Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials
Provides in-depth and comprehensive knowledge on both the chemistry and practical applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials
Energetic materials, a class of material with high amounts of stored chemical energy, include explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. Initially used for military applications, nitrogen-rich energetic materials have become important in the civil engineering and aerospace sectors, they are increasingly used in commercial mining and construction as well as in rocket propulsion. Making these nitrogen-rich energetic materials safer, more powerful, and more cost-effective requires a thorough understanding of their chemistry, physics, synthesis, properties, and applications.
Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials presents a detailed summary of the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials over the past decade and provides up-to-date knowledge on their applications in various areas of advanced engineering. Edited by a panel of international experts in the field, this book examines the chemistry of pentazoles, fused ring and laser ignitable nitrogen-rich compounds, polynitrogen and tetrazole-based energetic compounds, and more. The text also introduces applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials in energetic polymers and metal-organic frameworks, as pyrotechnics materials for light and smoke, and in oxadiazoles from precursor molecules. This authoritative volume:
- Presents in-depth chapters written by leading experts in each sub-field covered
- Offers a systematic introduction to new and emerging applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials such as in computational chemistry
- Discusses recent advances in nitrate ester chemistry with focus on propellant applications
- Discusses green and eco-friendly approaches to nitrogen-rich compounds
Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials is an important resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals across fields, including explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, polymer chemists, laser specialists, physical chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and safety officers.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
About the Editors xv
1 Chemistry of Pentazole 1
Ming Lu, Pengcheng Wang, Yuangang Xu, and Qiuhan Lin
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Substituted Pentazoles 1
1.3 Strategies for the Preparation of cyclo-N5- 5
1.4 Complexes of Metal and cyclo-N5- 9
1.5 cyclo-N5--Based Nonmetallic Ionic Salts 25
1.6 Conclusions 43
2 Aromatic Fused-Ring-Based Energetic Compounds 47
Kangcai Wang and Qinghua Zhang
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Fused-Ring Aromatic Energetic Compounds 49
2.3 Conclusions 68
3 Advances in Computations of Nitrogen-Rich Materials 73
Lei Zhang and Chuang Yao
3.1 Why Computation and What Role It Plays? 73
3.2 Why Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs and How TheyWork? 74
3.3 Advances in Computation of First-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 75
3.4 Advances in Computation of Second-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 81
3.5 Advances in Computation of Third-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs: Polynitrogen Materials 84
3.6 Final Remarks 97
Acknowledgement 98
References 98
4 Laser Ignition of Energetic Transition Metal Complexes 107
Maximilian Wurzenberger, Daniel Shem-Tov, and Jörg Stierstorfer
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Synthesis of Energetic Coordination Compounds 116
4.3 Synthesis of Energetic Tetrazole Ligands 116
4.4 Synthesis Energetic Coordination Complexes 121
4.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 122
4.6 Energetic Properties of Ligands and Corresponding Energetic Coordination Compounds 122
4.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Energetic Coordination Compounds 128
4.8 Studies of Ignition Mechanism 128
4.9 Conclusions 134
5 Energetic 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 139
Aleksandr M. Churakov, Michael S. Klenov, Aleksey A. Voronin, and Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Methods of Synthesis and Reactivity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 141
5.3 NMR and X-ray Studies 164
5.4 Thermal Stability 168
5.5 Applications 177
References 179
6 Recent Advances in Chemistry of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189
Michael Gozin and Leonid L. Fershtat
6.1 Introduction 189
6.2 Heterocyclic Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189
6.3 Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers Lacking Traditional Explosophoric Groups 201
6.4 Azido-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 202
6.5 Azido Fluoropolymers 216
6.6 Azido Plasticizers 219
6.7 Nitro Group Containing Polymers 225
6.8 Aromatic C-NO2 Containing Polymers 230
6.9 Conclusions 234
References 234
7 Tetrazole Energetic Salts Based on Various Explosophores: Recent Overview of Synthesis and Energetic Properties 239
Saira Manzoor, Qamar-un-nisa Tariq, and Jian-Guo Zhang
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 Tetrazole-Based Energetic Salts 241
7.3 Conclusion and Future Trends 278
7.4 Cautions 280
Acknowledgments 280
References 280
8 Properties and Application of Nitrogen-Rich Compound BTATz in Low-Signature Propellants 285
Jianhua Yi, Zhihua Sun, Yi Xu, Zhao Qin, Changjian Wang, Bozhou Wang, Hui Li, Haijian Li, Chao Chen, Xiao Xie, and Fengqi Zhao
8.1 Introduction 285
8.2 Synthesis of BTATz 286
8.3 Structure of BTATz 287
8.4 Properties of BTATz 290
8.5 Energetic Properties of the Propellants 291
8.6 Plume Smoke Signature of the Propellants 295
8.7 Preparation of the Propellants 296
8.8 Decomposition Reaction Kinetics and Thermal Safety of the Propellants 297
8.9 Combustion Properties of the Propellants 319
8.10 Correlation Between PDSC Characteristic Values and Burning Rates 324
8.11 Conclusions 326
References 327
9 Nitro-substituted Oxadiazoles: Important Building Blocks in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds 331
Philip Pagoria
9.1 Introduction 331
9.2 Enthalpy of Formation of Oxadiazoles 331
9.3 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles 332
9.4 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles 339
9.5 Furazans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole) and Furoxans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole-2-Oxides) 344
9.6 Summary 365
10 Insensitive High Explosives Containing Tetraazapentalene Moiety 377
Ernst-Christian Koch
10.1 Introduction 377
10.2 Synthesis of TACOT Derivatives 377
10.3 Crystal and Molecular Structure 383
10.4 Spectroscopy 385
10.4.1 NMR Spectroscopy 385
10.5 Thermochemistry 386
10.6 Detonation Performance 388
10.7 Thermal Behavior 390
10.8 Sensitivity 391
10.9 Conclusions 392
Acknowledgments 392
Abbreviations 392
References 393
11 Nitrogen-Rich Pyrotechnic Materials for Light and Smoke 397
Thomas M. Klapötke and Magdalena Rusan
11.1 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 397
11.2 Smokes 405
11.2.1 White Smoke 411
11.2.2 Colored Smoke 412
Acknowledgments 413
References 413
Index 415
