Teaches the principles behind the successful planning and creation of inspired built forms and urban places
This book offers an integrated understanding of both the principles and the perception of the design of built environments and public spaces. It outlines the fundamental characteristics that are evident in the creation of built form and illustrates how they determine the experience of resultant places. It also consolidates the key criteria that need to be taken into consideration in the development of these areas. All of the above-mentioned aims to provide designers with a solid understanding of the implications of their decisions on perception and behavior during the creation of new spaces.
Design and Order: Perceptual experience of built form - Principles in the Planning and Making of Place starts by examining the designing of natural environments and the affect that they have on humans. It teaches readers how people experience and are shaped by a space - via their eyes, brain, and overall perception. It then instructs on proper grammar of form and syntax so that designers can understand how to pursue design processes systematically. The book then takes readers through this process of designing, informing them on the principles of form, function, configuration, communication, organization, color and contrasts, building structures, good practice and more.
- Seeks to improve the methodological approach to the planning and design of buildings
- Broadly address all of the functions that impact the realization of new built and urban form
- Outlines the fundamental characteristics that are evident in the design of built forms and illustrates how these characteristics determine the experience of the resultant places
- Comprehensively covers the ideas, principles, and the perception of design
- Teaches designers to make informed decisions about applying or discarding principles when creating spaces.
Design and Order is a unique book that will appeal to students and professionals in architecture, urban design and planning, as well as designers and developers.
Table of Contents
Outline xix
Preface xxiii
Section I The Environment 1
Part I The Environment - Natural, Ecological and Historical (Topography) 3
1 Natural Sites and Places 5
1.1 Nature and Landscape 5
1.2 Natural Places and Characteristics 5
1.3 Creation of Man-Made Places 6
1.4 Existential Space and Place 7
1.5 Natural Landscape and Sensing 9
Further Reading 10
2 Ecological and Climatic Context and Basic Protection Needs 11
2.1 Primitive Needs 11
2.2 Climatic Zones and Natural Materials for Shelter 11
2.3 Shelter Types, Uses and Purposes 13
2.4 Socio-Cultural Factors and Human Needs 14
2.5 Theory of Human Needs 15
Exhibit 2.1 Basic Human Needs 18
Further Reading 19
3 Historical and Regional Development 21
3.1 Historic Eras and Development 21
3.2 Regional Variations, Early Cultures and Settlements 22
3.3 Topography, Climate and Materials - Form Determinants 23
Exhibit 3.1 Individual Dwelling Types 24
Further Reading 27
Section II Human Behaviour and Design 29
Part II Human Behaviour (Neuro-Physiology) 31
4 The Brain, the Mind and Sensing 33
4.1 The Brain and Neurological Systems - Seeing, Touching and Hearing 33
4.2 Seeing - Visual Processing and Memory 33
4.3 Touching and Hearing 35
4.4 The Mind - Mental Learning and Thinking - Cognition 36
4.5 The Mind - Visceral Feelings - Emotion and Motivation 38
4.6 Consciousness and Self 39
4.7 Human Body and the Sensing of Form 40
4.8 Meaning, Intentionality and Imagination 41
4.9 Metaphor and Consciousness 42
Exhibit 4.1 The Human Brain - Neurological Sensing 45
Further Reading 52
5 The Eyes and the Visual System 55
5.1 Visual Perception 55
5.2 Visual World and Visual Field 57
5.3 Visual Perception and Affordances 61
5.4 Perceptual Experience - Visual System 62
5.5 Visual System and Optic Arrays 63
5.6 Recognition, Eye Movements and Analogue Theory 65
Exhibit 5.1 The Human Eye 66
Exhibit 5.2 Affordances 72
Exhibit 5.3 Perspective - Sensory Shifts 73
Further Reading 74
6 The Senses 75
6.1 The System of Senses 75
6.2 The Senses 76
6.3 Further Senses 78
6.4 The Senses and Multi-Sensory Experience 81
6.5 Multi-Sensory Emotions, Feelings and Aspirations 83
6.6 Pleasure 85
Exhibit 6.1 The Human Ear 86
Exhibit 6.2 The Human Senses 88
Further Reading 89
Part III Perceptual Experience of Form (Psychology and Phenomenology) 91
7 Aesthetic Theories and Perception of Built Form 93
7.1 Perception 93
7.2 Theories of Perception 93
7.3 Schematisation and Phenomena 94
7.4 Equilibrium, Wholes and Re-centring 96
7.5 Parts and the ‘Whole’ 96
7.6 Perceptual Properties 98
7.7 Perception of Form 98
7.8 Psychology of Form 99
7.9 Dynamics of Space 100
7.10 Perception and Cognition 102
7.11 Meaning and Symbols 104
7.12 Synopsis - Perceptual Experience 106
Exhibit 7.1 Principles of Configuration 108
Exhibit 7.2 Perspective 111
Further Reading 113
Part IV Grammar and Syntax of Form, and Composition 115
8 Architectural Ordering, Composition, Form and Beauty 117
8.1 Order 117
8.2 Grammar of Design and Syntax 118
8.3 Composition and Characteristics 122
8.4 Rhythm and Harmony 124
8.5 Purposiveness 125
8.6 Objects and Arrangements 125
8.7 Composition and Type 126
8.8 Ways of Ordering 127
8.9 Objective Properties 129
Exhibit 8.1 Principles of Composition 130
Exhibit 8.2 Basic Rules of Composition for Order and Unity 132
Further Reading 140
Part V Planning and Design Process, and Programme Requirements (Methodology) 141
9 Design Framework, Methods and Approaches 143
9.1 Problem Formulation 143
9.2 Setting 143
9.3 Fitness and Fit 144
9.4 Self-Conscious Design Approach 145
9.5 Affordances and Behaviour Settings 146
9.6 Programme Requirements 146
9.7 Designing and Design Approaches 147
9.8 Design Process, Reflection and Appraisal 149
9.9 Intended Results and Evaluation 155
9.10 Design of ‘Good’ Form 157
Exhibit 9.1 Nature of Design Requirements, Invention and Making 158
Exhibit 9.2 Modern Design Approach - Programme, Brief and Process 161
Further Reading 164
10 ‘Pattern Language’ Approach 167
10.1 Form Language 167
10.2 Order and Life - ‘Wholeness’ 169
10.3 Life-Creating Transformations of Centres 171
10.4 Language of Form 173
10.5 Fundamental Maxim - ‘Unity’ of the ‘Whole’ 175
Exhibit 10.1 Pattern Language - Properties 176
Exhibit 10.2 Rules of Scale in Order 180
Exhibit 10.3 Ambience 184
Exhibit 10.4 ‘Well’ Building 186
Further Reading 188
Section III Form, Function and Fit 189
Part VI Form and Fit 191
11 Physical Built Form in Space 193
11.1 Form - Mass and Spatial Volume 193
11.2 Transformation of Form 193
11.3 Additive Form 194
11.4 Integration of Forms 196
11.5 Form and Space 196
11.6 Horizontal Planes 197
11.7 Vertical Planes 197
11.8 Architectural Space, Enclosures and Vistas 200
11.9 Spatial Qualities and Layout 201
11.10 Light, Sound and Atmospheric Qualities in Built Form 202
Exhibit 11.1 Principles of Articulation and Conjugation 204
Further Reading 205
12 Geometrical Layout and Organisation - Axes, Shapes and Repeating Patterns 207
12.1 Datum and Axes 207
12.2 Ordering Principles 207
12.3 Hierarchy and Scale 208
12.4 Rhythm and Repetition 208
12.5 Symmetry 208
12.6 Transformations 209
12.7 Generative Design Processes 211
12.8 Fractals 212
12.9 Other Forms of Geometry - Non-Euclidean 212
12.10 Patterns of Repeating Elements for Decoration 213
Exhibit 12.1 Principles in the Design of Decorative, Geometric and Motif Patterns 214
Further Reading 216
13 Proportion, Symmetry and Harmony 217
13.1 Proportion - History 217
13.2 Proportion and Physical Relationships 220
13.3 Symmetry 220
13.4 Human Proportions 222
13.5 Room Proportions 222
13.6 Regulating Lines 224
13.7 Latent Geometric Relationships 226
13.8 Good Proportioning 226
13.9 Anthropometrics and Human Factors 227
13.10 Scale 227
13.11 Harmony 228
13.12 Expressions of Form 229
Exhibit 13.1 Principles of Proportion and Symmetry 230
Exhibit 13.2 Types of Series, Proportion, Symmetry and Natural Growth 233
Exhibit 13.3 Principles of Rhythm and Harmony 249
Exhibit 13.4 Essay on Harmony as It Relates to Building - Robert Morris 251
Exhibit 13.5 Musical Harmony 252
Exhibit 13.6 Rhythm and Syncopation in Built Form by Era 257
Further Reading 258
Photos 259
14 Organisational Forms and Layout 261
14.1 Linear Organisation 261
14.2 Centralised Organisation 261
14.3 Radial Organisation 261
14.4 Grid 262
14.5 Clustered Organisation 263
14.6 Interior Enclosed Space 264
Exhibit 14.1 Principles of Organisation and Arrangement 265
Exhibit 14.2 The Modulor 267
Exhibit 14.3 Japanese Design Arrangements for Dwelling 271
Further Reading 272
15 Functional Purpose and Use of Space 275
15.1 Function 275
15.2 Utility, Significance and Purposefulness 275
15.3 Use, Activities and Spatial Requirements 275
15.4 Structural System and Components 276
15.5 Materials 277
15.6 Personal Space 278
15.7 Territoriality 279
15.8 Defensible Space 280
Exhibit 15.1 Principles of Function and Purpose 283
Exhibit 15.2 Purposiveness 285
Exhibit 15.3 Principles of Universal Design 286
Further Reading 286
16 Circulation, Plan and Elevation 287
16.1 Approach 287
16.2 Entrance 287
16.3 Dynamic Spatial Experience 288
16.4 Configuration for Communication 289
16.5 Access Paths 289
16.6 Internal Circulation 289
16.7 Stairs and Staircases 290
16.8 Built Section 290
Exhibit 16.1 Principles of Communication and Circulation 292
Further Reading 293
17 Colour and Contrast 295
17.1 Light and Spectrum 295
17.2 Colour Pigments 295
17.3 Pigments for Printing 297
17.4 Complementary Colours 299
17.5 Features of Colour 300
17.6 Colour Circle, Sphere and Star 303
17.7 Perceptual Basis of Colour 304
17.8 Colour Interaction 307
17.9 Colour Serialisation 308
Exhibit 17.1 Principles of Colour and Contrast 309
Exhibit 17.2 Colour Parameters and Principles 311
Exhibit 17.3 Contrast in Colour 317
Further Reading 319
Part VII Building Structure and Types 321
18 Structure 323
18.1 Beginnings 323
18.2 Laws of Nature 323
18.3 Lateral Stability 324
18.4 Materials 324
18.5 Design Methods 325
18.6 Connections and Jointing 325
18.7 Structural Types 326
18.8 Maintainability and Sustainability 328
18.9 Generative Parametrics 328
18.10 Resiliency 328
Exhibit 18.1 Principles of Structure 329
Further Reading 331
Photos 331
Section IV Built and Urban Form 335
Part VIII ‘Good’ Practice - Built Form 337
19 Buildings and Dwellings 339
19.1 Space and Human Interaction 339
19.2 Creation of ‘Place’ 340
19.3 ‘Good’ Building 341
19.4 Built Form Determinants 342
19.5 Re-Use 345
19.6 Use Types of Buildings 346
19.7 Goals of ‘Good’ Built Form 347
Exhibit 19.1 Principles of Assembly - Built Form 349
Exhibit 19.2 Selective Modern ‘Good’ Building Practice by Use Type 352
Exhibit 19.3 Examples of Built Type Forms 354
Exhibit 19.4 Modern Movements and Practitioners 358
Exhibit 19.5 Iconic Modern Buildings 360
Exhibit 19.6 Modern Iconic US Buildings 365
Further Reading 368
Photos 368
Part IX ‘Good’ Practice - Urban Form 375
20 Urban Form 377
20.1 Form Determinants in Urban Settlements - Natural and Man-Made Features 377
20.2 Historical Developments 379
20.3 Different Regional and Cultural Typologies 381
20.4 Multi-Nucleus and Mixed Development 383
20.5 Modern Developments 385
20.6 Elements of Urban Form 386
20.7 Legibility 388
20.8 Organisation 389
20.9 Life Space and Topology 391
20.10 Urban Form and Life 391
20.11 Layout of Urban Neighbourhoods 393
20.12 Development 395
20.13 ‘Good’ City Form 396
20.14 Urban ‘Open’ Forms 398
20.15 Goals of ‘Good’ Urban Form 398
Exhibit 20.1 Principles of Emplacement - Urban Form 400
Exhibit 20.2 Urban Space Requirements 403
Exhibit 20.3 Selective Modern ‘Good’ Urbanistic Practice 406
Exhibit 20.4 Urban Type Forms by Use Purpose 410
Further Reading 411
Photos 412
Summary 419
Bibliography 423
Appendices - Part I 433
Appendix I.3.1 Ancient Settings - Europe, Near East, Asia and Americas 435
I.3.1.1 Neolithic Age 10 000-3000 BC - Mid East and Europe 435
I.3.1.2 Bronze Age 3000-1000 BC - Europe and Mid East 436
I.3.1.3 Ancient Iron Age 1000 BC to 0 AD - Mid East 437
I.3.1.4 Early Age 0-1000 AD - Europe and Mid East 439
I.3.1.5 Mesoamerica to 1500 AD 440
I.3.1.6 North America to 1500 AD 440
I.3.1.7 Asia and the Orient to 1500 AD 441
I.3.1.8 Africa to 1500 AD 443
I.3.1.9 Europe - Mediaeval Cities After 1000 AD 443
Further Reading 444
Photos 444
Appendix I.3.2 Ancient City Places 449
Further Reading 451
Appendices - Part II 453
Appendix II.6.1 Feelings of Space and Form in the Environment 455
II.6.1.1 Natural Light 455
II.6.1.2 Movement 455
II.6.1.3 Complementarity of Form 456
II.6.1.4 Balance 457
II.6.1.5 Individuality 457
II.6.1.6 Opaque Geometry and Occlusion 457
II.6.1.7 Sense of Spatial Perception 458
II.6.1.8 Form Sensing 459
Further Reading 459
Appendix II.6.2 Artificial Perception 461
Further Reading 462
Appendices - Part IV 463
Appendix IV.8.1 ‘The Classical Orders’ 465
IV.8.1.1 The Orders 465
IV.8.1.2 Tuscan 467
IV.8.1.3 Doric 467
IV.8.1.4 Ionic 467
IV.8.1.5 Corinthian 467
IV.8.1.6 Composite 468
IV.8.1.7 Entasis 469
IV.8.1.8 Composition 469
IV.8.1.9 Language - Elements of Architecture 470
Further Reading 471
Photos 471
Appendix IV.8.2 Aesthetic Judgement and Beauty 473
IV.8.2.1 Utility and Delight 473
IV.8.2.2 Qualities 473
IV.8.2.3 Beauty 474
IV.8.2.4 Assessment of Beauty 475
IV.8.2.5 Interest and State of ‘Disinterestedness’ 476
IV.8.2.6 Form and Elegance 476
IV.8.2.7 Aesthetic Theories and Self-Conscious Design 478
IV.8.2.8 Sense of Beauty as Described in Different Eras 478
Further Reading 481
Appendices - Part V 483
Appendix V.9.1 Design Methods - Comparative Historical Design Approaches and Pedagogy 485
V.9.1.1 Classical Design 486
V.9.1.2 Renaissance Design 486
V.9.1.3 European Design Methods 487
V.9.1.4 Modern International Design Methods 491
V.9.1.5 Purist Design 493
V.9.1.6 Rational Geometric Design 496
V.9.1.7 Organicist Design 497
V.9.1.8 Modern Design Methods and Systems Approach 500
V.9.1.9 Generative Computerised Design 502
Further Reading 504
Appendix V.10.1 Pattern Language - Design and Human Needs (Illustration) 505
Further Reading 508
Appendices - Part VI 509
Appendix VI.13.1 Decoration - Patterns, Features, Motifs and Geometrics of Repeating Elements 511
VI.13.1.1 Decoration - Materials, Methods and Techniques 511
VI.13.1.2 Features 512
VI.13.1.3 Pattern Groups - Floral, Figurative, Geometric and Representational 512
VI.13.1.4 Pattern Arrangements - Lattices, Powdering, Borders and Features 514
VI.13.1.5 Emergent Forms 517
VI.13.1.6 Special Motifs and Symbols 521
Further Reading 524
Appendix VI.13.2 Ornament in Earlier Times and Historic Era 525
VI.13.2.1 Antiquity 525
VI.13.2.2 Mediaeval 526
VI.13.2.3 The Renaissance 527
VI.13.2.4 Recent 527
VI.13.2.5 ‘General principles in the arrangement of form and colour in architecture and the decorative arts’, - The Grammar of Ornament - Owen Jones 529
VI.13.2.6 Moresque Principles of Ornament - Owen Jones 531
Further Reading 534
Appendices - Part VIII 535
Appendix VIII.19.1 Building Materials and House Types in Vernacular Britain 537
VIII.19.1.1 Walling 537
VIII.19.1.2 Roofing 540
VIII.19.1.3 Types - Plan and Section 542
Further Reading 546
Photos 547
Appendix VIII.19.2 Building Elements and Features 553
VIII.19.2.1 Floors, Walls and Ceilings 553
VIII.19.2.2 Windows and Doors 554
VIII.19.2.3 Mouldings 554
VIII.19.2.4 Assembly 555
Further Reading 555
Photos 556
Appendix VIII.19.3 Architectural Styles, Periods and Practitioners 565
VIII.19.3.1 Western Architecture 565
VIII.19.3.2 Religious Periods 566
VIII.19.3.3 Composition Methods - Theorists and Key Practitioners by Era 567
Appendix VIII.19.4 Historic Ecclesiastic and Civic Buildings; Geometric Modern and Iconic Modern US Buildings 569
VIII.19.4.1 Historic Ecclesiastical Buildings 569
VIII.19.4.2 Historic Civic Buildings 571
Photos 574
VIII.19.4.3 Modern Geometric Buildings 581
VIII.19.4.4 Modern Iconic Tower Buildings 588
Appendices - Part IX 593
Appendix IX.20.1 Urban Places 595
IX.20.1.1 Urban City Form - Historic Places 595
IX.20.1.2 Modern 20th Century Places 598
Appendix IX.20.2 Sustaining Principles 601
IX.20.2.1 ‘Ten Theses on Architecture’ - Rob Krier 601
IX.20.2.2 ‘Ten Principles on Which We Can Build’ - HRH The Prince of Wales 602
IX.20.2.3 ‘The Hannover Principles’ - Expo 2000World Fair, William McDonough 603
IX.20.2.4 ‘One Planet - Living Communities Programme’ 604
IX.20.2.5 Biophilic Design Principles 605
Further Reading 610
Appendix IX.20.3 Urban Settlement Models and Patterns 611
IX.20.3.1 Urban Form and Use Types 611
IX.20.3.2 Urban Layout Principles 613
IX.20.3.3 Organising Features 614
IX.20.3.4 Building Form Types 616
Index 617
