Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most anticipated stationary clean energy devices in renewable and alternative energy. Despite the appreciable improvement in their cost and durability, which are the two major commercialization barriers, their availability has not matched demand. This is mainly due to the use of expensive metal-catalyst, less durable membranes, and poor insight into the ongoing phenomena inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Efforts are being made to optimize the use of precious metals as catalyst layers or find alternatives that can be durable for more than 5000 hours.
Computational models are also being developed and studied to get an insight into the shortcomings and provide solutions. The announcement by various companies that they will be producing proton exchange membrane fuel cells-based cars by 2025 has accelerated the current research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The breakthrough is urgently needed. The membranes, catalysts, polymer electrolytes, and especially the understanding of diffusion layers, need thorough revision and improvement to achieve the target. This exciting breakthrough volume explores these challenges and offers solutions for the industry. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1
Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Maryam Mohammadi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 3
1.2.1 Stationary Applications 3
1.2.2 Portable Applications 5
1.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs 6
1.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs 6
1.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 6
1.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell 7
1.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 8
1.2.5.1 Electricity Generation 8
1.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells 9
1.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste 9
1.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 9
1.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells 10
1.2.5.6 Biosensors 11
1.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production 11
1.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells 11
1.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 12
References 13
2 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 17
Beenish Saba
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Membranes 19
2.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane 19
2.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes 20
2.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 21
2.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells 22
2.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 22
2.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 23
2.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 24
2.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes 25
2.7 Conclusion 26
References 27
3 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 33
Ranjit Debnath and Mitali Saha
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells 35
3.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 36
3.3 Conclusion 45
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 51
Umesh Fegade and K. E. Suryawanshi
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube-Based Membranes PEM Cells 54
References 64
5 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 73
P. Satishkumar, Arun M. Isloor and Ramin Farnood
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC 77
5.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties 80
5.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement 80
5.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement 81
5.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement 81
5.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement 81
5.4 Nafion-Based Membrane 82
5.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)-Based Membrane 86
5.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)-Based Membranes 91
5.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Membranes 95
5.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone-Based Membranes 98
5.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes 100
5.10 Conclusions 103
References 103
6 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 111
Guocai Tian
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 112
6.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 116
6.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM 117
6.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM 117
6.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM 118
6.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane 118
6.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM 120
6.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM 120
6.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM 122
6.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM 124
6.4.4 Inorganic Acid-Doped Composite Film 125
6.4.5 Heteropoly Acid-Doped Composite PEM 126
6.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate-Doped Composite PEM 127
6.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane 127
6.5 Conclusion and Prospection 128
Acknowledgments 130
Conflict of Interest 130
References 130
7 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges 137
Salah M.S. Al-Mufti and S.J.A. Rizvi
7.1 Introduction 138
7.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites 142
7.2.1 Percolation Theory 145
7.2.2 General Effective Media Model 146
7.2.3 McLachlan Model 147
7.2.4 Mamunya Model 148
7.2.5 Taherian Model 149
7.3 Matrix and Fillers 151
7.3.1 Thermoset Resins 151
7.3.1.1 Epoxy 152
7.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 152
7.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins 152
7.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins 153
7.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins 153
7.3.2 Fillers 153
7.3.2.1 Graphite 156
7.3.2.2 Graphene 157
7.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite 158
7.3.2.4 Carbon Black 158
7.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube 159
7.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber 160
7.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 162
7.4.1 Compression Molding 162
7.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process 163
7.4.3 Wet and Dry Method 164
7.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method 164
7.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 166
7.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters 166
7.5.1.1 Pressure 166
7.5.1.2 Temperature 168
7.5.1.3 Time 169
7.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates 170
7.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs 170
7.6.1 Electrical Properties 171
7.6.2 Mechanical Properties 173
7.6.3 Thermal Properties 174
7.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs 176
7.7.1 Electrical Analysis 176
7.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity 176
7.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity 189
7.7.2 Thermal Analysis 190
7.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 190
7.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 190
7.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 191
7.7.3 Mechanical Analysis 192
7.7.3.1 Flexural Strength 192
7.7.3.2 Tensile Strength 192
7.7.3.3 Compressive Strength 193
7.8 Conclusions 193
Abbreviations 194
References 195
8 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 213
Yashmeen, Gitanjali Jindal and Navneet Kaur
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 216
8.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 217
8.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 224
8.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 225
8.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 227
8.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 230
8.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 230
8.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 232
8.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 234
8.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects 239
References 240
9 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 245
Pavitra Rajendran, Valmiki Aruna, Gangadhara Angajala and Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
Abbreviations 246
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs 250
9.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane 250
9.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane 252
9.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers) 253
9.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles 255
9.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO) 257
9.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene) 258
9.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) 259
9.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6fbpaqsh-xx) 260
9.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES) 261
9.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE) 261
9.13 Conclusion 266
Conflicts of Interest 266
Acknowledgements 267
References 267
10 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 271
Foad Monemian and Ali Kargari
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification 272
10.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 273
10.4 Fuel Cell Applications 274
10.4.1 Transportation 275
10.4.2 Stationary Power 275
10.4.3 Portable Applications 275
10.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods 278
10.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization 280
10.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity-Conductivity 281
10.6.2 Durability 281
10.6.3 Water Management 282
10.6.4 Cost 282
10.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC 282
10.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs 283
10.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers 286
10.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds 289
10.8 Conclusions 296
References 296
11 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 299
Santiago Pablo Fernandez Bordín, Janet de los Angeles Chinellato Díaz and Marcelo Ricardo Romero
11.1 Introduction: Background 300
11.2 Physical Properties 302
11.3 Nafion Structure 304
11.4 Water Uptake 307
11.5 Protonic Conductivity 310
11.6 Water Transport 316
11.7 Gas Permeation 319
11.8 Final Comments 324
Acknowledgements 324
References 325
12 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 331
Nitin Srivastava and Rajendra Kumar Singh
12.1 Introduction 331
12.2 Type of Fuel Cells 334
12.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 334
12.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 335
12.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 337
12.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 338
12.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 338
12.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC 339
12.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC 341
12.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane 341
12.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 343
12.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane 344
12.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone 344
12.4.5 Acid Base Blend 344
12.5 Applications 345
12.5.1 Application in Transportation 346
12.6 Conclusions 347
References 347
13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 353
Maryam Mirzaie and Mohamadreza Esmaeilpour
13.1 Introduction 354
13.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling 356
13.2.1 Governing Equations 359
13.2.1.1 Continuity Equation 359
13.2.1.2 Momentum Equation 360
13.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation 360
13.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation 362
13.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation 362
13.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water 362
13.3 The Solution Procedures 363
13.3.1 CFD Simulations 363
13.3.2 OpenFOAM 374
13.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann 381
13.4 Conclusions 389
References 390
Index 395
