Green technologies and cleaner energy are two of the most important topics facing our world today, and the march toward efficient energy systems, smart cities, and other green technologies, has been, and continues to be, a long and intricate one. Books like this one keep the veteran engineer and student, alike, up to date on current trends in the technology and offer a reference for the industry for its practical applications.
Energy optimization and consumption prediction are necessary to prevent energy waste, schedule energy usage, and reduce the cost. Today, smart computing technologies are slowly replacing the traditional computational methods in energy optimization, consumption, scheduling, and usage. Smart computing is an important core technology in today’s scientific and engineering environment. Smart computation techniques such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning and Internet of Things (IoT) are the key role players in emerging technologies across different applications, industries, and other areas. These newer, smart computation techniques are incorporated with traditional computation and scheduling methods to reduce power usage in areas such as distributed environment, healthcare, smart cities, agriculture and various functional areas.
The scope of this book is to bridge the gap between traditional power consumption methods and modern consumptions methods using smart computation methods. This book addresses the various limitations, issues and challenges of traditional energy consumption methods and provides solutions for various issues using modern smart computation technologies. These smart technologies play a significant role in power consumption, and they are cheaper compared to traditional technologies. The significant limitations of energy usage and optimizations are rectified using smart computations techniques, and the computation techniques are applied across a wide variety of industries and engineering areas. Valuable as reference for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals across many areas, this is a must-have for any library.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
1 Review and Analysis of Machine Learning Based Techniques for Load Forecasting in Smart Grid System 1
Shihabudheen KV and Sheik Mohammed S
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Forecasting Methodology 4
1.3 AI-Based Prediction Methods 5
1.3.1 Single Prediction Methods 5
1.3.1.1 Linear Regression 5
1.3.1.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 7
1.3.1.3 Support Vector Regression (SVR) 8
1.3.1.4 Extreme Learning Machine 9
1.3.1.5 Neuro-Fuzzy Techniques 10
1.3.1.6 Deep Learning Techniques 11
1.3.2 Hybrid Prediction Methods 12
1.3.2.1 Combined AI-Based Prediction Techniques 12
1.3.2.2 Signal Decomposition Based Prediction Techniques 13
1.3.2.3 EMD Based Decomposition 14
1.3.2.4 Wavelet Based Decomposition 14
1.4 Results and Discussions 15
1.4.1 Description of Dataset 15
1.4.2 Performance Analysis of Single Prediction Methods for Load Forecasting 16
1.4.2.1 Feature Selection 16
1.4.2.2 Optimal Parameter Selection 17
1.4.2.3 Prediction Results of Single Prediction Methods 17
1.4.3 Performance Analysis of Hybrid Prediction Methods for Load Forecasting 17
1.4.4 Comparative Analysis 21
1.5 Conclusion 22
References 23
2 Energy Optimized Techniques in Cloud and Fog Computing 27
N.M. Balamurugan, TKS Rathish babu, K Maithili and M. Adimoolam
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Fog Computing and Its Applications 33
2.3 Energy Optimization Techniques in Cloud Computing 38
2.4 Energy Optimization Techniques in Fog Computing 42
2.5 Summary and Conclusions 44
References 45
3 Energy-Efficient Cloud Computing Techniques for Next Generation: Ways of Establishing and Strategies for Future Developments 49
Praveen Mishra, M. Sivaram, M. Arvindhan, A. Daniel and Raju Ranjan
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 A Layered Model of Cloud Computing 52
3.2.1 System of Architecture 53
3.3 Energy and Cloud Computing 54
3.3.1 Performance of Network 55
3.3.2 Reliability of Servers 55
3.3.3 Forward Challenges 55
3.3.4 Quality of Machinery 56
3.4 Saving Electricity Prices 56
3.4.1 Renewable Energy 57
3.4.2 Cloud Freedom 57
3.5 Energy-Efficient Cloud Usage 58
3.6 Energy-Aware Edge OS 58
3.7 Energy Efficient Edge Computing Based on Machine Learning 59
3.8 Energy Aware Computing Offloading 61
3.8.1 Energy Usage Calculation and Simulation 63
3.9 Comments and Directions for the Future 63
References 64
4 Energy Optimization Using Silicon Dioxide Composite and Analysis of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Characteristics 67
M.S. Kumaravel, N. Alagumurthi and P. Mathiyalagan
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Materials and Methods 69
4.3 Results and Discussion 72
4.3.1 XRD Analysis 72
4.3.2 SEM Analysis 73
4.3.3 Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) 73
4.3.4 Main Effects Graph 76
4.3.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 77
4.3.6 Confirmatory Test 78
4.4 Conclusion 80
Acknowledgement 80
References 80
5 Optimal Planning of Renewable DG and Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Considering Multiple Objectives Using PSO Technique for Different Scenarios 83
Balmukund Kumar and Aashish Kumar Bohre
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Literature Review for Recent Development in DG Planning and Network Reconfiguration 84
5.3 System Performance Parameters and Index 87
5.4 Proposed Method 88
5.4.1 Formulation of Multi-Objective Fitness Function 88
5.4.2 Backward-Forward-Sweep Load Flow Based on BIBC-BCBV Method 89
5.5 PSO Based Optimization 90
5.6 Test Systems 92
5.7 Results and Discussions 92
5.8 Conclusions 101
References 102
6 Investigation of Energy Optimization for Spectrum Sensing in Distributed Cooperative IoT Network Using Deep Learning Techniques 107
M. Pavithra, R. Rajmohan, T. Ananth Kumar, S. Usharani and P. Manju Bala
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 IoT Architecture 111
6.3 Cognitive Spectrum Sensing for Distributed Shared Network 113
6.4 Intelligent Distributed Sensing 115
6.5 Heuristic Search Based Solutions 117
6.6 Selecting IoT Nodes Using Framework 118
6.7 Training With Reinforcement Learning 119
6.8 Model Validation 120
6.9 Performance Evaluations 123
6.10 Conclusion and Future Work 125
References 126
7 Road Network Energy Optimization Using IoT and Deep Learning 129
N. M. Balamurugan, N. Revathi and R. Gayathri
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 Road Network 132
7.2.1 Types of Road 132
7.2.2 Road Structure Representation 134
7.2.3 Intelligent Road Lighting System 135
7.3 Road Anomaly Detection 139
7.4 Role of IoT in Road Network Energy Optimization 141
7.5 Deep Learning of Road Network Traffic 142
7.6 Road Safety and Security 142
7.7 Conclusion 144
References 144
8 Energy Optimization in Smart Homes and Buildings 147
S. Sathya, G. Karthi, A. Suresh Kumar and S. Prakash
8.1 Introduction 148
8.2 Study of Energy Management 150
8.3 Energy Optimization in Smart Home 150
8.3.1 Power Spent in Smart-Building 153
8.3.2 Hurdles of Execution in Energy Optimization 156
8.3.3 Barriers to Assure SH Technologies 156
8.4 Scope and Study Methodology 157
8.4.1 Power Cost of SH 158
8.5 Conclusion 159
References 159
9 Machine Learning Based Approach for Energy Management in the Smart City Revolution 161
Deepica S., S. Kalavathi, Angelin Blessy J. and D. Maria Manuel Vianny
9.1 Introduction 162
9.1.1 Smart City: What is the Need? 162
9.1.2 Development of Smart City 163
9.2 Need for Energy Optimization 166
9.3 Methods for Energy Effectiveness in Smart City 166
9.3.1 Smart Electricity Grids 166
9.3.2 Smart Transportation and Smart Traffic Management 169
9.3.3 Natural Ventilation Effect 172
9.4 Role of Machine Learning in Smart City Energy Optimization 173
9.4.1 Machine Learning: An Overview 173
9.5 Machine Learning Applications in Smart City 175
9.6 Conclusion 177
References 178
10 Design of an Energy Efficient IoT System for Poultry Farm Management 181
G. Rajakumar, G. Gnana Jenifer, T. Ananth Kumar and T. S. Arun Samuel
10.1 Introduction 182
10.2 Literature Survey 183
10.3 Proposed Methodology 187
10.3.1 Monitoring and Control Module 188
10.3.2 Monitoring Temperature 188
10.3.3 Monitoring Humidity 189
10.3.4 Monitoring Air Pollutants 189
10.3.5 Artificial Lightning 190
10.3.6 Monitoring Water Level 190
10.4 Hardware Components 190
10.4.1 Arduino UNO 190
10.4.2 Temperature Sensor 190
10.4.3 Humidity Sensor 191
10.4.4 Gas Sensor 192
10.4.5 Water Level Sensor 192
10.4.6 LDR Sensor 193
10.4.7 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) Modem 194
10.5 Results and Discussion 195
10.5.1 Hardware Module 195
10.5.2 Monitoring Temperature 196
10.5.3 Monitoring Gas Content 198
10.5.4 Monitoring Humidity 198
10.5.5 Artificial Lighting 198
10.5.6 Monitoring Water Level 198
10.5.7 Poultry Energy-Efficiency Tips 199
10.6 Conclusion 201
References 203
11 IoT Based Energy Optimization in Smart Farming Using AI 205
N. Padmapriya, T. Ananth Kumar, R. Aswini, R. Rajmohan, P. Kanimozhi and M. Pavithra
11.1 Introduction 206
11.2 IoT in Smart Farming 208
11.2.1 Benefits of Using IoT in Agriculture 208
11.2.2 The IoT-Based Smart Farming Cycle 209
11.3 AI in Smart Farming 210
11.3.1 Artificial Intelligence Revolutionises Agriculture 210
11.4 Energy Optimization in Smart Farming 211
11.4.1 Energy Optimization in Smart Farming Using IoT and AI 212
11.5 Experimental Results 215
11.5.1 Analysis of Network Throughput 216
11.5.2 Analysis of Network Latency 217
11.5.3 Analysis of Energy Consumption 218
11.5.4 Applications of IoT and AI in Smart Farming 219
11.6 Conclusion 220
References 221
12 Smart Energy Management Techniques in Industries 5.0 225
S. Usharani, P. Manju Bala, T. Ananth Kumar, R. Rajmohan and M. Pavithra
12.1 Introduction 226
12.2 Related Work 227
12.3 General Smart Grid Architecture 229
12.3.1 Energy Sub-Sectors 230
12.3.1.1 Smart Grid: State-of-the-Art Inside Energy Sector 230
12.3.2 EV and Power-to-Gas: State-of-the-Art within Biomass and Transport 231
12.3.3 Constructing Zero Net Energy (CZNE): State-of-the-Art Inside Field of Buildings 233
12.3.4 Manufacturing Industry: State-of-the-Art 234
12.3.5 Smart Energy Systems 235
12.4 Smart Control of Power 236
12.4.1 Smart Control Thermal System 236
12.4.2 Smart Control Cross-Sector 237
12.5 Subsector Solutions 238
12.6 Smart Energy Management Challenges in Smart Factories 239
12.7 Smart Energy Management Importance 240
12.8 System Design 241
12.9 Smart Energy Management for Smart Grids 241
12.10 Experimental Results 247
12.11 Conclusions 250
References 251
13 Energy Optimization Techniques in Telemedicine Using Soft Computing 253
R. Indrakumari
13.1 Introduction 253
13.2 Essential Features of Telemedicine 255
13.3 Issues Related to Telemedicine Networks 256
13.4 Telemedicine Contracts 257
13.5 Energy Efficiency: Policy and Technology Issue 258
13.5.1 Soft Computing 258
13.5.2 Fuzzy Logic 260
13.5.3 Artificial Intelligence 260
13.5.4 Genetic Algorithms 263
13.5.5 Expert System 263
13.5.6 Expert System Based on Fuzzy Logic Rules 264
13.6 Patient Condition Monitoring 266
13.7 Analysis of Physiological Signals and Data Processing 271
13.8 M-Health Monitoring System Architecture 272
13.9 Conclusions 275
References 276
14 Healthcare: Energy Optimization Techniques Using IoT and Machine Learning 279
G. Vallathan, Senthilkumar Meyyappan and T. Rajani
14.1 Introduction 280
14.2 Energy Optimization Process 281
14.3 Energy Optimization Techniques in Healthcare 283
14.3.1 Energy Optimization in Building 283
14.3.2 Machine Learning for Energy Optimization 284
14.3.3 Reinforcement Learning for Energy Optimization 286
14.3.4 Energy Optimization of Sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) 287
14.4 Future Direction of Energy Optimizations 288
14.5 Conclusion 289
References 289
15 Case Study of Energy Optimization: Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Minimization Using Genetic Algorithm 291
Pedram Asef
15.1 Introduction 292
15.2 Vehicle Modelling to Optimisation 295
15.2.1 Vehicle Mathematical Modelling 295
15.2.2 Vehicle Model Optimisation Process: Applied Genetic Algorithm 298
15.2.3 GA Optimisation Results and Discussion 301
15.3 Conclusion 305
References 305
About the Editors 307
Index 309
