Comprehensive review of the major bacterial pathogens of animals, focusing on the current understanding of how they cause disease
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition is a specialist reference that provides a comprehensive review of bacterial pathogens in animals and their complex interplay with disease processes, offering a complete understanding of how bacteria cause disease in animals. It covers the many recent advances in the field including the newest taxonomies. In this revised and long anticipated fifth edition, additional introductory chapters have been added to set the material in context, and more figures added to integrate and improve understanding and comprehension throughout the text. A companion website presents the figures from the book in PowerPoint and references.
This detailed reference includes novel approaches to controlling bacterial pathogens in the light of growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, with more than 70 expert authors sharing their wisdom on the topic. While molecular pathogenesis is a major aspect in almost every chapter, the authors have been careful to place pathogens in their broader context.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition also contains information on: - Themes in bacterial pathogenesis, covering the basic elements of pathogenesis, concepts of virulence, host-pathogen interactions and communication, and pathogenesis in the post-genomic era - Evolution of bacterial pathogens, covering what they are and how they emerge, along with sources of genetic diversity, population structure, and genome plasticity - Understanding of pathogenesis through pathogenomics and bioinformatics, including how mutations generate pathogen diversity, and an overview of genome sequencing technologies - Subversion of the immune response by bacterial pathogens, covering subversion of both innate responses and adaptive immunity
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition is an essential resource for graduate students in veterinary medicine and animal science, and for veterinary microbiologists, pathologists, infectious disease experts, and others interested in bacterial disease. It is the only book to cover this topic to this depth through the wealth of insight of dozens of qualified and practicing professionals.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
About the Companion Website xxv
1 Themes in Bacterial Pathogenesis 1
John F. Prescott
Introduction 1
The Basic Elements of Bacterial Pathogenesis 1
Concepts of Bacterial Virulence are Being Refined 5
Host-Pathogen Communications are Critical 9
Pathogenesis in the Post-Genomic Era 11
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 13
References 13
2 Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens 15
Patrick Boerlin
What are Pathogens and How Do They Emerge? 15
Bacterial Fitness and Virulence 17
Sources of Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Genome Plasticity 18
Pathogenicity Islands 20
Bacteriophages and Their Role in Pathogen Evolution and Virulence 22
Examples of Virulence Evolution 23
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 27
References 28
3 Understanding Pathogenesis Through Pathogenomics and Bioinformatics 32
Gregorio Iraola and John D. Boyce
Introduction 32
How Mutations Generate Bacterial Diversity 34
Genome Sequencing Technologies 36
Genome Assembly 38
Gene Prediction and Annotation 39
Defining Prokaryotic Species from Genomes 41
The Pangenome Concept, Reconstruction, and Comparative Analyses 41
Phylogenomics and Genome-Wide Association Studies 42
Functional Genomics for Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions 44
Reverse Vaccinology 48
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 51
References 52
4 Experimental Approaches to Understanding Pathogenesis 57
Francesca L. Short and Janet I. MacInnes
Introduction 57
Testing Koch’s Postulates 57
Virulence Factors and Main Steps in Pathogenesis 58
Molecular Koch’s Postulates 60
Refining Animal Usage 60
Experimental Approaches for Virulence Factor Discovery and Validation 62
Approaches for Virulence Factor Discovery 63
Gene Disruption Approaches for Virulence Factor Discovery 71
Bringing It All Together: Validation and Further Characterization of Virulence Factors 73
Two Stories of Virulence Factor Discovery and Characterization: Pasteurella multocida Capsule, and Mycoplasma bovis Adhesins 74
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 75
References 76
5 Subversion of the Immune Response by Bacterial Pathogens 79
Douglas C. Hodgins, Raveendra R. Kulkarni, and Patricia E. Shewen
Introduction 79
Subversion of Innate Responses 80
Subversion of Adaptive Immunity 85
Manipulation of Cell Fate 88
Non-Coding RNA and Host-Pathogen Interactions 91
Epigenetic and Genetic Modulation 92
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 94
References 94
6 Chinks in the Armor 99
Allison C. Leonard, Celine Stoica, and Georgina Cox
Introduction 99
Virulence Factors: Pathogenesis-Based Targets to Combat Bacterial Pathogens 99
Targeting Bacterial Host Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Formation 100
Quorum Sensing Inhibition 104
Interfering with Two-Component Regulatory Systems 105
Inhibiting Bacterial Motility 106
Toxin Neutralization 107
Inhibitors of Bacterial Secretion Systems 107
Targeting Nutrient Acquisition: Starving the Pathogen 110
Antivirulence Phage Therapy 111
Bacterial Drug Efflux Pumps as Pathogenesis-Based Antibacterial Targets 112
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 112
References 113
7 Escherichia coli 117
John M. Fairbrother and Carlton L. Gyles
Introduction 117
Pathotypes of E. coli and Associated Disease and Pathological Changes in Animals 119
Virulence Factors of Pathogenic E. coli 126
Pathogenesis of Enterotoxigenic E. coli 141
Pathogenesis of Enteropathogenic E. coli Disease 144
Pathogenesis of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Disease 146
Pathogenesis of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli Infections 149
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 156
References 157
8 Salmonella 162
Paul A. Barrow, Michael A. Jones, Kate C. Mellor, and Nick R. Thomson
Introduction 162
Characteristics of the Organism 162
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 167
Salmonella Infections in Different Major Farmed Animal Species 169
Virulence Factors 174
Pathogenesis 179
Immunity to Infection and its Manipulation by Salmonella 186
Antimicrobial Resistance 190
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 191
References 192
9 Yersinia 200
Anne-Sophie Le Guern and Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
Introduction 200
Characteristics of the Organism 200
Pathogenic Species 200
Taxonomy 201
Major Virulence Factors of the Highly Pathogenic Yersinia 203
Yersinia pestis 205
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica 209
Yersinia ruckeri 213
Yersinia entomophaga 213
Control of Yersinia Infections 214
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 214
References 215
10 Pasteurella 221
Marina Harper, Thomas R. Smallman, and John D. Boyce
Introduction 221
Characteristics of the Organism 221
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 223
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 223
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 225
Regulation of Virulence 233
Pathogenesis 235
Immunity 236
Control 238
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 239
References 239
11 Mannheimia and Bibersteinia 244
Jeff L. Caswell and Charles J. Czuprynski
Introduction 244
Characteristics of the Organism 244
Pathogenic Species 245
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 245
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 247
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 249
Regulation of Virulence 250
Pathogenesis 251
Immunity 254
Control 254
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 255
References 256
12 Actinobacillus 262
Janine T. Bossé, Adina R. Bujold, and Lu Li
Introduction 262
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 262
Actinobacillus lignieresii 277
Actinobacillus equuli 278
Actinobacillus suis 279
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 281
References 283
13 Other Pasteurellaceae: Avibacterium, Bibersteinia, Gallibacterium, Glaesserella, and Histophilus 290
Anders M. Bojesen, Virginia Aragon, and Pat J. Blackall
Introduction 290
Avibacterium 290
Bibersteinia 292
Gallibacterium 295
Glaesserella parasuis 301
Histophilus 309
References 311
14 Pseudomonas 318
Erin L. Westman, Véronique L. Taylor, and Joseph S. Lam
Introduction 318
Characteristics of the Organism 318
Pathogenic Species 319
Sources of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 320
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 320
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 321
Pathogenesis 328
Immunity 330
Control, Prevention, and Treatment 331
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 335
References 337
15 Moraxella 344
John A. Angelos
Introduction 344
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis 344
Pathogenesis of Moraxella bovis Infection 346
Immunity 352
Control 354
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 354
References 355
16 Brucella 361
Clayton C. Caswell, Angela Arenas-Gamboa, and Jeff T. Foster
Introduction 361
Characteristics of the Organism 361
Pathogenic Species 362
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 362
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 363
Virulence Factors 366
Regulation of Virulence 368
Pathogenomics 369
Pathogenesis 370
Immunity 370
Control 371
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 371
References 372
17 Bordetella 376
Colleen J. Sedney, Tracy L. Nicholson, and Eric T. Harvill
Introduction 376
Characteristics of the Organisms 376
Pathogenic Species 377
Source of Infection: Ecology and Epidemiology 379
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 380
Virulence Factors 380
Regulation of Virulence 385
Pathogenesis 385
Immunity 385
Control 387
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 389
References 389
18 Campylobacter 393
Zuowei Wu, Orhan Sahin, and Qijing Zhang
Introduction 393
Diseases, Etiology, and Ecology 394
Clinical Observations and Pathologic Changes 397
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors 398
Pathogenomics and Evolution 402
Immunity 405
Control 406
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 407
References 408
19 Helicobacter 413
Chloë De Witte, Helena Berlamont, and Freddy Haesebrouck
Introduction 413
Gastric Helicobacters 413
Enterohepatic Helicobacters 425
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 426
References 427
20 Chlamydia and Coxiella 433
Martina Jelocnik, Wilhelmina M. Huston, and Hayley J. Newton
Introduction 433
Chlamydiae 433
Characteristics of the Organism 433
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution and Epidemiology 436
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 436
Pathogenesis 442
Immunity and Control 442
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 443
Coxiella burnetii 443
Characteristics of the Organism 444
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution and Epidemiology 445
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 445
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 447
Immunity and Control 448
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 449
References 449
21 Rickettsiales 456
Jere W. McBride, Roman R. Ganta, and David H. Walker
Introduction 456
Family Anaplasmataceae 457
Anaplasma Species 457
Ehrlichia Species 463
Neorickettsia Species 474
Family Rickettsiaceae 476
Rickettsia Species 476
References 480
22 Lawsonia intracellularis 486
Roberto M. C. Guedes, Fabio A. Vannucci, and Connie J. Gebhart
Introduction 486
Characteristics of the Organism 486
Sources of Infection: Ecology and Epidemiology 489
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 490
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 491
Pathogenesis 492
Immunity 496
Control 497
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 497
References 498
23 Leptospira 502
Cyrille Goarant, Ben Adler, and Alejandro de la Peña Moctezuma
Introduction 502
Characteristics of the Organism 502
Leptospira Species 505
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 505
Clinical Presentation and Signs 511
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 511
Regulation of Virulence 514
Pathogenesis 514
Immunity 516
Control 518
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 518
References 519
24 Brachyspira 528
Joseph E. Rubin and Judith Rohde
Introduction 528
Characteristics of the Organism 528
Pathogenic Species and Disease Associations 529
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 530
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 531
Pathogenesis 531
Immunity 537
Control 538
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 538
References 539
25 Staphylococcus 543
Amy C. Pickering, Andreas F. Haag, José R. Penades, and J. Ross Fitzgerald
Introduction 543
Characteristics of the Organism 543
Pathogenic Species 544
Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Cattle 546
Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Poultry 551
Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Rabbits 553
Staphylococcus hyicus Infections in Pigs 554
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Infections in Dogs 556
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 559
References 560
26 Streptococcus 565
John F. Timoney
Introduction 565
Characteristics of the Organism 565
Pathogenic Species 565
Streptococcus agalactiae 567
Streptococcus dysgalactiae 569
Streptococcus uberis 570
Streptococcus equi 571
Streptococcus zooepidemicus 577
Streptococcus canis 579
Streptococcus suis 580
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 583
References 583
27 Bacillus anthracis 588
Joachim Frey
Introduction 588
Characteristics of the Organism: Taxonomy and Phylogeny 588
Source and Spread of the Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 591
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 592
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 594
Regulation of Virulence 595
Pathogenesis 596
Immunity and Vaccines 598
Control and Prevention of Anthrax 598
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 600
References 601
28 Enteric Clostridia 607
Evelien Dierick, Evy Goossens, John F. Prescott, Richard Ducatelle, and Filip Van Immerseel
Introduction 607
Clostridium perfringens 607
Characteristics of the Organism 607
Pathogenic Types 608
Sources of Infections: Ecology, Evolution and Epidemiology 608
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 611
Virulence Factors 616
Regulation of Virulence 622
The Pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens Enteric Disease 622
Control 625
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 625
Clostridioides difficile 626
Characteristics of the Organism 626
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution and Epidemiology 626
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 627
Disease 627
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 627
Regulation of Virulence 628
Pathogenesis 629
Immunity 630
Control 630
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 630
Other Enteric Clostridia 630
References 631
29 Histotoxic Clostridia 635
Andrew N. Rycroft
Introduction 635
Characteristics of the Organisms 635
Source of Infection and Basic Pathogenesis 636
Pathogenic Species 636
Clostridium septicum (Malignant Edema/Gas Gangrene) 638
Clostridium chauvoei (Blackleg) 639
Paeniclostridium sordellii 640
Clostridium novyi Type B (Black Disease/Bighead) 642
Clostridium haemolyticum 643
Clostridium perfringens 644
Control 645
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 645
References 646
30 Neurotoxic Clostridia 648
Michel R. Popoff
Introduction 648
Characteristic of the Organisms 648
Clostridium botulinum 648
Clostridium tetani 650
Sources of Infection: Ecology and Epidemiology 652
Diseases 656
Botulism 656
Tetanus 657
Virulence Factors 658
Pathogenesis 659
Control 663
References 664
31 Mycoplasmas 667
Pollob K. Shil, Nadeeka K. Wawegama, Glenn F. Browning, Amir H. Noormohammadi, and Marc
S. Marenda
Introduction 667
Characteristics of the Organisms 667
Pathogenic Species 668
Source of Infection: Ecology, Evolution, and Epidemiology 668
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 670
Regulation of Virulence 674
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 674
Pathogenesis 680
Immunity 688
Control 690
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 690
References 691
32 Corynebacterium, Arcanobacterium, and Trueperella 701
Thiago D. Barral, Ricardo W. Portela, Núbia Seyffert, and Robert J. Moore
Corynebacterium 701
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 701
Bovine Pyelonephritis Caused by Corynebacterium Species 706
Other Animal Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species 706
Arcanobacterium 707
Trueperella 709
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 710
References 710
33 Rhodococcus equi 715
José A. Vázquez-Boland, Macarena G. Sanz, and John F. Prescott
Introduction 715
Characteristics of the Organism 715
Source of Infection and Epidemiology 717
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 720
Virulence Factors 721
Evolution of Rhodococcus equi Virulence 723
Pathogenesis 724
Immunity 726
Treatment and Control 728
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 730
References 731
34 Mycobacterium 736
Karren M. Plain, Karen Stevenson, Richard J. Whittington, and Nathalie Winter
Introduction 736
Characteristics of the Organism 736
Sources of Infection 738
Source of Infection: Evolution and Epidemiology 739
Virulence Factors and Pathogenomics 740
Regulation of Virulence 742
Types of Disease 743
Pathogenesis 744
Adaptive Immunity and Mycobacterial Pathogenesis 748
Control 750
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Directions 750
References 752
35 Gram-Negative Anaerobes 757
John F. Prescott
Introduction 757
General Bacterial Pathogenesis Aspects 757
Fusobacterium 759
Bacteroides 763
Prevotella and Porphyromonas 764
Dichelobacter nodosus 765
Treponema 767
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 768
References 768
Index 773
