Biosensor research has recently re-emerged as most vibrant area in recent years particularly after the advent of novel nanomaterials of multidimensional features and compositions. Nanomaterials of different types and striking properties have played a positive role in giving the boost and accelerated pace to biosensors development technology.
Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications covers several aspects of biosensors beginning from the basic concepts to advanced level research. It will help to bridge the gap between various aspects of biosensors development technology and applications. It covers biosensors related material in broad spectrum such as basic concepts, biosensors & their classification, biomarkers & their role in biosensors, nanostructures-based biosensors, applications of biosensors in human diseases, drug detection, toxins, and smart phone based biosensors. Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications will prove a source of inspiration for research on biosensors, their local level development and consequently using for practical application in different industries such as food, biomedical diagnosis, pharmaceutics, agriculture, drug discovery, forensics, etc.
Discusses the latest technology and advances in the field of nanobiosensors and their applications in human diseases, drug detection, toxins
Offers a broad and comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials such as carbon materials, nitride based nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide based nanomaterials for the fast-developing nanobiosensors research
Goes to a wide scientific and industry audience
Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications is a resource for polymer chemists, spectroscopists, materials scientists, physical chemists, surface chemists, and surface physicists.
Table of Contents
1 Basics of Biosensors and Nanobiosensors 1
Pravin Bhattarai and Sadaf Hameed
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Biosensor and Its Working Principle 3
1.3 Characteristics of a Biosensor 4
1.3.1 Selectivity 4
1.3.2 Reproducibility 4
1.3.3 Stability 5
1.3.4 Sensitivity and Linearity 5
1.4 Biosensor Evolution: A Brief Outlook 6
1.5 Types of Biosensors 6
1.5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors (ECBs) 6
1.5.1.1 Potentiometric Biosensors 8
1.5.1.2 Voltammetric/Amperometric 8
1.5.1.3 Impedance (Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS) 8
1.5.1.4 Conductometric 9
1.5.2 Optical Biosensors 9
1.5.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 10
1.5.2.2 Evanescent Wave Fluorescence Biosensors 10
1.5.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors 11
1.5.4 Electronic Biosensors: Based on Field-Effect Transistor 12
1.6 On the Basis of the Use of Biorecognition Elements: Catalytic Versus Affinity Biosensors 13
1.6.1 Enzymatic Biosensors 13
1.6.2 Immunosensors 13
1.6.3 DNA Aptamer Biosensors 14
1.6.4 Peptide-Based Biosensors 14
1.6.5 Whole-Cell Biosensors 14
1.7 Application of Biosensors 15
1.7.1 Biosensors in Microbiology 15
1.7.2 Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring Applications 16
1.7.3 Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Identification 16
1.7.4 Biosensor in the Detection of Infectious Diseases 16
1.8 Conclusion 17
Acknowledgment 17
References 17
2 Transduction Process-Based Classification of Biosensors 23
Fang Yang, Yuanyuan Ma, Stefan G. Stanciu, and Aiguo Wu
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 24
2.2.1 Potentiometric Biosensors 25
2.2.2 Impedimetric Biosensors 26
2.2.3 Conductometric Biosensors 28
2.3 Optical Biosensors 29
2.3.1 Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 29
2.3.2 Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 30
2.3.3 Biosensors Based on Fluorescence Effect 31
2.4 Mass-Based Biosensors 32
2.4.1 Piezoelectric Biosensors 32
2.4.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) 33
2.4.3 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) 34
2.5 Thermal Biosensors 35
2.5.1 Thermometric Sensors 35
2.5.2 Terahertz Effect 36
2.5.3 Thermal Radiation 37
2.6 Energy Biosensors 38
2.6.1 Adenosine Triphosphate 39
2.6.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy 39
2.7 Conclusion 40
Acknowledgments 40
References 40
3 Novel Nanomaterials for Biosensor Development 45
Sadaf Hameed and Pravin Bhattarai
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Graphene and Its Composites 46
3.2.1 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Biosensors 48
3.2.1.1 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 49
3.2.1.2 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors 50
3.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids 51
3.3.1 Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids 53
3.4 Nitride-Based Biosensors 57
3.4.1 Biosensing Application of Nitride-Based Nanomaterials 58
3.5 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Biosensors 60
3.5.1 Fundamental Characteristics of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructure for the Development of a Biosensor 61
3.5.2 Performance of Nanostructured Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Biosensors 61
3.6 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgment 64
References 64
4 Biomarkers and Their Role in Detection of Biomolecules 73
Ayesha Taj, Abdul Rehman, and Sadia Z. Bajwa
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Types of Biomarkers 75
4.2.1 Predictive Biomarker 75
4.2.2 Prognosis Biomarker 75
4.2.3 Pharmacodynamic Biomarker 75
4.3 Cancer Biomarker 76
4.3.1 Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine 77
4.3.2 Use of Biomarkers in Cancer Research 78
4.3.2.1 Risk Assessment 79
4.3.2.2 Screening 79
4.3.2.3 Diagnostic Test 79
4.3.2.4 Staging 80
4.3.2.5 Monitoring Tests 80
4.3.3 Types of Cancer Biomarkers 80
4.4 Cardiac Biomarkers 80
4.4.1 Measurement 81
4.4.2 Types of Cardiac Biomarkers 81
4.4.2.1 Troponin 81
4.4.2.2 Creatine Kinase (CK) 82
4.4.2.3 Myoglobin 82
4.4.2.4 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 82
4.4.2.5 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 82
4.5 Biomarker of Aging 83
4.6 Alzheimer’s Biomarker 83
4.7 HIV Biomarker 85
4.8 Conclusion 87
Acknowledgment 88
References 88
5 Detection of Cancer Cells by Using Biosensors 95
Nuzhat Jamil and Waheed S. Khan
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Early Stage Detection of Cancer and Its Importance 96
5.3 Biosensor - A Good Option for Detecting Cancers 96
5.4 Cancers Commonly Observed in Females 97
5.4.1 Breast Cancer Detection 97
5.4.1.1 Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Based on Immobilized ZnO Nanowires 97
5.4.1.2 Optical Biosensor of Breast Cancer Cells 98
5.4.1.3 Microfluidic Plasmonic Biosensor 100
5.4.1.4 QCM Biosensor for Sensitive and Selective Detection 100
5.4.2 Ovarian Cancer Detection 102
5.4.2.1 ZnO-Au-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Ovarian Cancer 102
5.4.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates (MNP-ABS)-Based Assay 103
5.4.3 Cervical Cancer Detection 103
5.4.3.1 Impedimetric Biosensor for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer 104
5.4.3.2 Automated Cervical Cancer Detection Using Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor 105
5.5 Cancers Commonly Observed in Males 106
5.5.1 Lung Cancer Detection 106
5.5.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Biosensor 106
5.6 Prostate Cancer Detection 107
5.6.1 Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on the Enhanced Catalytic Currents of Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Core-Shell Au@Pt Nanocrystals 107
5.6.2 Electrochemical Biosensor to Simultaneously Detect VEGF and PSA for Early Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Based on Graphene Oxide/ssDNA/PLLA Nanoparticles 108
5.6.3 Detection of Early Stage Prostate Cancer by Using a Simple Carbon Nanotube@Paper Biosensor 109
5.7 Oral Cancer 110
5.7.1 Graphene Biosensor Based on Antigen Concentration in Saliva 110
5.8 Conclusions 111
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
6 Biosensor Applications for Viral and Bacterial Disease Diagnosis 117
Ayesha Shaheen, Rabia Arshad, Ayesha Taj, Usman Latif, and Sadia Z. Bajwa
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Dengue Fever Virus Detection 118
6.2.1 Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensor 118
6.2.2 Plasmonic Biosensor for Early Detection of Dengue Virus 120
6.2.3 Impedimetric Biosensor to Test Neat Serum for Dengue Virus 120
6.3 Zika Virus Detection 122
6.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Stage Zika Diagnostics 122
6.3.2 Novel Graphene-Based Biosensor for Early Detection of Zika Virus 124
6.3.3 Smartphone-Based Diagnostic Platform for Rapid Detection of Zika Virus 126
6.4 Yellow Fever 126
6.4.1 Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Ebola Antigen 127
6.5 Hepatitis B 128
6.5.1 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensor for Detection of Hepatitis B 128
6.5.2 Gold Nanorod-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Hepatitis B Virus 129
6.5.3 Amplified Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Using an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor on a Nanoporous Gold Platform 129
6.6 Hepatitis C 130
6.6.1 Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles: A Novel Nanoparticle Biosensor Approach for the Direct Quantification of Hepatitis C 131
6.6.2 Impedimetric Genosensor for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV1) DNA Using the Viral Probe on Methylene Blue-Doped Silica Nanoparticles 132
6.6.3 Ultrasensitive Aptasensor Based on a GQD Nanocomposite for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen 133
6.7 Typhoid Fever 134
6.7.1 Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for Detection of Typhoid 135
6.8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 137
6.8.1 Gold Nanotube Array Electrode Platform-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA 138
6.8.2 Label-Free Biosensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 138
6.9 Conclusions 139
Acknowledgment 140
References 140
7 Detection of HIV Virus Using Biosensor 149
Haq Nawaz, Muhammad Tahir, Shumaila Anwar, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, and Nosheen Rashid
7.1 Introduction 149
7.1.1 Structure and Genomic Specifications of HIV 150
7.1.2 Morphology 150
7.2 Electrochemical Based Biosensors for HIV Detection 155
7.2.1 DNA Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of HIV 155
7.2.1.1 Detection of HIV DNA Sequence 155
7.2.2 Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of HIV 156
7.2.3 Ultrasensitive Biosensors for HIV Gene 157
7.2.4 Optical Biosensors for HIV Detection 158
7.2.5 Nanostructured Optical Photonic Crystal Biosensor for HIV 159
7.2.5.1 Virus Capture 160
7.2.6 Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors 160
7.2.7 Sensitive Impedimetric DNA Biosensor for the Determination of the HIV-1 Gene 162
7.2.8 Improved Piezoelectric Biosensor for HIV Rapid Detection of HIV 163
7.2.8.1 Measurement Procedure 163
7.3 Conclusions 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
8 Use of Biosensors for Mycotoxins Analysis in Food Stuff 171
Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Chen Wang, Muhammad Adnan Younis, and Xing-Hua Xia
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Types of Mycotoxins 173
8.2.1 Aflatoxins 173
8.2.2 Ochratoxins 174
8.2.3 Citrinin 174
8.2.4 Patulin 174
8.2.5 Fusarium 175
8.3 Biosensors for Aflatoxin Detection 175
8.3.1 DNA-Based Biosensor for Aflatoxins 176
8.3.2 Electrochemical Detection Systems 179
8.3.3 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Aflatoxin Biosensor 180
8.3.4 QCM Biosensor for Aflatoxin 182
8.4 Biosensors for Ochratoxins 185
8.4.1 Horseradish Peroxidase-Screen-Printed Biosensor for the Determination of Ochratoxin 185
8.4.2 Aptamer-DNAzyme Hairpin Biosensor for Ochratoxin 186
8.4.3 Development of QCM-D Biosensor for Ochratoxin A 189
8.5 Biosensors for Citrinin Determination 192
8.5.1 Molecular Imprinted Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor 192
8.6 Biosensors for Patulin Determination 194
8.6.1 Cerium Oxide ISFET-Based Immune Biosensor 194
8.6.2 Conductometric Enzyme Biosensor for Patulin Determination 196
8.7 Biosensors for Fusarium Determination 196
8.7.1 Rapid Biosensor for the Detection of Mycotoxin in Wheat (MYCOHUNT) 198
8.8 Conclusions 198
Acknowledgment 199
References 199
9 Development of Biosensors for Drug Detection Applications 203
Razium Ali Soomro
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 What is the Need of Biosensors for Drug Detection? 205
9.3 Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics 206
9.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensor for Antibiotics 207
9.3.2 Voltammetric Biosensor for Antibiotics 207
9.3.3 Photoelectrochemical Biosensors for Antibiotics 209
9.3.4 Amperometric Biosensor for Antibiotics 211
9.4 Biosensors for the Detection of Therapeutic Drugs 212
9.5 Biosensors for Neurotransmitter 214
9.6 Conclusion and Perspective 219
Acknowledgment 219
References 220
10 Detecting the Presence of Illicit Drugs Using Biosensors 223
Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Haq Nawaz, and Falaq Naz Arshad
10.1 Introduction 223
10.1.1 Classification of Illicit Drugs 224
10.1.2 Drug’s Effect on Brain and Body 225
10.1.3 Signs of Illicit Drug Addiction 225
10.1.4 Biosensors for Illicit Drugs 226
10.1.5 Nanomaterials for Biosensors 227
10.1.6 Molecular Receptors for the Nanobiosensors 229
10.2 Cocaine Detection 230
10.2.1 Quantum Dot-Based Optical Biosensors for Cocaine Detection 230
10.2.2 Nanopore Biosensor for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Cocaine Detection 231
10.2.3 Colorimetric Cocaine Aptasensors 232
10.2.4 Electrochemical Based Cocaine Aptasensors 234
10.3 Methamphetamine Detection 234
10.3.1 Nonaggregated Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticle Based Colorimetric Biosensor for Methamphetamine Detection 235
10.4 Chlorpromazine Detection 237
10.4.1 DNA Intercalation-Based Amperometric Biosensor for Chlorpromazine Detection 238
10.5 Codeine Detection 239
10.6 Morphine Detection 241
10.7 Alcohol Detection 242
10.8 Conclusion 244
Acknowledgments 245
References 245
11 Biosensors for Determination of Pesticides and Their Residues 255
Asma Rehman, Lutfur Rahman, Bushra Tehseen, and Hafiza F. Khalid
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Types of Pesticides and Their Benefits 256
11.2.1 Insecticides 256
11.2.2 Herbicides 257
11.2.3 Fungicides 257
11.2.4 Benefits of Pesticides 258
11.2.5 Beneficiaries of Pesticides 258
11.2.6 Controlling Agricultural Pests and Vectors of Plant Disease 259
11.2.7 Benefits of Pesticides to Prevent Organisms that Harm Other Activities or Damage Structures 260
11.3 Detrimental Effects: Health and Environmental Effects 261
11.3.1 Impact of Pesticides on Human Health: Topical or Systemic 262
11.3.2 Short-Term Effects of Pesticides 262
11.3.3 Long-Term Effects of Pesticides 263
11.3.4 Effects of Pesticides on Pregnant Women 263
11.3.5 Pesticides and Children 263
11.3.6 Effects of Pesticides on the Environment 264
11.3.7 Safe Use of Pesticides 264
11.4 AuNP/MPS/Au Electrode Sensing Layer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Pesticide Monitoring 265
11.5 Citrate-Stabilized AuNP-Based Optical Biosensor for Rapid Pesticide Residue Detection of Terbuthylazine and Dimethoate 266
11.6 Piezoelectric Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Pesticide Residue 267
11.7 Amperometric Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor Based on Gold Nanorods for Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides 272
11.8 Conclusions 275
Acknowledgment 275
References 275
12 Detection of Avian Influenza Virus 289
Waheed S. Khan, and Muhammad Zubair Iqbal
12.1 Introduction 289
12.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)-Based Nanosensor 290
12.2.1 Design of Magnetic Immunoassay Based on SERS Strategy 291
12.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Chemiresistive Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of DNA Sequences 292
12.4 Influenza Virus Detection Using Electrochemical Biosensors 297
12.5 Aptamer-Based Biosensors 303
12.6 Conclusions 304
Acknowledgments 305
References 306
13 Biosensors for Swine Influenza Viruses 311
Madiha Saeed and Aiguo Wu
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 Diagnostic Methods for Swine Influenza Virus and Their Limitations 312
13.3 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors 313
13.3.1 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 313
13.3.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing 315
13.3.3 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors 315
13.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing 319
13.3.5 Others 321
13.4 Conclusion 321
Acknowledgments 322
References 322
14 Biosensors for Detection of Marine Toxins 329
Khizra Bano, Waheed S. Khan, Chuanbao Cao, Rao F.H. Khan, and Thomas J. Webster
14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 Algal Blooms and Marine Toxins 330
14.3 Classification of Marine Toxins, also Known as Biotoxins 330
14.4 Harmful Effect of Marine Toxins on Human Health 335
14.5 Biosensing of Marine Toxins 337
14.5.1 SPR-Based Biosensors for Marine Toxins with Special Reference to Saxitoxin Sensing 338
14.5.2 Detection of Marine Biotoxin in Shellfish 344
14.5.3 Smartphone-Based Portable Detection System for Marine Toxins 345
14.5.4 Superparamagnetic Nanobead-Based Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Toxic Marine Algae 347
14.5.5 Gold Nanorod Aggregation-Based Optical Biosensor for Rapid Endotoxin Detection 349
14.6 Conclusion 350
Acknowledgments 351
References 351
15 Smartphone-Based Biosensors 357
Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Chen Wang, Muhammad Adnan Younis, and Xing-Hua Xia
15.1 Introduction 357
15.2 Smartphone-Based Devices andTheir Applications 360
15.3 Rapid GMR Biosensor Platform with Smartphone Interface 363
15.4 Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Portable Detection of Clenbuterol 367
15.5 Biosensing of Metal Ions by a Novel 3D-Printable Smartphone 369
15.6 Ambient Light-Based Optical Biosensing Platform with Smartphone-Embedded Illumination Sensor 372
15.7 Smartphone Optical Biosensor Point-of-Care Diagnostics 374
15.8 Monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Point of Care by Smartphone 377
15.9 Smartphone-Based Sensing System Using ZnO- and Graphene-Modified Electrodes for VOCs Detection 379
15.10 Use of Smartphone Technology in Cardiology 381
15.11 Smartphone-Based Enzymatic Biosensor for Oral Fluid l-Lactate Detection 383
15.12 Conclusions 385
Acknowledgments 385
References 385
Index 389
