The second edition of Equine Reproductive Procedures provides equine practitioners, veterinary students, and equine theriogenologists with a fully updated, practical guide to techniques in equine reproductive practice. This easy-to-use resource covers skills-based information with a clinical focus, taking an easy-to-follow step-by-step approach.
The book covers topics related to the reproductive management of horses, including diagnostic techniques and therapeutic procedures for stallions, mares, and foals. Procedures highlighted in the book are supported with clear descriptions and photographs. Readers will also find a list of required supplies for the procedure and a reference list.
- Provides step-by-step descriptions of techniques related to equine theriogenology
- Serves as a valuable practice tool
- Offers 39 new techniques not found in the first edition
- Includes key updates to existing techniques
Those studying equine reproduction and specialists in theriogenology will find this an essential ‘how-to’ guide for their practice library.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Part I Non-Pregnant Mare 1
1 Reproductive Evaluation 3
Patrick M. McCue
2 Teasing 7
Patrick M. McCue
3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum 11
John J. Dascanio
4 Placement of a Tail Rope 17
John J. Dascanio
5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation 21
John J. Dascanio
6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen 25
John J. Dascanio
7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract 27
Patrick M. McCue
8 Ultrasound Evaluation 31
Patrick M. McCue
9 Prediction of Ovulation 37
Patrick M. McCue
10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina 41
John J. Dascanio
11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix 45
Sofie Sitters
12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush 49
John J. Dascanio
13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing 53
Jillian Bishop and Patrick M. McCue
14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture 5
Patrick M. McCue and Jillian Bishop
15 Microbiology: Gram Stain 59
Jillian Bishop and Patrick M. McCue
16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis 61
Ryan A. Ferris and Patrick M. McCue
17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush 67
John J. Dascanio and Ryan A. Ferris
18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage 73
John J. Dascanio
19 Endometrial Biopsy 77
Patrick M. McCue
20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus 81
Patrick M. McCue
21 Endometrial Cyst Removal 85
John J. Dascanio
22 Chromosomal Analysis 89
Terje Raudsepp
23 Endocrinological Examination 97
Patrick M. McCue
24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy 99
Dean A. Hendrickson
25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland 103
Patrick M. McCue
26 Antisperm Antibody Testing 107
Patrick M. McCue
27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 109
Sofie Sitters and John J. Dascanio
28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 111
Sofie Sitters and John J. Dascanio
29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 113
Sofie Sitters and Patrick M. McCue
30 Prostaglandin E2 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts 117
Patrick M. McCue, Sofie Sitters and Charles F. Scoggin
31 Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts 119
Patrick M. McCue and Charles F. Scoggin
32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts 121
Charles F. Scoggin
33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy 123
Claire E. Card
34 Uterine Lavage 127
John J. Dascanio
35 Uterine Infusion 131
John J. Dascanio
36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis 133
Ryan A. Ferris
37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis 137
Ryan A. Ferris
38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections 141
Morten Rønn Petersen and Anders Miki Bojesen
39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction 143
Kristina Lu and Lauren Javernick
40 Restraint for Breeding 149
John J. Dascanio
41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding 151
Patrick M. McCue
42 Natural Service: In-hand Breeding 153
Charles F. Scoggin
43 Breeding Stitches 157
Charles F. Scoggin
44 Reinforcement Breeding 159
Charles F. Scoggin
45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen 161
John J. Dascanio and Patrick M. McCue
46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum 165
Patrick M. McCue
47 Breeding with Frozen Semen 167
John J. Dascanio
48 Deep Horn Insemination 171
John J. Dascanio
49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination 173
Patrick M. McCue
50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup 177
Jennifer N. Hatzel
51 Packaging and transport of oocytes 183
Jennifer N. Hatzel
52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 187
Jennifer N. Hatzel and JoAnne Stokes
53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty 191
John J. Dascanio
54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing 195
John J. Dascanio
55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod 199
Patrick M. McCue
56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy 201
Patrick M. McCue
57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares 205
Patrick M. McCue
58 Estrus Suppression 211
Patrick M. McCue
59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression 215
Carlos M. Gradil
60 Immunocontraception 221
Patrick M. McCue
61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery 223
Patrick M. McCue
Part II Pregnant Mare 225
62 Embryo Collection 227
Patrick M. McCue
63 Embryo Evaluation 231
Patrick M. McCue
64 Embryo Biopsy 235
Patrick M. McCue
65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport 237
Patrick M. McCue
66 Embryo Cryopreservation 241
Patrick M. McCue
67 Non-Surgical Embryo Transfer 245
Patrick M. McCue
68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI-Derived Embryos 249
Jennifer N. Hatzel
69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract 253
Sofie Sitters
70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract 257
Patrick M. McCue
71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare 263
Sofie Sitters
72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55-200 days 265
Richard D. Holder
73 Assessment of Late-Term Fetal Well-being 273
John J. Dascanio
74 Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta 277
Patrick M. McCue
75 Placentitis: Diagnosis and Treatment 281
Justin W. McNaughten and Margo L. Macpherson
76 Doppler Ultrasonography 287
John J. Dascanio
77 Prediction of Fetal Age 291
John J. Dascanio
78 Twin Reduction: Manual Technique 295
John J. Dascanio
79 Twin Reduction: Transvaginal Aspiration 299
John J. Dascanio
80 Twin Reduction: Cranio-Cervical Dislocation 303
Karen Wolfsdorf
81 Twin Reduction: Thoracic Compression 307
Patrick M. McCue
82 Twin Reduction: Transabdominal Fetal Cardiac Puncture 309
John J. Dascanio
83 Elective Termination of Pregnancy 313
John J. Dascanio
84 Abortion Diagnostic Evaluation: Sample Collection in the Field and Submission 317
Julie T. Cecere and John J. Dascanio
85 Endocrine Evaluation of Pregnancy 319
Patrick M. McCue
86 Treatment of Vaginal Varicosities 323
John J. Dascanio
87 Manual Correction of Uterine Torsion 327
John J. Dascanio
88 Preparation for Foaling 331
John J. Dascanio
89 Assessment of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling 335
John J. Dascanio
90 Assessment of pH of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling 339
Patrick M. McCue
91 Monitoring of Peri-Parturient Mares Using Video and Web Cameras 343
Ryan A. Ferris
92 Foaling Alert: Vulvar Device 345
John J. Dascanio
93 Positional Labor Alert Devices 347
Ryan A. Ferris
94 Induction of Parturition 351
John J. Dascanio
95 Normal Foaling 355
John J. Dascanio
96 Premature Separation of the Placenta 361
Patrick M. McCue
97 Dystocia Management 365
Patrick M. McCue and Sofie Sitters
98 Dystocia Correction 369
John J. Dascanio
99 Fetotomy 375
John J. Dascanio
100 Epidural 381
John J. Dascanio
101 Induction of Lactation to Create a Nurse Mare 383
Pouya Dini and Peter F. Daels
102 Screening to Prevent Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 385
Patrick M. McCue
Part III Postpartum Mare 387
103 Evaluation of Colostrum Specific Gravity 389
Patrick M. McCue
104 Evaluation of Colostrum Quality: Brix Refractometry 393
Patrick M. McCue
105 Colostrum Banking 395
Patrick M. McCue
106 Obtaining Milk from the Mare 399
John J. Dascanio
107 Placental Evaluation 401
Patrick M. McCue
108 Removal of Retained Placenta 407
John J. Dascanio
109 Abdominocentesis 413
John J. Dascanio
110 Uterine Prolapse Treatment 415
John J. Dascanio
111 Buhner Needle Placement of a Perivulvar Suture 419
John J. Dascanio
Part IV Stallion 423
112 Breeding Soundness Evaluation 425
Patrick M. McCue
113 Training the Stallion to Use a Phantom 429
John J. Dascanio
114 Missouri Artificial Vagina 433
John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller
115 Colorado Model Artificial Vagina 437
Patrick M. McCue
116 Roanoke Artificial Vagina 441
John J. Dascanio
117 Hannover Artificial Vagina 445
Sofie Sitters
118 Teaser Stallions 447
Charles F. Scoggin
119 Standing Semen Collection 449
John J. Dascanio
120 Collection of Semen Using an Open-Ended Artificial Vagina 453
Patrick M. McCue
121 Chemical Ejaculation 455
Patrick M. McCue
122 Preparation of a Jump Mare or a Mare for Natural Cover 457
John J. Dascanio
123 Washing the Penis 459
John J. Dascanio
124 Evaluation of Sexual Behavior 463
John J. Dascanio and Sue M. McDonnell
125 Enhancement of Sexual Interest and Response 467
Sue M. McDonnell
126 Management of Ejaculation Difficulty 471
Sue M. McDonnell
127 Calibrated Spectrophotometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration 475
John J. Dascanio
128 Hemocytometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration 479
John J. Dascanio
129 NucleoCounter® Evaluation of Sperm Concentration and Viability 483
Patrick M. McCue
130 Visual Evaluation of Sperm Motility 489
Patrick M. McCue
131 Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis 491
John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller
132 Eosin-Nigrosin Staining in the Evaluation of Sperm 495
Julie T. Cecere
133 Evaluation of Sperm Morphology 499
Leonardo Brito
134 Determination of Daily Sperm Output 505
Patrick M. McCue
135 Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output 507
Patrick M. McCue
136 Wet Mount Evaluation of Sperm 511
John J. Dascanio
137 Diff-Quik® Evaluation of Round Cells and Sperm 513
John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller
138 Electron Microscopy of Constituents of Seminal Ejaculates 515
D. N. Rao Veeramachaneni
139 Bacterial Culture 519
John J. Dascanio
140 Evaluation of pH and Osmolarity of Semen 521
Patrick M. McCue
141 Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker for Ejaculation 523
Patrick M. McCue
142 Diagnosis and Management of Urospermia 525
John J. Dascanio
143 Hemospermia 529
Patrick M. McCue
144 Semen Extenders and Sperm Media 533
Patrick M. McCue
145 Preparation of Semen for Cooled Transport 537
Etta A. Bradecamp
146 Packing Semen for Cooled Transport 541
Etta A. Bradecamp
147 Longevity Testing of Sperm 547
John J. Dascanio
148 Calculation of g Force for Centrifuging Semen 549
John J. Dascanio
149 Centrifugation of Semen: Standard Technique 551
Etta A. Bradecamp
150 Centrifugation of Semen: Cushion Technique 557
Etta A. Bradecamp
151 Centrifugation of Semen: Selection of Motile Sperm Using a Single Layer Colloid Technique 561
Etta A. Bradecamp
152 Use of a SpermFilter 563
Marco A. Alvarenga and Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi
153 Semen Freezing 567
Patrick M. McCue
154 Refreezing Semen 573
Patrick M. McCue
155 Thawing Frozen Semen 577
John J. Dascanio
156 Semen Processing for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 581
Patrick M. McCue
157 Preparing a Vapor Shipper 585
Julie T. Cecere and Paul Loomis
158 Loading a Vapor Shipper 589
Julie T. Cecere and Paul Loomis
159 Maintaining a Long-Term Frozen Semen Storage Tank 591
John J. Dascanio
160 International Transport of Frozen Semen 593
Paul Loomis
161 Harvesting and Shipping Testes 597
John J. Dascanio
162 Epididymal Sperm Recovery 599
John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller
163 Endoscopic Examination of the Urethra 603
Patrick M. McCue
164 Endoscopic-Guided Cannulation of the Seminal Vesicles 607
Patrick M. McCue
165 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Testis, Epididymis, and Spermatic Cord 609
Sofie Sitters
166 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Accessory Sex Glands 615
Sofie Sitters
167 Radiographic Examination of the Penis 621
Patrick M. McCue
168 Testicular Biopsy and Aspiration 623
John J. Dascanio
169 Assessment of Sperm Plasma Membrane Integrity and Viability: Propidium Iodide/SYBR-14 627
Amanda I. Glazar, and Patrick M. McCue
170 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay 629
Charles Love
171 Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test 633
Patrick M. McCue
172 Assessment of Sperm Acrosomal Status: PE-PNA 635
Amanda I. Glazar and Patrick M. McCue
173 Assessment of Sperm Mitochondrial Function: JC-1 and Rhodamine 123 637
Amanda I. Glazar, and Patrick M. McCue
174 Equine Viral Arteritis Testing 639
G. Reed Holyoak and Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
175 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels 645
Patrick M. McCue
176 Diagnostic Endocrinology: GnRH Stimulation Tests 647
Patrick M. McCue
177 Diagnostic Endocrinology: hCG Stimulation Test 649
Patrick M. McCue
178 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Estrogen Conjugate Assay 653
Patrick M. McCue
179 Diagnostic Tests for Cryptorchidism 655
Patrick M. McCue
180 Probang Apparatus 659
Julie T. Cecere
181 Support Apparatus for Paraphimosis 663
John J. Dascanio
182 Equine Castration Techniques 667
Stacy Anderson
183 Stallion Acupuncture 671
Rhonda A. Rathgeber
Part V Newborn Foal 675
184 Birth Resuscitation 677
Patrick M. McCue
185 Handling and Restraint 681
Undine Christmann
186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique 687
John Madigan
187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer 691
Patrick M. McCue
188 Colostral Administration via Naso-Gastric Intubation 695
John J. Dascanio
189 Sedation 699
Undine Christmann
190 Intravenous Catheter Placement 701
Undine Christmann
191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal 707
Undine Christmann
192 Acupuncture in the Neonate 711
Peter Morresey
193 Routine Care 713
Patrick M. McCue
194 Foal Rejection 719
Patrick M. McCue
195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare 723
Peter F. Daels and Pouya Dini
196 Entropion 725
John J. Dascanio
197 Umbilical Ultrasound 727
Undine Christmann
198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity 733
Stacy Anderson
199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities 735
Stacy Anderson
200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities 739
Stacy Anderson
Part VI Appendices 745
Appendix A Society for Theriogenology Stallion Reproductive Evaluation Form 745
Appendix B Mare Breeding Soundness Evaluation Form 749
Appendix C Formulary for Equine Reproduction 751
Appendix D Foaling Kit and Associated Equipment and Supplies 759
Index 761
