Over the past decades, geological survey organizations have digitized their data handling and holdings, unlocking vast amounts of data and information for computer processing. They have undertaken 3-D modeling alongside, and in some cases instead of, conventional geological mapping and begun delivering both data and interpretations to increasingly diverse stakeholder communities. Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling provides a citable central source that documents the current capabilities and contributions of leading geological survey organization and other practitioners in industry and academia that are producing multidimensional geological models.
This book focuses on applications related to human interactions with conditions in the shallow subsurface, within 100-200 m of the surface. The 26 chapters, developed by 100 contributors associated with 37 organizations, discuss topics relevant to any geologist, scientist, engineer, urban planner, or decision maker whose practice includes assessment or planning of underground space.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xxiAcknowledgments xxviii
Part I Introduction and Background 1
1 Introduction to Modeling Terminology and Concepts 3
Alan Keith Turner, Holger Kessler, and Michiel J. van der Meulen
2 Geological Survey Data and the Move from 2-D to 4-D 13
Martin Culshaw, Ian Jackson, Denis Peach, Michiel J. van der Meulen, Richard Berg, and Harvey Thorleifson
3 Legislation, Regulation, and Management 35
Brian Marker and Alan Keith Turner
4 The Economic Case for Establishing Subsurface Ground Conditions and the Use of Geological Models 69
Jennifer Gates
Part II Building and Managing Models 93
5 Overview and History of 3-D Modeling Approaches 95
Andrew J. Stumpf, Donald A. Keefer, and Alan Keith Turner
6 Effective and Efficient Workflows 113
Donald A. Keefer and Jason F. Thomason
7 Data Sources for Building Geological Models 133
Abigail K. Burt, Phillip Sirles, and Alan Keith Turner
8 Data Management Considerations 183
Martin L. Nayembil
9 Model Creation Using Stacked Surfaces 211
Jason F. Thomason and Donald A. Keefer
10 Model Creation Based on Digital Borehole Records and Interpreted Geological Cross-Sections 235
Benjamin Wood and Holger Kessler
11 Models Created as 3-D Cellular Voxel Arrays 247
Jan Stafleu, Denise Maljers, Freek S. Busschers, Jeroen Schokker, Jan L. Gunnink, and Roula M. Dambrink
12 Integrated Rule-Based Geomodeling - Explicit and Implicit Approaches 273
Martin Ross, Amanda Taylor, Samuel Kelley, Simon Lopez, Cécile Allanic, Gabriel Courrioux, Bernard Bourgine, Philippe Calcagno, Séverine Carit, and Sunseare Gabalda
13 Discretization and Stochastic Modeling 295
Alan Keith Turner
14 Linkage to Process Models 319
Geoff Parkin, Elizabeth Lewis, Frans van Geer, Aris Lourens, Wilbert Berendrecht, James Howard, Denis Peach, and Nicholas Vlachopoulos
15 Uncertainty in 3-D Geological Models 357
Marco Bianchi, Alan Keith Turner, Murray Lark, and Gabriel Courrioux
Part III Using and Disseminating Models 383
16 Emerging User Needs in Urban Planning 385
Miguel Pazos Otón, Rubén C. Lois González, Ignace P.A.M. van Campenhout, Jeroen Schokker, Carl Watson, and Michiel J. van der Meulen
17 Providing Model Results to Diverse User Communities 403
Peter Wycisk and Lars Schimpf
Part IV Case Studies 427
18 Application Theme 1 - Urban Planning 429
Editor’s Introduction 429
Case Study 18.1: Integrated 3-D Modeling of the Urban Underground of Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany 430
Rouwen Lehné, Christina Habenberger, Jacob Wächter, and Heiner Heggemann
19 Application Theme 2 - Groundwater Evaluations 457
Editor’s Introduction 457
Case Study 19.1: Three-dimensional Geological Modeling of the Uppsala Esker to Evaluate the Supply of Municipal Water to the City of Uppsala 458
Eva Jirner, P-O. Johansson, and Duncan McConnachie
20 Application Theme 3 - Geothermal Heating and Cooling 479
Editor’s Introduction 479
Case Study 20.1: Assessing Shallow Geothermal Resources at Zaragoza, Northeast Spain, with 3-D Geological Models 480
Alejandro García-Gil, Miguel Á. Marazuela, Violeta Velasco, Mar Alcaraz, Enric Vázquez-Suñé, and Albert Corbera
21 Application Theme 4 - Regulatory Support 501
Editor’s Introduction 501
Case Study 21.1: The use of 3-D Models to Manage the Groundwater Resources of the Lower Greensand Confined Aquifer, Hertfordshire and North London, England 502
Catherine Cripps, Michael Kehinde, Melinda Lewis, and Marieta Garcia-Bajo
22 Application Theme 5 - Geohazard and Environmental Risk Applications 519
Editor’s Introduction 519
Case Study 22.1: Christchurch City, New Zealand, 3-D Geological Model Contributes to Post-Earthquake Rebuilding 520
Mark S. Rattenbury, John G. Begg, and Katie E. Jones
23 Application Theme 6 - Urban Infrastructure 555
Editor’s Introduction 555
Case Study 23.1: Design and Construction of a New Crossrail Station in London Assisted by a 3-D Ground Model 556
Angelos Gakis, Paula Cabrero, and David Entwisle
24 Application Theme 7 - Building and Construction 573
Editor’s Introduction 573
Case Study 24.1: Three-Dimensional Volume Change Potential Modeling in the London Clay 573
Lee Jones, Ricky Terrington, and Andy Hulbert
25 Application Theme 8 - Historical Preservation and Anthropogenic Deposits 595
Editor’s Introduction 595
Case Study 25.1: Evaluating Geological and Anthropogenic Deposits at the Bryggen World Heritage Site, Bergen, Norway 596
Johannes de Beer and Jonathan R. Ford
Part V Future Possibilities and Challenges 619
26 Anticipated Technological Advances 621
Matthew Lato, Robin Harrap, and Kelsey MacCormack
Index 635
