The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (EPID) is organized into four volumes that look at the many likenesses and differences between individuals. Each of these four volumes focuses on a major content area in the study of personality psychology and individuals' differences. The first volume, Models and Theories, surveys the significant classic and contemporary viewpoints, perspectives, models, and theoretical approaches to the study of personality and individuals' differences (PID). The second volume on Measurement and Assessment examines key classic and modern methods and techniques of assessment in the study of PID. Volume III, titled Personality Processes and Individuals Differences, covers the important traditional and current dimensions, constructs, and traits in the study of PID. The final volume discusses three major categories: clinical contributions, applied research, and cross-cultural considerations, and touches on topics such as culture and identity, multicultural identities, cross-cultural examinations of trait structures and personality processes, and more.
- Each volume contains approximately 100 entries on personality and individual differences written by a diverse international panel of leading psychologists
- Covers significant classic and contemporary personality psychology models and theories, measurement and assessment techniques, personality processes and individuals differences, and research
- Provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the field of personality psychology
The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences is an important resource for all psychology students and professionals engaging in the study and research of personality.
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Contributor Biographies ix
Gordon Allport 1
Roy F. Baumeister 11
Jack Block 17
David M. Buss 21
Paul T. Costa Jr. 25
Robert McCrae 29
Ed Diener 35
Erik H. Erikson 45
Hans J. Eysenck 51
David Funder 57
Lewis R. Goldberg 63
Karen Horney 67
Carl Jung 73
Abraham H. Maslow 79
Dan McAdams 83
Walter Mischel 89
Carl Rogers 95
George Kelly 101
Agreeableness 105
Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111
Animal Personalities 117
Conscientiousness 123
Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129
Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135
Interpersonal Circumplex 141
Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147
Delay of Gratification 153
Extraversion - Introversion 159
Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165
Emotional Intelligence 173
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 179
Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185
Psychoticism 199
Five Factor Model, Facets of 203
Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209
Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215
Gene-environment Interaction 221
Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225
Grit 231
Hedonic Adaptation 237
Heritability 243
HEXACO Model of Personality 249
Independent/Interdependent Self 257
Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 269
Meaning in Life 275
Neuroticism 281
Narrative Approach 287
Openness 293
Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299
Personal Projects 305
Personality and Language 311
Personality Stability and Change over Time 317
Personality in Culture 323
Personality Stability over Time 329
Priming 335
Realistic Accuracy Model 341
Rejection Sensitivity 351
Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357
Schemas, Theory of 363
Self-Determination Theory 369
Self-efficacy Theory 375
Self-esteem, Theory of 381
Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387
Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393
Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397
Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401
Terror Management Theory 407
Trait Theory of Allport 413
Whole Trait Theory 417
Index 423
Volume 2
Contributor Biographies xi
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Research: General Concerns and Considerations 1
Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of 13
Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research 19
Longitudinal Research 25
Person-Situation Interactions 31
Researcher Biases 37
Unconscious Processes 43
Cognitive Methods in Personality Research 49
Experimental Approaches 55
Historiometry 61
Internet Research in Personality 67
Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 73
Personal Narratives 79
Personality Development Across the Lifespan 85
Personality in Non-Humans 91
Physical and Virtual Spaces 97
Psychobiography and Case Study Methods 103
Factor Analysis in Personality Research 109
Meta-analysis in Personality Research 113
Multiple Regression in Personality Research 119
Path Analysis in Personality Research 125
Size Effects in Personality Research 131
Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research 137
Acculturation Considerations in Personality Assessment 143
Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) 149
Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing 153
Item Analysis 159
Reliability, Issues of 165
Issues of Response Styles 169
Responsibilities of Testing Professionals 175
Rights of Test-takers 181
Validity, Issues of 187
Aggressiveness, Assessment of 191
Anger and Hostility, Assessment of 197
Anxiety, Assessment of 203
Jealousy, Assessment of 209
Love and Attraction, Assessment of 215
Masculinity and Femininity 219
Narcissism, Assessment of 225
Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of 231
Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of 237
Self-Esteem, Assessment of 243
Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Assessment of 249
Self-regulation, Assessment of 255
Self-consciousness, Assessment of 261
Subjective Well-being, Assessment of 267
California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 273
Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) 279
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised 283
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) 287
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 293
Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 309
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 315
Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) 321
Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) 325
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) 329
Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) 335
Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) 351
Projective Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 357
Assessing Implicit Motives 363
The Rorschach Test 367
Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) 377
Thematic Apperception Test 381
Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Techniques 387
Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Methodological Issues 393
Biochemical Assessment 397
Human Genome Project and Personality 403
Model Fitting 409
Twin Studies in Personality Research 415
Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 421
Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Children 427
Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive-Self-Report Assessment Techniques 433
Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques 439
Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues 447
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition 451
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) 457
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 465
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 473
Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of 477
Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues 483
Assessment of Antisocial Behavior 487
Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Assessment of 493
Cognitive Aging, Assessment of 499
Creativity, Assessment of 503
Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) 509
Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of 513
Genius, Assessment of 519
Mental Competency, Assessment of 523
The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) 529
Anne Anastasi 533
Jens B. Asendorpf 543
James N. Butcher 547
Charles S. Carver 553
Lee J. Cronbach 557
Turhan Canli 563
Philip J. Corr 569
John M. (Jack) Digman 573
John E. Exner, Jr. 577
Oliver P. John 581
Henry A. Murray 587
Jack A. Naglieri 597
Warren T. Norman 601
William Revelle 605
Michael F. Scheier 611
Mark Snyder 617
David Wechsler 621
Index 625
Volume 3
Contributor Biographies xi
Adaptability 1
Aggression, Personality Correlates 7
Altruism 13
Alexithymia 19
Androgyny, Expression of 25
Anger 31
Anxiety 37
Authoritarianism 43
Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation 49
Big Five Model of Personality 55
Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement 61
Compassion 67
Compulsive Personality 73
Coping 79
Core Self-Evaluation 83
Creativity 89
Culture and Personality 95
Dark Triad 101
Decisional Styles 107
Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives 113
Depression 119
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM-5 125
Empathy, Personality Correlates of 131
Emotional Competence 137
Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Correlates of 143
Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Mate Selection 149
Eysenck Giant Three 155
Extraversion, Personality Correlates of 161
Flow 167
Gender Differences in Aggression 173
Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Women 179
Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence 185
Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being 191
General Personality Factor 195
Genetic Basis of Personality 201
Gene-Environment Interaction 207
Genius, Personality Correlates of 211
Guilt 217
Health and Personality 221
Honesty 227
Hopelessness 231
Hostility, Personality Correlates of 237
Impulsivity 243
Intuition 249
Policy Researcher and Educator: Originally it was Independent Researcher and Policy Analyst 255
Judgments of Personality 261
Learned Helplessness 269
Life Satisfaction 275
Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of 281
Loneliness 287
Mindfulness 293
Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) 299
Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of 305
Obsessive Personality 311
Optimism and Pessimism: Conceptualization, Personality Correlates, and Contextual Considerations 317
Perfectionism 323
Persistence, Personality Correlates 329
Personality Development 335
Phobia 339
Positive Self-capital 345
Psychopathy 351
Religiosity 357
Risk Taking 363
Self-concept, Expressions of the 369
Self-control 375
Self-construal 381
Self-efficacy 387
Self-efficacy, Career 393
Self-esteem, Expressions of 399
Self-regulation 405
Sensation Seeking 411
Shyness 417
16PF, Correlates of 423
Social Desirability 429
Social Intelligence 435
Temperament, Personality Correlates of 439
Test Anxiety 445
Trauma 451
Trustworthiness 457
Twin Studies and Personality 461
Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Process 465
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 469
Jeffrey A. Gray 473
Douglas N. Jackson 479
John F. Kihlstrom 483
Salvatore R. Maddi 489
Julie K. Norem 493
Robert J. Plomin 497
Julian B. Rotter 501
Mark Savickas 505
Dean Keith Simonton 511
Marvin Zuckerman 517
Raymond B. Cattell 521
Index 529
Volume 4
Contributor Biographies xi
Clinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Personality 1
Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Personality 19
Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Personality 27
Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Personality 37
Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder 55
Personality and Depression 61
Dissociative Disorders 67
Autism Spectrum Disorder 75
Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD) 81
Borderline Personality Disorder 89
Antisocial Personality Disorder 97
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 103
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 109
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 115
Avoidant Personality Disorder 121
Sadism and Masochism 127
Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology 133
Eating Disorders 139
Neuropsychiatric Disorders 145
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 151
Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders 157
Pain and Personality 163
Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions 169
Paranoid Personality Disorder 175
Schizoid Personality Disorder 181
Histrionic Personality Disorder 187
Dependent Personality Disorder 193
Individual Differences in Acculturation 199
Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism 205
Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism 209
Monocultural versus Multicultural 215
Biculturalism 221
Biracial and Multiracial Individuals 227
Social Class 233
Cultural Encapsulation 239
Machismo 243
Marianismo 247
Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) 253
Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression 257
Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy 263
Cultural Intelligence 269
Personality and Prejudice 275
Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality 281
Individualism vs. Collectivism 287
Personality and Geography 299
Personality Psychology in Japan 305
Personality Psychology in Africa 311
Personality Psychology in China 317
Personality Psychology in Central and South America 323
Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective 329
Tiger Mother 335
Native Hawaiian Personality 341
Personality and Aging 347
Personality and Longevity 353
Personality and Health 359
Personality and Well-being 365
Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities 371
Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 377
Type A/B Personalities 383
Personality and Cancer 387
Resiliency and Hardiness 393
Personality and Risk-Seeking 399
Personality and Suicide 405
Burnout 411
Religiosity and Spirituality 417
Personality and Positive Psychology 423
Hope 429
Forgiveness 435
Gratitude 441
Personality and Volunteerism 447
Morning vs. Night People 453
Diversity in Work Teams 459
Creativity in the Workplace 465
Individual Differences in Creativity 471
Individual Differences in Employee Performance 479
Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace 485
Personality and Leadership 491
Leadership Styles 499
Character and Leadership 505
Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection 511
Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace 517
Bullying and Personality 523
Social Skills in the Workplace 527
Personality and Workplace Deviance 533
Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Behavior 539
Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset 545
Flow 551
Personality in Military Settings 557
Personality and Educational Outcomes 563
Personality and Law Enforcement 569
Personality and Forensic Psychology 575
Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis 581
Marketing and Personality 587
Personality, Interests, and Careers 593
Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior 599
Friedman, Howard 605
Furnham, Adrian Frank 609
Hogan, Robert 615
Holland, John 621
Matarazzo, Joseph D. 627
McClelland, David C. 631
Beck, Aaron T. 637
Seligman, Martin E. P. 643
Spielberger, Charles 649
Clark, Kenneth and Mamie 655
Helms, Janet E. 661
Hofstede Geert 667
Reginald Jones 673
McIntosh, Peggy 679
Root, Maria Primitiva Paz 685
Sue, Derald Wing 689
Triandis, Harry C 695
Trimble, Joseph Everett 701
White, Joseph L 705
Jones, James M 709
Index 713
