FOREST ECOLOGY
Authoritative resource covering traditional plant ecology topics and contemporary components such as climate change, invasive species, ecosystem services, and more
Forest Ecology provides comprehensive coverage of the field, focusing on traditional plant ecology topics of tree structure and growth, regeneration, effects of light and temperature on tree physiology, forest communities, succession, and diversity. The work also reviews abiotic factors of light, temperature, physiography (landforms and topography), soil, and disturbance (especially fire), and provides coverage of ecosystem-level topics including carbon storage and balance, nutrient cycling, and forest ecosystem productivity.
The 5th edition of Forest Ecology retains the readability and accessibility of the previous editions and includes important additional topical material that has surfaced in the field. All topics are approached with a landscape ecosystem or geo-ecological view, which places biota (organisms and communities) in context as integral parts of whole ecosystems that also include air (atmosphere and climate), topography, soil, and water. As such, the book fills a niche utilized by no other forest ecology text on the market, helping students and researchers consider whole ecosystems at multiple scales.
Sample topics covered in Forest Ecology include:
- Contemporary components of forest ecology, including climate change, invasive species, diversity, ecological forestry, landscape ecology, and ecosystem services.
- Characteristics of physiography important for forest ecosystems, including its effects on microclimate, disturbance, soil, and vegetation.
- Genetic diversity of woody plants and genecological differentiation of tree species, including the importance of hybridization, polyploidy, and epigenetics.
- Site quality estimation using tree height and ground flora, and multiple-factor approaches to forest site and ecosystem classification and mapping.
Forest Ecology is a highly accessible text for students, but it also serves as an excellent reference for academics. In addition, practitioners of forest ecology can also harness the information within to gain better insight into the field for practical application of concepts.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction ix
1 An Introduction to Drawing for Interior Design 1
Understanding Orthographic Projection Drawings 5
Orthographic Projection Drawings for Interior Environments 7
Floor Plans 7
Interior Elevations 9
Sections 16
Reflected Ceiling Plans 18
Dimensions 19
Lettering 21
More about Orthographic Projections 22
2 The Design Process and Related Graphics 29
Programming 32
Diagrams and Programming Analysis Graphics 34
Programming Matrices 40
Schematic Design 43
Bubble Diagrams 43
Blocking Diagrams 43
Fit and Stacking Plans 47
Conceptual Design 47
Mood and Inspiration Boards 49
Schematic Presentation Graphics 51
Design Development 60
3 Paraline and Perspective Drawings 63
Paraline Drawings 64
Plan Oblique Drawings 65
Isometric Drawings 67
Perspective Drawings 68
Perspective Basics 68
One-Point Perspective 73
Two-Point Perspective 73
Three-Point Perspective 74
Developing Visual Skills 74
Ellipses 74
Use of Enclosing Boxes 74
4 Drawing and Sketching Interior Environments 81
Estimated One-Point Interior Perspective Drawings 81
Estimated Two-Point Interior Perspective Drawings 87
Prepared Perspective Grid Charts 92
Two-Point Plan Projection Method 94
Using Photographs 97
Drawing Composition and Cropping 99
5 Rendering by Hand 103
Rendering as Illumination 104
Materials, Media, and Tools 105
Rendering Media 106
Rendering Orthographic Projection Drawings 107
Rendering Simplified Shadows 108
Materials and Finishes 109
Color Rendering 111
Additional Tips for Manual Rendering 125
Rendering Perspective Drawings 126
Shadows in Perspective Renderings 126
Rendering Perspective Drawings without Color 126
Rendering Interior Perspectives in Color 132
Techniques and Tips for Perspective Rendering 135
Hybrid Rendering: Combining Hand and Digital Rendering 139
6 SketchUp and Digital Modeling 143
Getting Started in SketchUp 144
SketchUp Drawing Basics 147
Drawing First Steps 147
Navigation Basics 149
Selection 149
More Drawing Basics 152
Creating Plan and Section Views 168
Exporting Files 169
Importing Files 170
Working from Imported CAD Files 171
Working with REVIT and Other File Types 173
Rendering and Materials Selection in SketchUp 173
7 Digital Rendering 175
Rendering in SketchUp 176
SketchUp Extensions 181
Rendering with Photoshop 184
Getting Started with CAD- or Revit-Generated Drawings 184
Rendering Setup 186
Rendering Techniques and Options 189
Rendering Perspectives in Photoshop 197
Revit Rendering 206
8 Scale Models: Physical and Digital 209
Materials and Tools 210
Paperboard 211
Wood 215
Plastics and Foam 217
Additional Tools 217
Construction and Use of Models 219
Physical Scale Models in Professional Practice 224
Digital Fabrication and 3D Printing 228
Virtual Reality 234
9 Presenting Materials and Finishes 239
Materials and Media Used in Making Boards and Physical Presentations 243
Organization and Composition 250
Sample Presentation Board Organizational Approaches 250
Titles, Keys, and Legends 252
Tips for Materials Preparation 255
Digital Presentation 259
10 Making the Complete Presentation 263
Process and Presentation 267
Organization and Composition 268
Physical Presentations 268
Digital Presentation 273
Beyond the Board and Sheet 284
Graphic Design Components 287
Grids 287
Type 288
Creating Hierarchy 291
Public Speaking and Design Communication 293
Verbal Presentation Basics 296
A Few Words from the Experts 298
Appendix: Color Theory for Rendering 303
Index 305
