perspectives 485
References 485
18 Smart Luminogens for the Detection of Organic Volatile Contaminants 491
Niranjan Meher and Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
18.1 Introduction 491
18.2 Smart AIE Nanomaterials and their Sensing Applications for OVCs 493
18.2.1 Organic Framework 493
18.2.2 Molecular Rotors 499
18.2.3 Other Small Molecule 502
18.3 Summary and Outlook 506
References 506
19 Bulky Hydrophobic Counterions for Suppressing Aggregation-caused Quenching of Ionic Dyes in Fluorescent Nanoparticles 511
Ilya O. Aparin, Nagappanpillai Adarsh, Andreas Reisch, and Andrey S. Klymchenko
19.1 Introduction 511
19.2 Counterion Effect in Nanomaterials Based on Conventional Bright Fluorophores 513
19.3 Counterions and Aggregation-induced Emission 516
19.3.1 Counterion Effect in AIE Dyes 517
19.3.2 Ionic AIE: Lighting Up Environment-sensitive Ionic Dyes in Nanomaterials 519
19.4 Dye-loaded Polymeric NPs and the Crucial Role of Bulky Counterions 523
19.4.1 Principle 523
19.4.2 The Role of the Polymer 525
19.4.3 The Role of the Counterion 525
19.4.4 Dye Nature 528
19.4.5 Energy Transfer, Collective Behavior of Dyes and Biosensing 531
19.5 Conclusions 532
References 534
20 Fluorescent Silver Staining Based on a Fluorogenic Ag+ Probe with Aggregation-induced Emission Properties 541
Chuen Kam, Sheng Xie, Alex Y. H. Wong, and Sijie Chen
20.1 Introduction 541
20.2 Historical Background of Silver Staining 541
20.2.1 Silver Staining for Neurological Studies 542
20.2.2 Silver Staining from Neuroscience to Proteomics 544
20.3 Conventional Silver Staining Methods 544
20.4 Fluorogenic Probes for Ag+ Detection 546
20.5 Fluorogenic Silver Staining in Polyacrylamide Gel 550
20.6 Concluding Remarks 554
References 554
Index 559
