A one-of-a-kind exploration of the past, present, and future of telecommunications
In Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet, telecommunications industry veteran Erkki Koivusalo delivers an essential reference describing how different communications systems work, how they have evolved from fixed telephone networks to the latest 5G mobile systems, and how the voice and data services converged. The central theme of the book is to build deeper understanding about incremental technological progress by introducing both state of the art and their predecessor technologies.
The book explores four main areas, including fixed telephone systems, data communication systems, mobile cellular systems, and IP multimedia systems. It clearly explains architectures, protocols, and functional procedures, and discusses a variety of topics ranging from physical layer processes to system level interactions. Converged Communications offers:
- In-depth treatments of fixed telephone and transmission systems, including operation of telephone exchanges and signaling systems
- Comprehensive explorations of data communication systems, including transmission of data over telephone lines and data network technologies, such as Ethernet and TCP/IP
- Incisive discussions of mobile cellular systems, including GSM, 3G, LTE, VoLTE and 5G
- Insightful analysis of incremental system evolution to justify various design choices made
The book is supported with extensive online appendices, which covers communication system concepts, an overview of standardization, various technologies used in the past, state-of-the art technologies such as WLAN, cable modems, and FTTx, complementing the other systems described in the book which have evolved from the fixed telephone network.
Perfect for network operators, system integrators, and communication system vendors, Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying telecommunications and mobile systems. The feedback will be considered for possible new editions of the book or the revisions of the appendices.
Table of Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Acronyms xxv
About the Companion Website xxxix
Introduction - The Evolution xli
Part I Fixed Telephone Systems 1
1 Fixed Telephone Networks 3
1.1 Telephone Network 3
1.1.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Voice 3
1.1.2 Telephone Network Elements 5
1.1.3 Evolution of the Fixed Telephony Network from Analog to Digital 6
1.1.4 Telephone Numbering 9
1.1.5 Tasks and Roles of Telephone Exchanges 9
1.1.6 The Subscriber Line 10
1.1.7 Telephony Signaling on the Analog Subscriber Line 11
1.1.8 Trunk Lines 12
1.1.9 Telephone Networks and Data Communications 13
1.2 Telephone Exchange and Signaling Systems 14
1.2.1 Operation and Structure of a Telephone Exchange 14
1.2.2 Intelligent Networks 16
1.2.3 Signaling between Exchanges 18
1.2.3.1 Channel Associated Signaling 18
1.2.3.2 Common Channel Signaling and SS 7 19
1.2.4 ISDN 20
1.3 Transmission Networks 20
1.3.1 E1 and T 1 20
1.3.1.1 Standardization of E1 and T 1 20
1.3.1.2 Endpoints of E1 and T1 Lines 21
1.3.1.3 Frame Structures 21
1.3.2 V 5 23
1.3.3 PDH 23
1.3.3.1 Standardization of PDH 23
1.3.3.2 PDH Signal Hierarchy and Operation 24
1.3.3.3 PDH Network Architecture 25
1.3.4 SDH 26
1.3.4.1 Standardization of SDH 26
1.3.4.2 Basic Principles of SDH Multiplexing 27
1.3.4.3 SDH Network Architecture 29
1.3.5 Microwave Links 31
1.3.5.1 Standardization of Microwave Link Systems 31
1.3.5.2 Architecture of Microwave Radio Links 31
1.3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 31
1.3.6.1 Standardization of WDM Systems 31
1.3.6.2 WDM System Building Blocks 32
1.3.6.3 WDM Network Architecture 34
1.4 Questions 34
References 35
Part II Data Communication Systems 39
2 Data over Telephony Line 41
2.1 Subscriber Line Data Technologies 41
2.1.1 Narrowband Analog Modems 41
2.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 42
2.2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 44
2.2.1 Architecture of ADSL System 45
2.2.2 ADSL Modulation Methods 46
2.2.3 ADSL Latency Paths and Bearers 48
2.2.4 ADSL Modem Functional Block Model 49
2.2.5 ADSL Frame Structure 51
2.2.6 ADSL Bearers and Transport Classes 53
2.2.7 ADSL Line Initialization 54
2.3 VDSL 56
2.3.1 Architecture and Bands of VDSL System 56
2.3.2 VDSL Frame Structure 57
2.3.3 VDSL Overhead 58
2.3.4 VDSL Line Initialization 59
2.4 Questions 61
References 61
3 Data Network Technologies 63
3.1 Data Link Protocols 64
3.1.1 Ethernet 64
3.1.1.1 Ethernet Standardization 64
3.1.1.2 Ethernet Media Access Control and Networking 65
3.1.1.3 Ethernet Layers and Frames 67
3.1.2 WLAN Systems 68
3.1.3 HDLC and LLC 70
3.1.3.1 Architecture of the HDLC System 70
3.1.3.2 HDLC Frame Structures 71
3.1.3.3 Operation of HDLC 72
3.1.3.4 LLC Protocol 73
3.1.4 PPP 73
3.2 Switching Protocols for Virtual Connections 75
3.2.1 Frame Relay 75
3.2.2 ATM 75
3.2.3 MPLS 76
3.3 Internet Protocol Version 4 79
3.3.1 History of IPv4 Protocol Suite 79
3.3.2 IPv 4 80
3.3.2.1 Architecture and Services of IPv 4 81
3.3.2.2 IPv4 Addressing 82
3.3.2.3 IPv4 Packet Structure 85
3.3.3 ICMP and IGMP 86
3.3.4 UDP 87
3.3.5 TCP 87
3.3.6 SCTP 90
3.3.7 QUIC 91
3.3.8 DNS 92
3.3.9 DHCP 95
3.3.10 Security of IPv4 Data Flows 97
3.3.10.1 IPSec 97
3.3.10.2 TLS 100
3.4 Internet Protocol Version 6 101
3.4.1 Standardization of IPv6 and the Initial Challenges 101
3.4.2 IPv 6 103
3.4.2.1 IPv6 Addressing 103
3.4.2.2 IPv6 Packet Structure 105
3.4.3 Methods to Support the Parallel Use of IPv4 and IPv 6 106
3.4.4 ICMPv 6 108
3.4.5 DHCPv 6 108
3.5 IP Routing 109
3.6 Web Browsing with HTTP Protocol 112
3.7 Questions 118
References 119
Part III Mobile Cellular Systems 123
4 Cellular Networks 125
4.1 Cellular Networking Concepts 125
4.1.1 Structure of a Cellular Network 125
4.1.2 Operation of Cellular Network 127
4.1.3 Antenna Technologies 128
4.1.4 Multiplexing Methods in Cellular Networks 129
4.1.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 129
4.1.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 130
4.1.4.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 130
4.1.5 Mobility Management 131
4.2 History of Cellular Technologies 132
4.3 First Generation 134
4.4 Questions 134
References 135
5 Second Generation 137
5.1 GSM 137
5.1.1 Standardization of Second Generation Cellular Systems 137
5.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for GSM 139
5.1.3 Architecture and Services of GSM Systems 140
5.1.3.1 GSM Services 140
5.1.3.2 GSM System Architecture 141
5.1.3.3 GSM Functions and Procedures 145
5.1.3.4 GSM Protocol Stack Architecture 146
5.1.4 GSM Radio Interface 147
5.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 147
5.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Logical Channels 148
5.1.4.3 GSM Bursts and Channel Coding 152
5.1.4.4 GSM Frequency Hopping 154
5.1.5 Signaling Protocols between MS and GSM Network 155
5.1.5.1 LAPDm Protocol 155
5.1.5.2 RIL3 Protocols 156
5.1.6 Signaling Protocols of GSM Network 157
5.1.6.1 Layer 1 157
5.1.6.2 Layer 2 157
5.1.6.3 Layer 3 157
5.1.6.4 SS7 Protocols 157
5.1.7 Radio Resource Management 158
5.1.7.1 GSM Radio Channel Assignment 158
5.1.7.2 Changing Channel Type or Data Rate 161
5.1.7.3 Releasing GSM Radio Channel 161
5.1.8 Security Management 162
5.1.8.1 Security Algorithms 162
5.1.8.2 Security Procedures 163
5.1.8.3 Hiding The Identity of the User 164
5.1.9 Communication Management 164
5.1.9.1 Mobile Originated Call 164
5.1.9.2 Mobile Terminated Call 165
5.1.9.3 Call Release 166
5.1.9.4 Other Communication Management Functions 167
5.1.10 Voice and Message Communications 167
5.1.10.1 Voice Encoding for GSM Circuit Switched Call 167
5.1.10.2 Short Messages 170
5.1.11 Data Connections 171
5.1.11.1 Circuit Switched Data 171
5.1.11.2 Data Connectivity to External Data Networks 172
5.1.11.3 Data Transport within the GSM Network 173
5.1.12 Mobility Management 174
5.1.12.1 PLMN and Cell Selection 174
5.1.12.2 Location Update 175
5.1.12.3 Handover in Dedicated Mode 177
5.2 General Packet Radio Service 180
5.2.1 Standardization of General Packet Radio Service 180
5.2.2 Architecture and Services of GPRS System 182
5.2.2.1 GPRS System Architecture 182
5.2.2.2 GPRS Functions and Procedures 184
5.2.2.3 GPRS Protocol Stack Architecture 185
5.2.3 GPRS Radio Interface 186
5.2.3.1 GPRS Radio Resource Allocation 186
5.2.3.2 GPRS Logical Channels 188
5.2.3.3 GPRS Channel Coding and Transmitter Design 190
5.2.4 Protocols between MS and GPRS Network 191
5.2.4.1 MAC Protocol 191
5.2.4.2 RLC Protocol 191
5.2.4.3 LLC Protocol 193
5.2.4.4 SNDCP Protocol 194
5.2.5 Protocols of GPRS Network 195
5.2.5.1 NS Layer Protocols 195
5.2.5.2 BSSGP Protocol 195
5.2.5.3 GTP Protocol 196
5.2.6 Radio Resource Management 198
5.2.6.1 Opening and Releasing of Dedicated GPRS Radio Channels 198
5.2.7 Mobility Management 200
5.2.7.1 GPRS Attach 200
5.2.7.2 Cell Reselection 201
5.2.7.3 Routing Area Update 202
5.2.8 Packet Data Connections 202
5.2.8.1 PDP Context Management 202
5.2.8.2 Transfer of Packet Data in GPRS System 205
5.3 EDGE 205
5.3.1 ECSD 206
5.3.2 EGPRS 206
5.3.3 EGPRS 2 207
5.4 Questions 208
References 209
6 Third Generation 211
6.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 211
6.1.1 Standardization of Third-Generation Cellular Systems 211
6.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for WCDMA UMTS 214
6.1.3 Architecture and Services of UMTS Systems 215
6.1.3.1 UMTS Services 215
6.1.3.2 UMTS System Architecture 215
6.1.3.3 UMTS Bearer Model 219
6.1.3.4 UMTS Functions and Procedures 220
6.1.3.5 UMTS Protocol Stack Architecture 221
6.1.3.6 UMTS Radio Channel Architecture 222
6.1.4 WCDMA Radio Interface 224
6.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 224
6.1.4.2 Operation of WCDMA Rake Receiver 226
6.1.4.3 UMTS Handover Types 227
6.1.4.4 Power Control 230
6.1.4.5 Logical and Transport Channels 231
6.1.4.6 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 232
6.1.4.7 WCDMA Transmitter Design 235
6.1.5 Protocols between UE and UMTS Radio Network 236
6.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 236
6.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 237
6.1.5.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 238
6.1.5.4 Radio Resource Control Protocol 238
6.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 239
6.1.6.1 Mobility Management Protocol 240
6.1.6.2 Connection Management Protocol 240
6.1.6.3 GPRS Mobility Management Protocol 240
6.1.6.4 Session Management Protocol 241
6.1.7 Protocols of UTRAN Radio and Core Networks 241
6.1.7.1 Link and Network Layers 241
6.1.7.2 Iu User Plane Protocol 242
6.1.7.3 Frame Protocol 243
6.1.7.4 Node B Application Protocol 243
6.1.7.5 Radio Access Network Application Protocol 244
6.1.7.6 Radio Network Subsystem Application Protocol 244
6.1.7.7 Mobile Application Protocol 244
6.1.7.8 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 244
6.1.8 Radio Resource Management 245
6.1.8.1 UMTS Cell Search and Initial Access 245
6.1.8.2 Opening and Releasing RRC Connections 246
6.1.8.3 Selection of Channel Type and Adjusting Data Rate 248
6.1.9 Security Management 248
6.1.9.1 Security Algorithms 249
6.1.9.2 Security Procedures 250
6.1.10 Communications Management 250
6.1.10.1 Mobile Originated Circuit Switched Call 250
6.1.10.2 Mobile Terminated Circuit Switched Call 252
6.1.10.3 Circuit Switched Call Release 252
6.1.11 Voice and Message Communications 254
6.1.11.1 Voice Encoding for UMTS Circuit Switched Calls 254
6.1.11.2 Short Message 255
6.1.12 Packet Data Connections 255
6.1.12.1 Quality of Service Classes and Parameters 255
6.1.12.2 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation by UE 256
6.1.12.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Activation by the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 258
6.1.12.4 Packet Data Protocol Context Deactivation 258
6.1.13 Mobility Management 259
6.1.13.1 Cell Reselection 259
6.1.13.2 Location Area Update for CS Domain 260
6.1.13.3 Routing Area Update for PS Domain 261
6.1.13.4 Handover in Radio Resource Control Connected State 261
6.2 High-Speed Packet Access 263
6.2.1 General 263
6.2.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 264
6.2.3 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 268
6.2.4 High-Speed Packet Access Advanced 271
6.3 Questions 273
References 274
7 Fourth Generation 277
7.1 LTE and SAE 277
7.1.1 Standardization of Fourth-Generation Cellular Systems 277
7.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for LTE 279
7.1.3 Architecture and Services of LTE Systems 280
7.1.3.1 LTE Services 280
7.1.3.2 LTE and SAE System Architecture 281
7.1.3.3 LTE Bearer Model 286
7.1.3.4 LTE Protocol Stack Architecture 286
7.1.3.5 LTE Radio Channel Architecture 288
7.1.4 LTE Radio Interface 288
7.1.4.1 OFDMA and QAM for LTE Downlink 289
7.1.4.2 Downlink Reference Signals and Link Adaptation 290
7.1.4.3 SC-FDMA for LTE Uplink 292
7.1.4.4 Power Control and DRX 293
7.1.4.5 Scheduling 293
7.1.4.6 Multiantenna Methods and UE Categories 295
7.1.4.7 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 298
7.1.4.8 Logical and Transport Channels 300
7.1.4.9 LTE Transmitter Design 301
7.1.4.10 Support for Machine Type Communication and Internet of Things 302
7.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and LTE Radio Network 305
7.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 305
7.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 306
7.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol 306
7.1.5.4 RRC Protocol 307
7.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 308
7.1.6.1 NAS Protocols EMM and ESM 308
7.1.7 Protocols of LTE Radio and Core Networks 308
7.1.7.1 S1AP Protocol 308
7.1.7.2 X2AP Protocol 309
7.1.7.3 GTP-C Protocol 309
7.1.7.4 GTP-U Protocol 310
7.1.7.5 Diameter Protocol 310
7.1.8 Protocols Used between EPC and UTRAN or GERAN Networks 311
7.1.8.1 SGsAP Protocol 311
7.1.9 Radio Resource Management 311
7.1.9.1 LTE Initial Access 311
7.1.9.2 Opening RRC Connection 314
7.1.9.3 Releasing the RRC Connection 315
7.1.10 Security Management 315
7.1.10.1 Authentication 315
7.1.10.2 Encryption and Integrity Protection 316
7.1.11 Packet Data Connections 317
7.1.11.1 Quality of Service 317
7.1.11.2 EPS Bearers 318
7.1.11.3 Initial Default EPS Bearer Opening at LTE Initial Access 318
7.1.11.4 Opening Connections to Other PDNs 320
7.1.11.5 Opening Dedicated EPS Bearers 320
7.1.11.6 User Data Transport 321
7.1.11.7 Disconnecting from Packet Data Network 323
7.1.12 Mobility Management 323
7.1.12.1 Cell Reselection and Tracking Area Update 324
7.1.12.2 Handover in RRC Connected State 324
7.1.13 Voice and Message Communications 328
7.1.13.1 CSFB for Voice Call 329
7.1.13.2 SMS over SG 330
7.2 Questions 331
References 332
8 Fifth Generation 335
8.1 5g 335
8.1.1 Standardization of Fifth-Generation Cellular Systems 335
8.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for 5G NR 337
8.1.3 Architecture and Services of 5G Systems 338
8.1.3.1 5G Services 338
8.1.3.2 5G System Architecture 338
8.1.3.3 5G Protocol Stack Architecture 345
8.1.3.4 5G Bearers and Radio Channels 345
8.1.4 5G NR Radio Interface 346
8.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 347
8.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 348
8.1.4.3 Scheduling 350
8.1.4.4 5G NR Reference Signals 350
8.1.4.5 Beam Management 351
8.1.4.6 Multi-Band Coexistence 352
8.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and NR Radio Network 355
8.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 355
8.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 356
8.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol 356
8.1.5.4 RRC Protocol 357
8.1.5.5 SDAP Protocol 358
8.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 358
8.1.6.1 NAS Protocols MM and SM 358
8.1.7 Protocols of 5G Radio and Core Networks 359
8.1.7.1 NGAP Protocol 359
8.1.7.2 XnAP Protocol 359
8.1.7.3 PFCP Protocol 359
8.1.8 Radio Resource Management 360
8.1.8.1 Initial Access and Registration to 5G 360
8.1.8.2 Opening RRC Connection 362
8.1.8.3 Resuming RRC Connection 363
8.1.8.4 Releasing the RRC Connection 364
8.1.8.5 Service Request 364
8.1.8.6 Beam Recovery 365
8.1.9 Security Management 365
8.1.9.1 Authentication and NAS Security Mode 365
8.1.10 Packet Data Connections 366
8.1.10.1 Quality of Service Model 366
8.1.10.2 Creating 5G PDU Session 367
8.1.10.3 Activating Existing PDU Sessions 369
8.1.10.4 PDU Session Modification 370
8.1.10.5 User Data Transport 370
8.1.10.6 Releasing PDU Session 371
8.1.11 Mobility Management 372
8.1.11.1 NR Registration in RRC Idle State 372
8.1.11.2 RNA Update in RRC Inactive State 374
8.1.11.3 Handover in RRC Connected State 375
8.1.12 Voice and Message Communications 377
8.2 Questions 379
References 379
Part IV IP Multimedia Systems 381
9 Convergence 383
9.1 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IP Multimedia 383
9.2 SIP Systems 385
9.2.1 Standardization of SIP 385
9.2.2 Architecture and Services of SIP System 386
9.2.2.1 SIP Multimedia System Services 386
9.2.2.2 SIP System Architecture 386
9.2.2.3 SIP Protocol Stack and Operation 388
9.3 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem 388
9.3.1 Standardization of IMS 388
9.3.2 Architecture and Services of IMS System 390
9.3.2.1 IMS Services 390
9.3.2.2 IMS System Architecture 390
9.3.2.3 IMS User Identities and Service Profiles 392
9.3.3 IMS Functions and Procedures 393
9.3.3.1 IMPU Registration State Management 393
9.3.3.2 Authenticating IMS Subscribers 394
9.3.3.3 SIP Security Mechanism Agreement and Ipsec-3gpp 395
9.3.3.4 Resolving the Address of Local P-CSCF 395
9.3.3.5 Signaling Compression 396
9.3.3.6 Media Negotiation 396
9.3.3.7 Charging Support 397
9.3.4 IMS System Procedures 398
9.3.4.1 Registration and Authentication 398
9.3.4.2 Voice Call Setup 399
9.4 Voice over LTE 401
9.4.1 Standardization of VoLTE 401
9.4.2 VoLTE System Procedures 402
9.4.2.1 Registering to VoLTE Service within LTE Attach 402
9.4.2.2 Call Setup and Release 403
9.4.2.3 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 404
9.4.2.4 Emergency Call 408
9.4.2.5 Short Message over IP 410
9.4.2.6 SMS Interworking 411
9.4.2.7 Supplementary Services 411
9.4.2.8 DTMF Tones 413
9.4.2.9 VoLTE Roaming 413
9.5 IMS Voice over 5G NR 413
9.6 Voice over WiFi 414
9.7 Questions 416
References 416
Summary - The Transformation 419
Index 425
Online Appendices
Appendix A Challenges and solutions of communication systems
