A complete, all-in-one resource for head and neck imaging in dogs, cats, and horses
Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging is a comprehensive reference for the diagnostic imaging of the head and neck in dogs, cats, and horses. The book provides a multimodality, comparative approach to neuromusculoskeletal, splanchnic, and sense organ imaging. It thoroughly covers the underlying morphology of the head and neck and offers an integrated approach to understanding image interpretation.
Each chapter covers a different area and discusses developmental anatomy, gross anatomy, and imaging anatomy, as well as the physical limitations of different modalities and functional imaging. Commonly encountered diseases are covered at length.
Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging includes all relevant information from each modality and discusses multi-modality approaches. The book also includes:
- A thorough introduction to the principles of veterinary head and neck imaging, including imaging technology, interpretation principles, and the anatomic organization of the head and neck
- Comprehensive explorations of musculoskeletal system and intervertebral disk imaging, including discussions of degenerative diseases, inflammation, and diskospondylitis
- Practical discussions of brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid and meninges imaging, including discussions of trauma, vascular, and neoplastic diseases
- In-depth treatments of peripheral nerve, arterial, venous and lymphatic, respiratory, and digestive system imaging
Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging is a must-have resource for veterinary imaging specialists and veterinary neurologists, as well as for general veterinary practitioners with a particular interest in head and neck imaging.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Section 1 Introduction to Head and Neck Imaging in Animals 1
1 Some Basic Concepts About Head and Neck Anatomy 3
1.1 Terms of Location, Orientation, and Movement 4
1.2 External Features of the Head and Neck 11
1.3 Overview of Neuroanatomic Localization During Neuroimaging 13
1.3.1 Divisions of the Central Nervous System 15
1.3.2 Neuroaxis Localization 20
1.3.3 Clinical Descriptors for the Location of Intracranial Abnormalities 26
References 32
2 Some Basic Concepts about Medical Imaging 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 What is an Image? 33
2.1.2 What is Medical Imaging? 34
2.2 Medical Imaging Devices 39
2.2.1 Imaging Technologies 39
2.2.2 Imaging Techniques, Applications, and Examinations 41
2.3 The Medical Image 47
2.3.1 Picture Elements and Volumetric Picture Elements 47
2.3.2 Representing Tissue Characteristics through the Grayscale 50
2.3.3 Resolution 52
2.4 Image Evaluation 56
2.4.1 Getting Started 56
2.4.2 Imaging Signs and Patterns 59
2.4.3 Image Evaluation 66
References 67
Section 2 Musculoskeletal Imaging 69
3 The Musculoskeletal System 71
3.1 Imaging Anatomy 71
3.1.1 Bone 71
3.1.2 Imaging Anatomy - Joints and Ligaments 90
3.1.3 Muscle and Tendons 96
3.1.3.1 Fascia and Fascial Compartments 111
3.2 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities 119
3.2.1 Developmental Malformations 120
3.2.1.1 Cranium, Face, and Craniocervical Junction 120
3.2.1.2 Vertebrae 126
3.2.2 Degenerative Diseases 131
3.2.2.1 Joints 132
3.2.2.2 Vertebrae 138
3.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 138
3.2.3.1 Infectious 142
3.2.3.2 Noninfectious 146
3.2.4 Neoplasia 150
3.2.5 Nutritional, Metabolic, Toxic Diseases 162
3.2.6 Trauma 170
3.2.6.1 Soft-tissue Trauma 171
3.2.6.2 Fracture 173
3.2.6.3 Dislocation 183
References 190
4 Intervertebral Disks 198
4.1 Imaging Anatomy 198
4.2 Intervertebral Disk Abnormalities 200
4.2.1 Developmental Malformations 200
4.2.2 Infection/Inflammation 202
4.2.3 Trauma 204
4.2.4 Degeneration 208
4.2.5 Herniation 214
References 236
Section 3 Nervous System Imaging 241
5 Cerebrospinal Fluid 243
5.1 Imaging Anatomy 243
5.2 CSF Production, Absorption, and Flow 246
5.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities 250
5.3.1 Intra-Axial Fluid Accumulations 251
5.3.2 Extra-Axial Fluid Accumulations 268
5.3.3 Intramedullary Fluid Accumulations 272
5.3.4 Extramedullary Fluid Accumulations 275
References 285
6 The Central Nervous System 289
6.1 Imaging Anatomy 289
6.2 Brain and Spinal-Cord Abnormalities 297
6.2.1 Imaging Patterns of CNS Disease 297
6.2.1.1 Some Additional Imaging Signs 300
6.2.1.2 Contrast Enhancement 302
6.2.2 Secondary Intracranial Abnormalities 308
6.2.2.1 Intracranial Hypertension 308
6.2.2.2 Cerebral Edema 310
6.2.2.3 MRI Signs Induced by Seizures 313
6.2.2.4 Brain Herniation 314
6.2.3 Developmental Malformations 321
6.2.4 Vascular Disorders 328
6.2.4.1 Ischemia 329
6.2.4.2 Hemorrhage 341
6.2.4.3 Hemorrhagic Infarction 349
6.2.5 Trauma 349
6.2.5.1 Traumatic Brain Injury 350
6.2.5.2 Traumatic Spinal-Cord Injury 356
6.2.6 Neoplasia 364
6.2.7 Inflammatory Diseases 385
6.2.7.1 Infectious 400
6.2.7.2 Noninfectious 428
6.2.8 Degenerative Diseases 440
References 452
7 The Peripheral Nervous System 475
7.1 Imaging Anatomy 475
7.1.1 Cranial Nerves 478
7.1.2 Spinal Nerves 495
7.1.2.1 The Cervical Nerves 499
7.1.2.2 The Brachial Plexus 500
7.1.2.3 The Sympathetic Division 501
7.2 Peripheral Nerve Abnormalities 503
7.2.1 Neoplasia 506
7.2.2 Trauma 510
7.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 511
7.2.4 Compression 512
7.2.5 Degenerative Diseases 513
References 522
Section 4 Splanchnic (Viscera), Vascular, and Sense Organ Imaging 525
8 The Digestive System 527
8.1 Imaging Anatomy 527
8.1.1 Oral Cavity 527
8.1.2 Pharynx 540
8.1.3 Cervical Esophagus 544
8.2 Digestive Track Abnormalities 545
8.2.1 Developmental Malformations 545
8.2.2 Dysphagia 552
8.2.3 Neoplasia 564
8.2.4 Inflammation 579
References 598
9 The Respiratory System 602
9.1 Imaging Anatomy 602
9.1.1 Nasal Cavities and External Nose 602
9.1.2 Paranasal Sinuses 606
9.1.3 Nasopharynx, Larynx, and Cervical Trachea 611
9.2 Respiratory Track Abnormalities 620
9.2.1 Developmental Anomalies 620
9.2.2 Inflammation/Infection 625
9.2.3 Neoplasms 630
9.2.4 Degenerative Disorders 634
References 668
10 Sense Organs, Circulatory System, and Endocrine System 673
10.1 Imaging Anatomy 673
10.1.1 Eye 673
10.1.2 Ear 674
10.1.3 Circulatory System 681
10.1.4 Endocrine System 691
10.2 Orbital Disorders 693
10.2.1 Trauma 695
10.2.2 Inflammatory Disease 702
10.2.3 Neoplasms 705
10.3 Ear Disorders 707
10.3.1 Ear Diseases 707
10.3.2 Guttural Pouch Disease 715
10.3.3 Imaging Patterns of Disease 718
10.4 Circulatory and Endocrine Disorders 722
10.4.1 Developmental Anomalies 722
10.4.2 Endocrine Disorders 723
10.4.3 Circulatory System Disorders 733
References 764
Index 773
