The authoritative resource providing coverage of all aspects of HVAC, fully updated to align with the latest HVAC technologies and methods
Now in its Seventh Edition, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning has been fully updated to align with the latest technologies and industry developments while maintaining the balance of theoretical information with practical applications that has prepared many generations of students for their careers.
As they work through the book, students will become familiar with different types of heating and air conditioning systems and equipment, understand processes and concepts involving moist atmospheric air, learn how to provide comfort to occupants in controlled spaces, and gain practice calculating probable heat loss/gain and energy requirements. A companion website includes additional multiple-choice questions, tutorial videos showing problem-solving for R-value calculation, and Excel spreadsheets that can be used for practice calculations.
The Seventh Edition includes new coverage of ductless A/C systems, heat exchangers and hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps, energy-efficient equipment, and UV principles of air quality treatment of airborne viruses like COVID-19.
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning includes detailed coverage of topics such as: - Common HVAC units and dimensions, fundamental physical concepts, and system selection and arrangement - Types of all-air systems, air-and-water systems, all-water systems, and decentralized cooling and heating - Moist air and the standard atmosphere, fundamental parameters, adiabatic saturation, and wet bulb temperature and the psychrometric chart - Outdoor and indoor design conditions, transmission heat losses, infiltration, heat losses from air ducts, auxiliary heat sources, and intermittently heated structures - Heat gain, cooling load, and heat extraction rate, and application of cooling load calculation procedures - Selection of pumps and fans, and duct HVAC sizing
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning helps prepare students for the industry by connecting the content to ASHRAE standards and by introducing coverage of software tools commonly used in HVAC design. The text is suitable for one- or two-semester HVAC courses taught at junior to graduate levels in various engineering departments.
Table of Contents
About the Companion Website xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Notes 2
1.2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 3
1.3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 6
1.4 Additional Comments 18
References 19
Problems 19
2. Air-Conditioning Systems 22
2.1 The Complete System 22
2.2 System Selection and Arrangement 24
2.3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 27
2.4 Types of All-Air Systems 28
2.5 Air-and-Water Systems 35
2.6 All-Water Systems 37
2.7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 38
2.8 Heat Pump Systems 41
2.9 Heat Recovery Systems 43
2.10 Thermal Energy Storage 44
References 45
Problems 46
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 49
3.1 Moist Air and The Standard Atmosphere 49
3.2 Fundamental Parameters 51
3.3 Adiabatic Saturation 53
3.4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 55
3.5 Classic Moist Air Processes 57
3.6 Space Air Conditioning - Design Conditions 66
3.7 Space Air Conditioning - Off-Design Conditions 77
References 81
Problems 81
4. Comfort and Health - Indoor Environmental Quality 86
4.1 Comfort - Physiological Considerations 87
4.2 Environmental Comfort Indices 87
4.3 Comfort Conditions 91
4.4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 93
4.5 Common Contaminants 94
4.6 Methods to Control Humidity 96
4.7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98
References 116
Problems 116
5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 120
5.1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 120
5.2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 139
5.3 Moisture Transmission 154
References 155
Problems 155
6. Space Heating Load 159
6.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 159
6.2 Indoor Design Conditions 160
6.3 Transmission Heat Losses 161
6.4 Infiltration 161
6.5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 174
6.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 176
6.7 Intermittently Heated Structures 176
6.8 Supply Air for Space Heating 176
6.9 Source Media for Space Heating 177
6.10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 178
References 179
Problems 180
7. Solar Radiation 182
7.1 Thermal Radiation 182
7.2 The Earth’s Motion About the Sun 185
7.3 Time 186
7.4 Solar Angles 188
7.5 Solar Irradiation 191
7.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 198
7.7 Energy Calculations 213
References 214
Problems 214
8. The Cooling Load 217
8.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 217
8.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 220
8.3 Design Conditions 221
8.4 Internal Heat Gains 222
8.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226
8.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228
8.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance - Opaque Surfaces 232
8.8 Fenestration - Transmitted Solar Radiation 238
8.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance - Opaque Surfaces 240
8.10 Surface Heat Balance - Transparent Surfaces 246
8.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 250
8.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 255
8.13 Radiant Time Series Method 256
8.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266
8.15 Supply Air Quantities 273
References 273
Problems 275
9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279
9.1 Degree-Day Procedure 279
9.2 Bin Method 282
9.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 287
9.4 Energy Calculation Tools 293
9.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294
References 294
Problems 297
10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 298
10.1 Fluid Flow Basics 298
10.2 Centrifugal Pumps 309
10.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 313
10.4 Piping System Fundamentals 317
10.5 System Design 335
10.6 Steam Heating Systems 343
References 356
Problems 357
11. Space Air Diffusion 363
11.1 Behavior of Jets 363
11.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371
References 388
Problems 388
12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 391
12.1 Fans 391
12.2 Fan Relations 391
12.3 Fan Performance and Selection 396
12.4 Fan Installation 403
12.5 Field Performance Testing 410
12.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 412
12.7 Air Flow in Ducts 414
12.8 Air Flow in Fittings 421
12.9 Accessories 434
12.10 Duct Design - General 435
12.11 Duct Design - Sizing 440
References 450
Problems 450
13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 456
13.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 456
13.2 Spray Chambers 459
13.3 Cooling Towers 467
References 474
Problems 475
14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 477
14.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 478
14.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 479
14.3 Heat Transfer - Single-Component Fluids 480
14.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 487
14.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 492
14.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 498
14.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509
References 520
Problems 520
15. Refrigeration 524
15.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 524
15.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 526
15.3 Refrigerants 529
15.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 535
15.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 549
15.6 Absorption Refrigeration 555
15.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 565
15.8 The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System 567
15.9 The Lithium Bromide-Water System 571
References 574
Problems 574
Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577
Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam) - English Units 578
Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam) - SI Units 579
Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane) - English Units 580
Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) - SI Units 582
Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) - English Units 584
Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) - SI Units 586
Table A.4a Air - English Units 588
Table A.4b Air - SI Units 589
Appendix B. Weather Data 590
Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions - United States, Canada, and the World - English Units 591
Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions - United States, Canada, and World - SI Units 594
Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597
Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597
Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598
Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598
Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599
Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions - English and SI Units 600
Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions - English and SI Units 601
Appendix D. Useful Data 602
Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603
Appendix E. Charts 605
Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606
Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607
Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608
Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609
Chart 2 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for ammonia-water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright © 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610
Chart 3 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611
Chart 4 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22
(Reprinted by permission.) 612
Chart 5 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide-water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613
Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614
Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615
Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616
Index 617
