This book is a multi-disciplinary effort that involves world-wide experts from diverse fields, such as artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, information technology, data mining, statistics, adaptive user interfaces, decision support systems, marketing, and consumer behavior. It comprehensively covers the topic of recommender systems, which provide personalized recommendations of items or services to the new users based on their past behavior. Recommender system methods have been adapted to diverse applications including social networking, movie recommendation, query log mining, news recommendations, and computational advertising.
This book synthesizes both fundamental and advanced topics of a research area that has now reached maturity. Recommendations in agricultural or healthcare domains and contexts, the context of a recommendation can be viewed as important side information that affects the recommendation goals. Different types of context such as temporal data, spatial data, social data, tagging data, and trustworthiness are explored. This book illustrates how this technology can support the user in decision-making, planning and purchasing processes in agricultural & healthcare sectors.
Table of Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxiii
Part 1: Introduction to Recommender Systems 1
1 An Introduction to Basic Concepts on Recommender Systems 3
Pooja Rana, Nishi Jain and Usha Mittal
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Functions of Recommendation Systems 5
1.3 Data and Knowledge Sources 6
1.4 Types of Recommendation Systems 8
1.4.1 Content-Based 8
1.4.1.1 Advantages of Content-Based Recommendation 11
1.4.1.2 Disadvantages of Content-Based Recommendation 11
1.4.2 Collaborative Filtering 12
1.5 Item-Based Recommendation vs. User-Based Recommendation System 14
1.5.1 Advantages of Memory-Based Collaborative Filtering 15
1.5.2 Shortcomings 16
1.5.3 Advantages of Model-Based Collaborative Filtering 17
1.5.4 Shortcomings 17
1.5.5 Hybrid Recommendation System 17
1.5.6 Advantages of Hybrid Recommendation Systems 18
1.5.7 Shortcomings 18
1.5.8 Other Recommendation Systems 18
1.6 Evaluation Metrics for Recommendation Engines 19
1.7 Problems with Recommendation Systems and Possible Solutions 20
1.7.1 Advantages of Recommendation Systems 23
1.7.2 Disadvantages of Recommendation Systems 24
1.8 Applications of Recommender Systems 24
References 25
2 A Brief Model Overview of Personalized Recommendation to Citizens in the Health-Care Industry 27
Subhasish Mohapatra and Kunal Anand
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Methods Used in Recommender System 29
2.2.1 Content-Based 29
2.2.2 Collaborative Filtering 32
2.2.3 Hybrid Filtering 33
2.3 Related Work 33
2.4 Types of Explanation 34
2.5 Explanation Methodology 35
2.5.1 Collaborative-Based 36
2.5.2 Content-Based 36
2.5.3 Knowledge and Utility-Based 37
2.5.4 Case-Based 37
2.5.5 Demographic-Based 38
2.6 Proposed Theoretical Framework for Explanation-Based Recommender System in Health-Care Domain 39
2.7 Flowchart 39
2.8 Conclusion 41
References 41
3 2Es of TIS: A Review of Information Exchange and Extraction in Tourism Information Systems 45
Malik M. Saad Missen, Mickaël Coustaty, Hina Asmat, Amnah Firdous, Nadeem Akhtar, Muhammad Akram and V. B. Surya Prasath
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Information Exchange 49
3.2.1 Exchange of Tourism Objects Data 49
3.2.1.1 Semantic Clashes 50
3.2.1.2 Structural Clashes 50
3.2.2 Schema.org - The Future 51
3.2.2.1 Schema.org Extension Mechanism 52
3.2.2.2 Schema.org Tourism Vocabulary 52
3.2.3 Exchange of Tourism-Related Statistical Data 53
3.3 Information Extraction 55
3.3.1 Opinion Extraction 56
3.3.2 Opinion Mining 57
3.4 Sentiment Annotation 57
3.4.1 SentiML 58
3.4.1.1 SentiML Example 58
3.4.2 OpinionMiningML 59
3.4.2.1 OpinionMiningML Example 60
3.4.3 EmotionML 61
3.4.3.1 EmotionML Example 61
3.5 Comparison of Different Annotations Schemes 62
3.6 Temporal and Event Extraction 64
3.7 TimeML 65
3.8 Conclusions 67
References 67
Part 2: Machine Learning-Based Recommender Systems 71
4 Concepts of Recommendation System from the Perspective of Machine Learning 73
Sumanta Chandra Mishra Sharma, Adway Mitra and Deepayan Chakraborty
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Entities of Recommendation System 74
4.2.1 User 74
4.2.2 Items 75
4.2.3 Action 75
4.3 Techniques of Recommendation 76
4.3.1 Personalized Recommendation System 77
4.3.2 Non-Personalized Recommendation System 77
4.3.3 Content-Based Filtering 77
4.3.4 Collaborative Filtering 78
4.3.5 Model-Based Filtering 80
4.3.6 Memory-Based Filtering 80
4.3.7 Hybrid Recommendation Technique 81
4.3.8 Social Media Recommendation Technique 82
4.4 Performance Evaluation 82
4.5 Challenges 83
4.5.1 Sparsity of Data 84
4.5.2 Scalability 84
4.5.3 Slow Start 84
4.5.4 Gray Sheep and Black Sheep 84
4.5.5 Item Duplication 84
4.5.6 Privacy Issue 84
4.5.7 Biasness 85
4.6 Applications 85
4.7 Conclusion 85
References 85
5 A Machine Learning Approach to Recommend Suitable Crops and Fertilizers for Agriculture 89
Govind Kumar Jha, Preetish Ranjan and Manish Gaur
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Literature Review 91
5.3 Methodology 93
5.4 Results and Analysis 96
5.5 Conclusion 97
References 98
6 Accuracy-Assured Privacy-Preserving Recommender System Using Hybrid-Based Deep Learning Method 101
Abhaya Kumar Sahoo and Chittaranjan Pradhan
6.1 Introduction 102
6.2 Overview of Recommender System 103
6.3 Collaborative Filtering-Based Recommender System 106
6.4 Machine Learning Methods Used in Recommender System 107
6.5 Proposed RBM Model-Based Movie Recommender System 110
6.6 Proposed CRBM Model-Based Movie Recommender System 113
6.7 Conclusion and Future Work 115
References 118
7 Machine Learning-Based Recommender System for Breast Cancer Prognosis 121
G. Kanimozhi, P. Shanmugavadivu and M. Mary Shanthi Rani
7.1 Introduction 122
7.2 Related Works 124
7.3 Methodology 125
7.3.1 Experimental Dataset 125
7.3.2 Feature Selection 127
7.3.3 Functional Phases of MLRS-BC 128
7.3.4 Prediction Algorithms 129
7.4 Results and Discussion 131
7.5 Conclusion 138
Acknowledgment 139
References 139
8 A Recommended System for Crop Disease Detection and Yield Prediction Using Machine Learning Approach 141
Pooja Akulwar
8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Machine Learning 143
8.2.1 Overview 143
8.2.2 Machine Learning Algorithms 145
8.2.3 Machine Learning Methods 146
8.2.3.1 Artificial Neural Network 146
8.2.3.2 Support Vector Machines 146
8.2.3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) 147
8.2.3.4 Decision Tree Learning 147
8.2.3.5 Random Forest 148
8.2.3.6 Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) 149
8.2.3.7 Regularized Greedy Forest (RGF) 150
8.3 Recommender System 151
8.3.1 Overview 151
8.4 Crop Management 153
8.4.1 Yield Prediction 153
8.4.2 Disease Detection 154
8.4.3 Weed Detection 156
8.4.4 Crop Quality 159
8.5 Application - Crop Disease Detection and Yield Prediction 159
References 162
Part 3: Content-Based Recommender Systems 165
9 Content-Based Recommender Systems 167
Poonam Bhatia Anand and Rajender Nath
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Literature Review 168
9.3 Recommendation Process 172
9.3.1 Architecture of Content-Based Recommender System 172
9.3.2 Profile Cleaner Representation 175
9.4 Techniques Used for Item Representation and Learning User Profile 176
9.4.1 Representation of Content 176
9.4.2 Vector Space Model Based on Keywords 177
9.4.3 Techniques for Learning Profiles of User 179
9.4.3.1 Probabilistic Method 179
9.4.3.2 Rocchio’s and Relevance Feedback Method 180
9.4.3.3 Other Methods 181
9.5 Applicability of Recommender System in Healthcare and Agriculture 182
9.5.1 Recommendation System in Healthcare 182
9.5.2 Recommender System in Agriculture 184
9.6 Pros and Cons of Content-Based Recommender System 186
9.7 Conclusion 187
References 188
10 Content (Item)-Based Recommendation System 197
R. Balamurali
10.1 Introduction 198
10.2 Phases of Content-Based Recommendation Generation 198
10.3 Content-Based Recommendation Using Cosine Similarity 199
10.4 Content-Based Recommendations Using Optimization Techniques 204
10.5 Content-Based Recommendation Using the Tree Induction Algorithm 208
10.6 Summary 212
References 213
11 Content-Based Health Recommender Systems 215
Soumya Prakash Rana, Maitreyee Dey, Javier Prieto and Sandra Dudley
11.1 Introduction 216
11.2 Typical Health Recommender System Framework 217
11.3 Components of Content-Based Health Recommender System 218
11.4 Unstructured Data Processing 220
11.5 Unsupervised Feature Extraction & Weighting 221
11.5.1 Bag of Words (BoW) 221
11.5.2 Word to Vector (Word2Vec) 222
11.5.3 Global Vectors for Word Representations (Glove) 222
11.6 Supervised Feature Selection & Weighting 222
11.7 Feedback Collection 225
11.7.1 Medication & Therapy 225
11.7.2 Healthy Diet Plan 225
11.7.3 Suggestions 225
11.8 Training & Health Recommendation Generation 226
11.8.1 Analogy-Based ML in CBHRS 227
11.8.2 Specimen-Based ML in CBHRS 227
11.9 Evaluation of Content Based Health Recommender System 228
11.10 Design Criteria of CBHRS 229
11.10.1 Micro-Level & Lucidity 230
11.10.2 Interactive Interface 230
11.10.3 Data Protection 230
11.10.4 Risk & Uncertainty Management 231
11.10.5 Doctor-in-Loop (DiL) 231
11.11 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 231
References 233
12 Context-Based Social Media Recommendation System 237
R. Sujithra Kanmani and B. Surendiran
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 Literature Survey 240
12.3 Motivation and Objectives 241
12.3.1 Architecture 241
12.3.2 Modules 242
12.3.3 Implementation Details 243
12.4 Performance Measures 243
12.5 Precision 243
12.6 Recall 243
12.7 F- Measure 244
12.8 Evaluation Results 244
12.9 Conclusion and Future Work 247
References 248
13 Netflix Challenge - Improving Movie Recommendations 251
Vasu Goel
13.1 Introduction 251
13.2 Data Preprocessing 252
13.3 MovieLens Data 253
13.4 Data Exploration 255
13.5 Distributions 256
13.6 Data Analysis 257
13.7 Results 265
13.8 Conclusion 266
References 266
14 Product or Item-Based Recommender System 269
Jyoti Rani, Usha Mittal and Geetika Gupta
14.1 Introduction 270
14.2 Various Techniques to Design Food Recommendation System 271
14.2.1 Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems 271
14.2.2 Content-Based Recommender Systems (CB) 272
14.2.3 Knowledge-Based Recommender Systems 272
14.2.4 Hybrid Recommender Systems 273
14.2.5 Context Aware Approaches 273
14.2.6 Group-Based Methods 273
14.2.7 Different Types of Food Recommender Systems 273
14.3 Implementation of Food Recommender System Using Content-Based Approach 276
14.3.1 Item Profile Representation 277
14.3.2 Information Retrieval 278
14.3.3 Word2vec 278
14.3.4 How are word2vec Embedding’s Obtained? 278
14.3.5 Obtaining word2vec Embeddings 279
14.3.6 Dataset 280
14.3.6.1 Data Preprocessing 280
14.3.7 Web Scrapping For Food List 280
14.3.7.1 Porter Stemming All Words 280
14.3.7.2 Filtering Our Ingredients 280
14.3.7.3 Final Data Frame with Dishes and Their Ingredients 281
14.3.7.4 Hamming Distance 281
14.3.7.5 Jaccard Distance 282
14.4 Results 282
14.5 Observations 283
14.6 Future Perspective of Recommender Systems 283
14.6.1 User Information Challenges 283
14.6.1.1 User Nutrition Information Uncertainty 283
14.6.1.2 User Rating Data Collection 284
14.6.2 Recommendation Algorithms Challenges 284
14.6.2.1 User Information Such as Likes/ Dislikes Food or Nutritional Needs 284
14.6.2.2 Recipe Databases 284
14.6.2.3 A Set of Constraints or Rules 285
14.6.3 Challenges Concerning Changing Eating Behavior of Consumers 285
14.6.4 Challenges Regarding Explanations and Visualizations 286
14.7 Conclusion 286
Acknowledgements 287
References 287
Part 4: Blockchain & IoT-Based Recommender Systems 291
15 A Trust-Based Recommender System Built on IoT Blockchain Network With Cognitive Framework 293
S. Porkodi and D. Kesavaraja
15.1 Introduction 294
15.1.1 Today and Tomorrow 294
15.1.2 Vision 294
15.1.3 Internet of Things 294
15.1.4 Blockchain 295
15.1.5 Cognitive Systems 296
15.1.6 Application 296
15.2 Technologies and its Combinations 297
15.2.1 IoT-Blockchain 297
15.2.2 IoT-Cognitive System 298
15.2.3 Blockchain-Cognitive System 298
15.2.4 IoT-Blockchain-Cognitive System 298
15.3 Crypto Currencies With IoT-Case Studies 299
15.4 Trust-Based Recommender System 299
15.4.1 Requirement 299
15.4.2 Things Management 302
15.4.3 Cognitive Process 303
15.5 Recommender System Platform 304
15.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 307
References 307
16 Development of a Recommender System HealthMudra Using Blockchain for Prevention of Diabetes 313
Rashmi Bhardwaj and Debabrata Datta
16.1 Introduction 314
16.2 Architecture of Blockchain 317
16.2.1 Definition of Blockchain 318
16.2.2 Structure of Blockchain 318
16.3 Role of HealthMudra in Diabetic 322
16.4 Blockchain Technology Solutions 324
16.4.1 Predictive Models of Health Data Analysis 325
16.5 Conclusions 325
References 326
Part 5: Healthcare Recommender Systems 329
17 Case Study 1: Health Care Recommender Systems 331
Usha Mittal, Nancy Singla and Geetika Gupta
17.1 Introduction 332
17.1.1 Health Care Recommender System 332
17.1.2 Parkinson’s Disease: Causes and Symptoms 333
17.1.3 Parkinson’s Disease: Treatment and Surgical Approaches 334
17.2 Review of Literature 335
17.2.1 Machine Learning Algorithms for Parkinson’s Data 337
17.2.2 Visualization 340
17.3 Recommender System for Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 341
17.3.1 How Will One Know When Parkinson’s has Progressed? 342
17.3.2 Dataset for Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 342
17.3.3 Feature Selection 343
17.3.4 Classification 343
17.3.4.1 Logistic Regression 343
17.3.4.2 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 343
17.3.4.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 344
17.3.4.4 Decision Tree 344
17.3.5 Train and Test Data 344
17.3.6 Recommender System 344
17.4 Future Perspectives 345
17.5 Conclusions 346
References 348
18 Temporal Change Analysis-Based Recommender System for Alzheimer Disease Classification 351
S. Naganandhini, P. Shanmugavadivu and M. Mary Shanthi Rani
18.1 Introduction 352
18.2 Related Work 352
18.3 Mechanism of TCA-RS-AD 353
18.4 Experimental Dataset 354
18.5 Neural Network 357
18.6 Conclusion 370
References 370
19 Regularization of Graphs: Sentiment Classification 373
R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla
19.1 Introduction 373
19.2 Neural Structured Learning 374
19.3 Some Neural Network Models 375
19.4 Experimental Results 377
19.4.1 Base Model 379
19.4.2 Graph Regularization 382
19.5 Conclusion 383
References 384
20 TSARS: A Tree-Similarity Algorithm-Based Agricultural Recommender System 387
Madhusree Kuanr, Puspanjali Mohapatra and Sasmita Subhadarsinee Choudhury
20.1 Introduction 388
20.2 Literature Survey 390
20.3 Research Gap 393
20.4 Problem Definitions 393
20.5 Methodology 393
20.6 Results & Discussion 394
20.6.1 Performance Evaluation 394
20.6.2 Time Complexity Analysis 396
20.7 Conclusion & Future Work 397
References 399
21 Influenceable Targets Recommendation Analyzing Social Activities in Egocentric Online Social Networks 401
Soumyadeep Debnath, Dhrubasish Sarkar and Dipankar Das
21.1 Introduction 402
21.2 Literature Review 403
21.3 Dataset Collection Process with Details 404
21.3.1 Main User’s Activities Data 405
21.3.2 Network Member’s Activities Data 405
21.3.3 Tools and Libraries for Data Collection 405
21.3.4 Details of the Datasets 406
21.4 Primary Preprocessing of Data 406
21.4.1 Language Detection and Translation 406
21.4.2 Tagged Tweeters Collection 407
21.4.3 Textual Noise Removal 407
21.4.4 Textual Spelling and Correction 407
21.5 Influence and Social Activities Analysis 407
21.5.1 Step 1: Targets Selection From OSMs 408
21.5.2 Step 3: Categories Classification of Social Contents 408
21.5.3 Step 4: Sentiments Analysis of Social Contents 408
21.6 Recommendation System 409
21.6.1 Secondary Preprocessing of Data 409
21.6.2 Recommendation Analyzing Contents of Social Activities 411
21.7 Top Most Influenceable Targets Evaluation 413
21.8 Conclusion 414
21.9 Future Scope 415
References 415
Index 417
