Understand the critical factors in fruit development with this up-to-date guide
Fruit is an essential part of the human diet, and fruit production has never been more central to global human nutrition and public health. Fruit ripening is a vital stage in the emergence of nutrient-rich food, and modifications to the fruit development process can impact flavor, texture, nutritional value, and more. The process of ripening is controlled by nearly sixty transcription factors (TFs), a proper understanding of which is therefore crucial to regulating fruit quality and competing in the global food marketplace.
Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening is a comprehensive introduction to recent developments in the study of fruit ripening, focusing especially on these transcription factors. It details the major families of transcription factors and their properties, as well as providing methods for screening and identifying transcription factors to aid in genetic modification of fruit. The result is a thorough, accessible reference to a critical set of factors in fruit development.
Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening readers will also find: - Detailed regulation of transcription factor families including MADS-box, NAC, ethylene response factor, and more - Discussion of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits throughout - Analysis of how multiple TFs interact to influence fruit ripening
Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening is a must-have volume for food scientists, horticultural researchers, agriculturalists, and graduate students working in these or related fields.
Table of Contents
Preface x
1 Overview of the Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 TFs Regulate Fruit Development and Ripening 1
1.2.1 Overview 1
1.2.2 Model Plant Species for Studying the Transcriptional Regulation of Fruit Development and Ripening 2
1.2.3 TF Families that Regulate Fruit Development and Ripening 3
1.2.3.1 MADS-box Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 3
1.2.3.2 NAC Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 5
1.2.3.3 ERF Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 6
1.2.3.4 ARF Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 8
1.2.3.5 SBP Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 8
1.2.3.6 HD-ZIP Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 9
1.2.4 Relationships among TF Families 9
1.3 Methods of Screening and Identifying Ripening-related TFs 10
References 11
2 Screening Method for the Identification and Characterization of Transcription Factors Regulating Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 17
2.1 Bioinformatics 17
2.1.1 Overview 17
2.1.1.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1.2 Stages of Development 18
2.1.1.3 Brief Introduction to the Development of Bioinformatics 19
2.1.1.4 Research Direction 20
2.1.1.5 Technical Methods 23
2.1.1.6 Others 24
2.1.2 Expression Profile Analysis 24
2.1.2.1 Gene Expression Profile 24
2.1.2.2 Acquisition of Gene Expression Profile 25
2.2 Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) 26
2.2.1 The Basic Principle of VIGS 27
2.2.2 The Methods for VIGS 28
2.2.2.1 Types of VIGS Viral Vectors 28
2.2.2.2 Infection Methods for VIGS 30
2.2.3 Application of VIGS 31
2.3 Transgenic Technology 33
2.3.1 Plant Transgenic Technology 33
2.3.1.1 Concept 33
2.3.1.2 Methods 33
2.3.2 Application of Transgenic Technology 36
2.3.2.1 Transcription Factors and Transgenic Technology 36
2.3.2.2 Application of Transgenic Technology in Climacteric Fruits 37
2.3.2.3 Application of Transgenic Technology in Nonclimacteric Fruits 39
2.3.2.4 Application of Transgenic Technology in Other Plants 39
2.3.3 Development of New Technologies 40
2.4 Gene Editing 40
2.4.1 Concept 40
2.4.2 Principles 41
2.4.2.1 ZFN Technology 41
2.4.2.2 TALEN Technology 42
2.4.2.3 CRISPR-Cas System 43
2.4.3 Methods 45
2.4.3.1 Construction of ZFN Expression Vectors 45
2.4.3.2 Construction of TALEN Expression Vectors 45
2.4.3.3 Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 Expression Vector 49
2.4.4 Application 51
References 53
3 MADS-box Transcription Factors Necessary for Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 MADS-box Gene Classification 62
3.3 Motifs of the MADS-box Genes 63
3.4 Functional Form of MADS-box Proteins 65
3.5 Functions of the MADS-box Family 65
3.5.1 The Role of MADS-box Genes in Flower Development 65
3.5.1.1 Control of Flowering Time 69
3.5.1.2 Regulation of Ovule Development 69
3.5.2 The Regulation of Fruit Ripening by MADS-box Transcription Factors 71
3.5.2.1 The Effect of Tomato RIN on Fruit Ripening 72
3.5.2.2 The Effect of FRUITFULL on Tomato Fruit Ripening 78
3.5.2.3 The Effect of Tomato TAGL1 on Fruit Ripening 81
3.5.2.4 The Effect of Tomato MADS1 on Fruit Ripening 81
3.5.2.5 The Role of Other Tomato MADS-box Transcription Factors in Formation of the Pedicel Abscission Zone (AZ) and Fruit Ripening 81
3.5.2.6 Studies of the Regulation of MADS-box Transcription Factors in Ripening in Banana 83
3.5.2.7 Studies of the Regulation of MADS-box Transcription Factors in Ripening in Other Fruit 85
References 85
4 NAC Transcription Factor Family Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 92
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Overview of the Plant NAC Family TFs 92
4.2.1 Origin of the NAC Family TFs 93
4.2.2 Classification of NAC TFs 95
4.2.3 Localization of the NAC TFs 95
4.2.4 Structure of NAC TFs and the Mechanism of Their Functions 96
4.2.5 Regulation of the Expression of NAC TFs 99
4.2.5.1 The Regulation of NAC Gene Expression by miRNA 99
4.2.5.2 Regulation of NAC TFs at the Protein Level 100
4.3 NAC Family TFs Regulate Fruit Ripening 100
4.3.1 NAC Family TFs Regulate Tomato Fruit Ripening 100
4.3.2 CpNAC1/3 Is Involved in Regulating the Ripening of Papaya 107
4.3.3 NAC Family TFs Are Involved in Fruit Deastringency in Persimmon 107
4.3.4 NAC Family Transcription Factors Regulate Peach Fruit Ripening 108
4.3.5 NAC Family Transcription Factors Regulate the Ripening of Kiwifruit 109
4.3.6 EjNAC1 Regulates Lignin Biosynthesis in Loquat Fruit 110
4.3.7 NAC Family TFs Are Involved in Climacteric Fruit Ripening in Pyrus Ussuriensis 111
4.3.8 The Function of NAC Family TFs in Banana Fruit Ripening 111
4.3.9 FcNAC1 and FaRIF Are Involved in Pectin Metabolism during Ripening of Strawberry Fruit 114
4.3.10 The Interaction between LcNAC13 and LcR1MYB1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Litchi Fruit 114
4.3.11 The Role of NAC Family Transcription Factors in Apple Fruit Ripening 114
References 115
5 Role of ERF Transcription Factors in Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 122
5.1 Summary of the ERF Family 122
5.2 Biological Functions of the ERF Family 125
5.3 The Roles of ERF Family TFs in Fruit Ripening 130
References 134
6 The ARF Side of the Fruit Tuning of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Overview of the ARF Family 138
6.2.1 Discovery of ARF 138
6.2.2 Structure of ARF Proteins 140
6.2.3 Gene Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of ARFs 141
6.2.4 Expression Patterns of ARF Genes 144
6.3 Biological Functions of the ARF Family 145
6.3.1 Current Research Status of ARFs in Arabidopsis thaliana 146
6.3.2 Current Research Status of ARFs in Rice (Oryza Sativa) 148
6.3.3 Current Research Status of ARFs in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 149
6.4 Mechanism of ARF Function 150
6.4.1 ARF-Aux/IAA Binding Mechanism 150
6.4.2 Mechanism for the Role of ARFs in Auxin Signal Transduction 151
6.5 Research Progress on the Function of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Plants 151
6.5.1 Research Progress on the Role of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening 153
6.5.2 Research Progress of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Fruits of Other Species 159
References 162
7 HD-ZIPs Are Involved in Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 169
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Structure of HD-Zip Genes 169
7.3 HD-Zip Gene Classification 170
7.4 Mechanism of Action of HD-Zip Transcription Factors 172
7.5 Functions of the HD-Zip Family 172
7.5.1 HD-Zip Class I 172
7.5.2 HD-zip Class II 177
7.5.3 HD-zip Class III 178
7.5.4 HD-zip Class IV 180
7.6 Prospects 181
References 182
8 SBP-box Transcription Factors and Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 188
8.1 Research Progress on Plant SBP Family Transcription Factors 188
8.1.1 Origin and Development of the SBP-box Gene Family 189
8.1.2 Structure of SBP Family Transcription Factors 189
8.1.3 Evolutionary Analysis of the SBP Gene Family 191
8.1.4 Regulation of the SBP-box Gene Family 192
8.1.5 Biological Functions of the SBP-box Gene Family 194
8.1.5.1 Role of SBP Transcription Factors in Environmental Signal Response 194
8.1.5.2 Roles of SBP Transcription Factors in Flower Formation and Development 195
8.1.5.3 Roles of SBP Transcription Factors in Leaf Morphogenesis 197
8.1.5.4 Other Roles of SBP Transcription Factors 199
8.2 Research Progress on LeSPL-CNR 200
8.2.1 Discovery and Development of LeSPL-CNR 200
8.2.2 Biological Functions of LeSPL-CNR with Cnr Mutant 201
8.2.3 LeSPL-CNR and Epigenetic Regulation 201
8.2.4 Reevaluated the CNR Function by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Mutation Technique 203
8.2.5 Regulatory Networks between Transcription Factors 204
8.3 Prospects 205
References 206
Index 211
