Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1. Introduction to Environmental Management and Services 1
Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Quoc Tuan LE, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN and Truong Ngoc Han LE
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Environmental components 2
1.2.1. Lithosphere 3
1.2.2. Atmosphere 3
1.2.3. Hydrosphere 4
1.2.4. Biosphere 5
1.3. Environmental pollution 6
1.3.1. Air pollution 6
1.3.2. Water pollution 7
1.3.3. Soil pollution 8
1.3.4. Biological pollution 8
1.4. Environmental quality management 9
1.4.1. Air quality management: technical tools and data management 9
1.4.2. Water quality management 11
1.4.3. Biosphere reservation and management 12
1.5. Data services for the environment 14
1.6. References 15
Part. Environmental Case Studies 17
Chapter 2. Air Quality Monitoring with Focus on Wireless Sensor Application and Data Management 19
Tan Loi HUYNH, Sathita FAKPRAPAI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN
2.1. Introduction 20
2.2. Development of air pollution monitoring techniques 20
2.2.1. Conventional air pollution monitoring 21
2.2.2. Sensing technology for air monitoring 25
2.3. Wireless sensor network for air monitoring 28
2.3.1. Case studies of application of wireless sensors for air quality monitoring 29
2.3.2. AIT case study 1 30
2.3.3. AIT case study 2 32
2.3.4. Influencing factors of low-cost sensor performance in air pollution monitoring 35
2.4. Summary: toward application of cloud computing for air quality monitoring data management 36
2.5. References 36
Chapter 3. Emission Inventories for Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases with Emphasis on Data Management in the Cloud 41
Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Kok SOTHEA, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Jantira RATTANARAT and Surasak SICHUM
3.1. Introduction 42
3.2. Methodology for development of EI database 43
3.2.1. Framework of EI development 43
3.2.2. Calculation of EI 44
3.2.3. Sources of data 45
3.3. Case studies 52
3.3.1. Southeast Asia (SEA) 52
3.3.2. Vietnam inland domain 56
3.3.3. Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand 59
3.3.4. Forest fire emissions from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 60
3.3.5. Phnom Penh (PNH), Cambodia 63
3.4. Summary and conclusion 65
3.5. References 65
Chapter 4. Atmospheric Modeling with Focus on Management of Input/Output Data and Potential of Cloud Computing Applications 73
Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI and Didin Agustian PERMADI
4.1. Introduction 74
4.1.1. Atmospheric modeling 74
4.1.2. Roles of modeling in air quality management 75
4.1.3. Existing modeling systems 76
4.2. Model architecture of chemistry transport model 80
4.2.1. Conceptual framework and structure 80
4.2.2. Data flow and processing 83
4.3. Output data processing 85
4.3.1. Output data processing 85
4.3.2. Model performance evaluation 86
4.4. Potential applications of cloud computing in atmospheric modeling 87
4.4.1. Current status of cloud computing applications in atmospheric modeling 87
4.4.2. Potential applications of cloud computing in air quality modeling 88
4.5. Case studies of air pollution modeling in Southeast Asia 89
4.5.1. Modeling air quality in Vietnam 89
4.5.2. Modeling air quality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region 93
4.5.3. Modeling air quality in the Southeast Asia domain 96
4.6. Summary and conclusion 99
4.7. References 100
Chapter 5. Particulate Matter Concentration Mapping from Satellite Imagery 103
Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN, Viet Hung LUU, Van Ha PHAM, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN
5.1. Introduction 103
5.2. Relation of aerosol optical thickness, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration 104
5.2.1. Data collection 105
5.2.2. Outlier detection 105
5.2.3. Data integration 105
5.2.4. Correlation analysis 106
5.2.5. Validation of satellite-derived AOD and ground-measured AOD 107
5.2.6. Relation of particulate matter concentration and meteorological variables 108
5.2.7. Relation of particulate matter concentration and satellite-derived AOD 111
5.3. PM2.5 mapping from moderate resolution satellite images 114
5.3.1. Data collection 114
5.3.2. Multiple variable regressions 115
5.3.3. Data interpolation 115
5.3.4. Evaluation metrics 116
5.3.5. Predictor variables and model selection 116
5.3.6. Interpolation model 117
5.3.7. Map validation results 118
5.4. PM10 mapping from high resolution satellite images 119
5.4.1. Dataset 119
5.4.2. Radiometric normalization 120
5.4.3. Relative Aerosol Optical Depth Extraction 121
5.4.4. Least square fitting 123
5.4.5. PM10 estimation from SPOT images 124
5.5. Conclusion 127
5.6. References 127
Chapter 6. Comparison and Assessment of Culturable Airborne Microorganism Levels and Related Environmental Factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 131
Tri Quang Hung NGUYEN, Minh Ky NGUYEN and Ngoc Thu Huong HUYNH
6.1. Introduction 131
6.2. Materials and methods 132
6.2.1. Studying sites 132
6.2.2. Sampling 133
6.2.3. Identification of microorganisms 134
6.2.4. Statistical analysis 134
6.3. Results and discussions 135
6.3.1. Results of environmental factors in Ho Chi Minh City 135
6.3.2. Results of monitoring on culturable microorganism levels in ambient air 136
6.3.3. Comparison and assessment of environmental factor effects on culturable microorganism levels 139
6.3.4. Principal component analysis of microorganism groups 146
6.4. Conclusion 149
6.5. References 150
Chapter 7. Application of GIS and RS in Planning Environmental Protection Zones in Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue Province 155
Quoc Tuan LE, Trinh Minh Anh NGUYEN, Huy Anh NGUYEN and Truong Ngoc Han LE
7.1. Introduction 155
7.2. Materials and research methods 157
7.2.1. Materials 157
7.3. Research methods 158
7.3.1. Research approach 158
7.3.2. Research methods 158
7.3.3. Results and discussion 160
7.3.4. Environmental protection planning map 161
7.4. Conclusion 164
7.5. References 164
Chapter 8. Forecasting the Water Quality and the Capacity of the Dong Nai River to Receive Wastewater up to 2020 165
Quoc Tuan LE, Thi Kieu Diem NGO and Truong Ngoc Han LE
8.1. Introduction 165
8.2. Materials and methods 166
8.2.1. Assessing the water quality and partitioning the receiving zone 166
8.2.2. MIKE 11 modeling 167
8.3. Results and discussion 167
8.3.1. The water quality of the Dong Nai River 167
8.3.2. Waste sources to the Dong Nai River 168
8.3.3. Waste load to Dong Nai river 169
8.3.4. Forecasting load to the Dong Nai River in 2020 170
8.3.5. Water quality forecasting 172
8.3.6. Partition for water receiving of the Dong Nai River 173
8.4. Conclusion 173
8.5. Appendix 174
8.6. References 175
Chapter 9. Water Resource Management 177
Imeshi WEERASINGHE
9.1. Introduction 177
9.1.1. The hydrological cycle 178
9.1.2. Hydrological models 179
9.2. Hydrological models for water resource management 179
9.2.1. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) 180
9.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS) and the SWAT model 181
9.3. Setting up of a SWAT model for the Blue Nile basin 181
9.4. Scenario analysis using SWAT 184
9.4.1. Management scenarios 185
9.4.2. Land use scenarios 185
9.4.3. Climate change scenarios 185
9.5. Cloud computing and SWAT 186
9.6. References 186
Chapter 10. Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change and Climate Change on Water Resources in the La Vi Catchment, Binh Dinh Province 191
Kim Loi NGUYEN, Le Tan Dat NGUYEN, Hoang Tu LE, Duy Liem NGUYEN, Ngoc Quynh Tram VO, Van Phan LE, Duy Nang NGUYEN, Thi Thanh Thuy NGUYEN, Gia Diep PHAM, Dang Nguyen Dong PHUONG, Thi Hong NGUYEN, Thong Nhat TRAN, Margaret SHANAFIELD and Okke BATELAAN
10.1. Introduction 191
10.1.1. Background of the study/related literature 192
10.1.2. Description of study area 195
10.1.3. Land use/land cover 197
10.2. Materials and methodology 198
10.2.1. Brief description of the SWAT model 198
10.2.2. Materials 200
10.2.3. Data collection 200
10.2.4. Methodology 203
10.3. Primary results 203
10.3.1. The automatic hydro-meteorology 203
10.3.2. Assessing water discharge in the La Vi catchment using the SWAT model 205
10.4. Conclusion 206
10.5. Acknowledgments 206
10.6. References 207
Conclusion and Future Prospects 211
List of Authors 215
Index 219
Summaries of other volumes 221
Dominique LAFFLY and Yannick LE NIR
