A great resource for beginner students and professionals alike
Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering: Essentials for Engineering Science (STEM) Professionals and Students brings together the fundamentals of Carnot's laws of thermodynamics, Coulomb's law, electric circuit theory, and semiconductor technology. The book is the perfect introduction to energy-related fields for undergraduates and non-electrical engineering students and professionals with knowledge of Calculus III. Its unique combination of foundational concepts and advanced applications delivered with focused examples serves to leave the reader with a practical and comprehensive overview of the subject.
The book includes:
- A combination of analytical and software solutions in order to relate aspects of electric circuits at an accessible level
- A thorough description of compensation of flux weakening (CFW) applied to inverter-fed, variable-speed drives not seen anywhere else in the literature
- Numerous application examples of solutions using PSPICE, Mathematica, and finite difference/finite element solutions such as detailed magnetic flux distributions
- Manufacturing of electric energy in power systems with integrated renewable energy sources where three-phase inverter supply energy to interconnected, smart power systems
Connecting the energy-related technology and application discussions with urgent issues of energy conservation and renewable energy - such as photovoltaics and ground-water heat pump resulting in a zero-emissions dwelling - Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy, and Electrical Engineering crafts a truly modern and relevant approach to its subject matter.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Summary xv
Preface xix
Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms xxix
About the Companion Website liii
1 Basic Concepts 1
1.1 Energy Conservation: Laws of Thermodynamics 1
1.2 Converting Heat to Mechanical Power 2
1.2.1 Carnot Cycle, Carnot Machines, and Carnot Efficiency 4
1.2.2 Rankine Cycle 8
1.2.3 Brayton Cycle 9
1.2.4 Ericsson Cycle 9
1.2.5 Internal Combustion Engines 10
1.2.6 Steam, Gas, and Oil Turbines 13
1.2.7 Energy Content of Common Fuels (e.g. Gasoline, Diesel, Methanol, Hydrogen) 15
1.3 Heat Pumps and Air-Conditioning Units 15
1.3.1 Heating Cycle Of Heat Pump 21
1.3.2 Combined Heating and Cooling Performance (CHCP) Coefficient of a Residence 22
1.4 Hydro Turbines 24
1.5 Wind Power and the Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky Limit 26
1.6 Thermal Solar and PV Plants 28
1.7 Capacity Factors 40
1.8 Force Calculations Based on Coulomb’s Law 40
1.8.1 Electric Charge 41
1.8.2 Electrostatic Force 43
1.9 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 45
1.10 Instantaneous Current i and Voltage v 46
1.10.1 Instantaneous Voltage v, Work/Energy work, and Power p 46
1.11 The Question of Frequency: AC Versus DC Distribution and Transmission Systems 47
1.12 Reference Directions and Polarities of Voltages and Currents 52
1.13 Power p 53
1.14 Ideal Passive Electric Circuit Elements 53
1.15 Independent and Dependent Voltage and Current Sources 55
1.16 Galvanic Elements, Voltaic Series, and Lead-Acid Batteries 55
1.17 Electrolysis 60
1.18 Flow Batteries and Fuel Cells 61
1.19 Reformer 61
1.20 Energy Storage Plants 62
1.21 Current Projects and Issues with Potential Solutions 62
1.22 Software in Public Domain (e.g. PSPICE, Mathematica, MATLAB/Simulink) 68
1.23 Summary 68
Problems 69
References 80
Appendix 1.A Design Data of Photovoltaic Power Plant of Figure E1.6.1 85
Appendix 1.B The Nature of Electricity and Its Manufacturing 89
Appendix 1.C The Cost of Electricity in a Renewable Energy System 99
2 Electric Circuit Laws 103
2.1 Ohm’s Law and Instantaneous Electric Power p(t) 103
2.2 Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws (KCL) and (KVL), Respectively 104
2.3 Application of KVL to Single-Loop Circuits 107
2.3.1 Voltage Division or Voltage Divider 108
2.4 Single-Node Pair Circuits 109
2.4.1 Current Division 110
2.5 Resistor Combinations 112
2.6 Nodal Analysis 115
2.7 Loop or Mesh Analysis 117
2.8 Superposition 118
2.8.1 Principle of Superposition 119
2.9 Source Exchange/Transformation 121
2.10 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 122
2.10.1 Equivalency of Thévenin and Norton Circuits 126
2.11 Wheatstone and Thomson Bridges 128
2.12 Summary 131
Problems 132
References 137
3 DC Circuit Transient Analysis 139
3.1 Capacitors 139
3.1.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 139
3.1.2 Capacitor Combination Formulas 146
3.2 Inductors 147
3.2.1 Energy Stored in an Inductor 148
3.2.2 Inductor Combination Formulas 151
3.3 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in First-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients 152
3.3.1 RC Series Network and Time Constant τRC 152
3.3.2 RL Series Network and Time Constant τRL 156
3.4 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in Second-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients 160
3.5 Summary 167
Problems 168
References 176
4 Alternating Current (AC) Steady-State Analysis with Phasors 179
4.1 Sinusoidal and Cosinusoidal Functions 179
4.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal and Complex Number Relations 180
4.2.1 Definition of Phasors 181
4.3 Phasor Relations for Circuit Elements such as Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor 187
4.3.1 Resistor 187
4.3.2 Inductor 187
4.3.3 Capacitor 188
4.3.4 Definition of Impedance z and Admittance y 189
Summary 192
4.4 Delta-Wye Transformation 193
4.5 Solution Based on Kirchhoff’s Laws 193
4.6 Solution Using Nodal Analysis 196
4.7 Solution with Mesh and Loop Analysis by Applying Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s Laws 198
4.8 Solution Based on Superposition 199
4.9 Solution with Source Transformation/Exchange 202
4.10 Solutions Employing Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems and Source Transformations 204
4.11 Nonsinusoidal Steady-State Response 209
4.12 Summary 213
Problems 213
References 220
Appendix 4.A Conversion of Phasors from Rectangular to Polar Form 221
5 Instantaneous and Steady-State Power Analysis 225
5.1 Introduction 225
5.2 Instantaneous Power p(t) 225
5.3 Average (Real) Power P 228
5.4 Relation Between Root-Mean-Square (rms) or Effective (eff) Value and Amplitude 230
5.5 Fundamental or Displacement Power Factor 232
5.6 Complex Power 238
5.7 Fundamental Power Factor Correction 246
5.8 Residential Single-Phase AC Power Circuits in the United States 250
5.8.1 Power Requirements for Lighting Equipment 251
5.9 Three-Phase Distribution and Transmission Networks 254
5.9.1 Balanced Wye (Y) Source-Wye (Y) Load Connection 259
5.9.2 Balanced Wye (Y) Source-Delta (Δ) Load Connection 261
5.9.3 Treatment of Delta (Δ)-Connected Source 262
5.9.4 Power Relationships for Three-Phase Balanced Systems 264
5.10 Summary 265
Problems 266
References 274
6 Coupled Magnetic Circuits, Single- and Three-Phase Transformers 277
6.1 Introduction 277
6.2 Magnetic Circuits 277
6.3 Magnetically Coupled Circuits, Definition of Self- and Mutual Inductances 288
6.4 Unsaturated or Linear Single-Phase Transformer 290
6.5 Ideal Transformer 293
6.6 Applications of Single-Phase Power Transformers 301
6.7 Three-Phase Power Transformers 318
6.8 To Ground or Not to Ground? That Is the Question 331
6.9 Results Obtained Through More Accurate Calculation and Measurement Methods 331
6.10 Summary 332
Problems 334
References 344
7 Frequency Characteristics of Electric Circuits 349
7.1 Introduction 349
7.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal Frequency Analysis 350
7.3 Passive Filters 350
7.3.1 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function 351
7.3.2 First-Order RC Low-Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics 352
7.3.3 First-Order RC High-Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics 354
7.3.4 Band-Pass and Band-Rejection (Second-Order) Filter Circuits and Their Frequency Characteristics 356
7.3.5 Series and Parallel Resonant RLC (Second-Order) Circuits 361
7.4 Active Filters 368
7.5 Summary 368
Problems 369
References 373
8 Operational Amplifiers 375
8.1 Introduction 375
8.2 Ideal Operational (OP) Amplifier 376
8.3 Noninverting OP Amplifier 377
8.4 Unity-Gain OP Amplifier 378
8.5 Inverting OP Amplifier 379
8.6 Differential Amplifier 381
8.7 Summing Networks 382
8.8 Integrating and Differentiating Networks 383
8.9 Active Filters 389
8.10 Current-to-Voltage Converter 392
8.11 Controllers for Electric Circuits 393
8.11.1 P Controller 394
8.11.2 I Controller 408
8.11.3 PI Controller 409
8.11.4 D Controller 409
8.11.5 PID Controller 411
8.11.6 PD Controller 417
8.12 Summary 417
Problems 419
References 428
9 Semiconductor Diodes and Switches 431
9.1 Introduction 431
9.2 The pn Junction: Elementary Building Block of Semiconductor Diodes and Switches 432
9.3 Zener Diode 436
9.4 Varistor 436
9.5 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 437
9.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 440
9.7 Thyristor (Current Gate) or Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 440
9.8 Triac 444
9.9 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 445
9.10 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 446
9.11 Summary 446
References 447
10 Applications of Semiconductor Switches Using PSPICE: Uncontrolled and Controlled AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers), AC Voltage and Current Regulators and Controllers, and DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 449
10.1 Half-Wave, Single-Phase Rectification 450
10.2 Full-Wave, Single-Phase Rectification 473
10.3 AC Current Controllers 484
10.4 Clippers and Clampers 491
10.5 Three-Phase Rectifiers 495
10.6 Three-Phase Inverters 508
10.7 Design of a Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant 519
10.8 Design of a Wind Power Plant 527
10.9 Efficiency Increase of Induction Motors Based on Semiconductor Controllers and Influence of Harmonics on Power System Components 538
10.10 Power Quality and the Use of Input and Output Filters for Rectifiers and Inverters 538
10.11 Summary 550
Problems 551
References 557
11 DC Machines Serving as Role Models for AC Rotating Machine Operation and Electronic Converters 561
11.1 Introduction 561
11.2 Mechanical Commutation Concept 565
11.3 Equivalent Circuits and Voltage-Current Diagrams of Separately, Cumulatively, Differentially, Self-Excited, and Series-Connected DC Machines 576
11.4 Speed and Torque Control 580
11.5 Summary 589
11.5 Problems 589
References 596
Appendix 11.A Magnetic Field Computation Based on Numerical Methods 598
Appendix 11.B Sample Calculation of Self- and Leakage Inductances and Flux of a DC Machine Field Winding from Flux Plots 607
12 Permanent-Magnet, Induction, and Synchronous Machines: Their Performance at Variable Speed and Torque 615
12.1 Revolving Magnetic Field 616
12.2 Permanent-Magnet Materials 624
12.3 Designs of Permanent-Magnet Machines (PMMs) 630
12.3.1 Speed and Torque Control of PMM 638
12.3.2 Applications of PMM to Automobiles and Wind Power Plants 641
12.4 Three-Phase (Polyphase) IMs: Balanced Operation 656
12.4.1 Basic Principle of Operation 656
12.4.2 Equivalent Circuits 660
12.4.3 Types of Induction Machines 670
12.4.4 Speed and Torque Control with Semiconductor Converters and Controllers of IM as Applied to Heat Pumps, Automobiles, Trains, and Wind Power Plants 670
12.4.5 Optimization of Three- and Single-Phase IMs with Respect to Efficiency for Given Performance Constraints 683
12.5 Polyphase Non-salient and Salient Pole Synchronous Machines (SMs) 684
12.5.1 Equivalent Circuits, Phasor Diagrams, and Magnetic Field Distributions Based on Polycentric Grid/Mesh Systems 685
12.5.2 Applications of SMs When Independently Controlling Speed and Torque 703
12.6 Summary 703
Problems 704
References 709
Index 715
