Evidence-Based Orthopedics. Edition No. 2. Evidence-Based Medicine

Table of Contents

Contributors xv

Foreword xxix

Preface xxxi

Abbreviations xxxiii

Section I Methodology of Evidence-Based Orthopedics

1 Principles of Evidence-Based Orthopedics 3
Niek Van Der Hoek MD and Paul Tornetta III MD

2 Hierarchy of Evidence and Common Study Designs 7
Annie George BHSc, Ydo V. Kleinlugtenbelt MD PhD, and Kim Madden PhD

3 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 11
Joseph T. Patterson MD and Saam Morshed MD PhD MPH

4 Healthcare Recommendations: Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Approach 19
Mark Phillips BSc PhD, Cand

5 Outcomes and Their Interpretations 25
Leah Gitajn MD

6 Value-Based Orthopedics 31
Nathan N. O’Hara MHA and Daniel Mwayafu MBChB MMed

Section II Orthopedic Medicine

7 Critical Issues in Osteoporosis Management 39
Matthew Wong-Pack BHSc MD (Cand), Kyra Cummings, Arthur Lau MD FRCPC, and Jonathan D. Adachi MD FRCPC

8 Venous Thromboembolic Events 51
Ernest Kwek MBBS FRCS(Ed) and Richard E. Buckley MD FRCSC

9 Blood Transfusion 55
Seper Ekhtiari MD MSc, David W. Sanders MD FRCSC, and Jeffrey L. Carson MD

10 Wound Infections 59
Mark D. Hasenauer MD, Michael D. Hunter MD, Kyle J. Jeray MD, and Atul F. Kamath MD

11 Smoking Cessation 65
Paul E. Matuszewski MD, David Zuelzer MD, and Robert V. O’Toole MD

12 Perioperative Medical Management 71
Jennifer Muniak MD, Susan M. Friedman MD MPH, Joseph A. Nicholas MD MPH, and Daniel A. Mendelson MD MSc

13 Orthobiologics 75
John A. Buza III MD and Thomas A. Einhorn MD

14 Intimate Partner Violence 83
Sheila Sprague PhD, Taryn Scott MSW, Erika Arseneau MSc, Prism Schneider MD FRCSC, Andrew Furey MD FRCSC, Rudolf Poolman MD PhD, Emil Schemitsch MD, and Mohit Bhandari MD PhD

15 Pain Management in Orthopedic Surgery 91
Vishal Uppal MD FRCA and Harsha Shanthanna MD PhD

16 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression 99
Basem Attum MD and William Obremsky

17 Nutrition and Supplements in Orthopedic Care, 105
Martí Bernaus MD, Brad Petrisor MD MSc, Sofia Bzovsky MSc, and Sheila Sprague PhD

Section III Joint Reconstruction

III.I Hip and Knee

18 Outpatient Total Joint Arthroplasty 113
Michael Pollock BSc MSc and Brent Lanting MD

19 Hip Preservation 117
Ahmed El-Bakoury MBBS PhD, Asif A. H. Parkar MBBS, and James N. Powell MD

20 The Direct Anterior Approach 123
Thomas J. Wood MD and Brent Lanting MD MSc

21 Computer Navigation in Total Hip Arthroplasty 129
Aamer Malik MD PhD and Lawrence Dorr MD

22 Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene in Total Hip Arthroplasty 135
Glen Richardson MD MSc FRCSC and Michael J. Dunbar MD PhD FRCSC

23 Hip Resurfacing 141
Adam Hart MD MASc, Nikolaos Davarinos MD MSc, and John Antoniou MD PhD

24 Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty 147
Oliver Marin-Peña MD, Olga Pidgaiska MD, and Pedro Reis-Campos

25 Ceramic in Total Hip Arthroplasty 153
Peter M. Lewis MB BCh FRCS(Orth) and James P. Waddell MD FRCSC

26 Cement in Total Hip Arthroplasty 161
Jorge H. Nuñez MD, Tony Fraguas MD, Ernesto Guerra-Farfán MD, and Diego Collado MD

27 Head Size in Total Hip Arthroplasty 167
Francesc Angles MD, Jorge H. Nuñez MD, and Pablo Castillón MD

28 Dual Mobility in Total Hip Arthroplasty 173
Iñaki Mimendia MD, Maria Jurado MD, Ernesto Guerra-Farfán MD, and Victor BarroMDPhD

29 Trunnionosis 179
Christopher Del Balso MBBS MSc, Emil Schemitsch MD, and Brent Lanting MD MSc

30 Periprosthetic Hip Fractures 185
Lisa C. Howard MD, Bas A. Masri MD, Don S. Garbuz MD, and Clive P. Duncan MD

31 The Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty 191
Sebastián A. León MD, Xin Y. Mei MD, and Paul R. Kuzyk MD MASc

32 The Painful Total Hip Arthroplasty 199
Asif A. H. Parkar MBBS, Ahmed El-Bakoury MBBS PhD, and James N. Powell MD

33 Revision of the Femoral Component 205
Lisa C. Howard MD, Bas A. Masri MD, Don S. Garbuz MD, and Clive P. Duncan MD

34 Revision of the Acetabular Component 213
Nikolaos Davarinos MD MSc, Adam Hart MDCM MASc, and John Antoniou MD PhD

35 Antibiotic Cement in Total Knee Arthroplasty 221
Stephen M. Petis MD MSc FRCSC and Steven J. MacDonald MD FRCSC

36 Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty and Patellofemoral Resurfacing Arthroplasty 225
Waleed Albishi MBBS, Paul Jamieson MD, Ivan Kamikovski MD, and Geoffrey Dervin MD

37 Cemented versus Uncemented Fixation in Total Knee Arthroplasty 231
Thomas Turgeon MD FRCSC

38 Cruciate Retaining versus Posterior Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty 237
Michael G. Zywiel MD MSc FRCSC and Sarah Ward MD MLA FRCSC

39 Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty 243
Michael G. Zywiel MD MSc FRCSC, Rajiv Gandhi MD MSc FRCSC, and Nizar N. Mahomed MD ScD FRCSC

40 Mechanical versus Kinematic Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty 249
Pascal-André Vendittoli MD MSc, William Blakeney MBBS MSc MS FRACS, Charles Rivière, and Gene Dossett

41 Ligament Balancing in Total Knee Arthroplasty 253
Pascal-André Vendittoli MD MSc, Jihad Matta MD, Christophe Fornasieri MD, and William Blakeney MBBS MSc MS FRACS

42 Robotics in Total Knee Arthroplasty 259
Seper Ekhtiari MD MSc, Vickas Khanna MD, and Anthony Adili MD

43 Patient-Specific Instrumentation in Total Knee Arthroplasty 265
Seper Ekhtiari MD MSc, Luc Rubinger MD, Vickas Khanna MD, and Anthony Adili MD

44 Metal Allergy in Total Knee Arthroplasty 269
Evangelos Tyrpenou MD, Amit Atrey MD MSc FRCSC

45 Perioperative Management in Total Knee Arthroplasty 275
Sebastian M. Klim MD and Mathias Glehr MD

46 Arthrofibrosis following Total Knee Arthroplasty 279
Samuel T. Walters MBBS, Saket Tibrewal MBBS, and Jakob van Oldenrijk MD PhD

47 High-Flexion Implants in Total Knee Arthroplasty 285
Thomas J. Wood MD FRCSC and Douglas D. R. Naudie MD FRCSC

48 Venous Thromboembolism in Total Knee Arthroplasty 289
Harman Chaudhry MD MSc and Mitch Winemaker MD
FRCSC

49 Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Total Knee Arthroplasty 295
Pascal-André Vendittoli MD MSc, William Blakeney MBBS MSc MS FRACS, Ebru Oral, and Orhun Muratoglu

50 Exposure and Implant Options in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty 301
Felipe Moreira MD, Maria Jurado MD, and Marcelo Casaccia MD

51 The Painful Total Knee Arthroplasty 307
Jason Werle MD FRCSC, Kelly Johnston MD FRCSC, Nicholas Desy MD FRCSC, and Stuart Goodman MD
PhD FRCSC

52 Diagnosing the Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty 315
Mina Tohidi MD and John F. Rudan MD

53 Management of the Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty 321
Ewout S. Veltman MD and Dirk Jan F. Moojen MD PhD

54 Management of the Unstable Total Knee Arthroplasty 325
John Esposito MD FRCSC and James L. Howard MD MSc FRCSC

55 Stem Choices in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty 329
Pablo A. I. Slullitel MD, Gerard M. J. March MD FRCSC, and Paul R. Kim MD FRCSC

56 Periprosthetic Fractures: Knee 335
Jesse Wolfstadt MD MSc FRCSC and Aaron Nauth MD
MSc FRCSC

57 Femoral Bone Defects in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty 341
Adam Katchky MD MSc FRCSC and David J. Backstein MEd MD FRCSC

58 Management of Structural Defects in Revision Knee Arthroplasty: Tibial Side 349
Sebastián León MD, Jennifer Leighton MD FRCSC, Xin Y. Mei MD, and Paul R. Kuzyk MD MASc FRCSC

59 Patellar Options in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty 355
Jesse Wolfstadt MD MSc FRCSC and Paul Zalzal MASc MD FRCSC

III.II Shoulder

60 Implant Design Options in the Treatment of Shoulder Osteoarthritis 361
Chad Myeroff MD, Michael Knudsen MD, and Michael D.McKee MD FRCS(C)

61 Cement in Shoulder Arthroplasty 369
Midhat Patel MD and Niloofar Dehghan MD FRCSC

62 Management of Glenoid Bone Loss 375
Diego Soza MD, Montserrat García-Portabella MD, Lledó Batalla MD, and Josep Massons MD PhD

63 Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty 381
Mitchel D. Armstrong MD BMSc FRCSC, Bandar M. Assiry MBBS SB-orth, and Ryan T. Bicknell MD MSc FRCSC

64 Glenoid Components in Total Shoulder Arthroplasty 387
Eric Benson MD, George Athwal MD, and Kenneth Faber MD

65 Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Shoulder Arthroplasty 393
Peter Lapner MD FRCSC, Jay Keener MD, and Thomas Duquin MD

III.III Foot and Ankle

66 Ankle Osteoarthritis 401
Rosa Busquets MD PhD and Andrea Sallent MD

67 Osteoarthritis of the 1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint 407
Seper Ekhtiari MD MSc and Waleed Kishta MD PhD

68 Hallux Valgus 413
Sebastián Drago Perez MD and Cristian Ortiz Mateluna MD

69 Cavovarus Foot 419
Sebastián Drago Perez MD and Cristian Ortiz Mateluna MD

Section IV Trauma

IV.I General Trauma

70 Damage Control Orthopedics 425
Sascha Halvachizadeh MD, Paolo Cinelli PhD, Florin Allemann MD, Philipp Kobbe MD MHBA, and Hans-Christoph Pap MD

71 Open Fractures 431
Michael D. Hunter MD, Mark D. Hasenauer MD, Atul F. Kamath MD, and Kyle J. Jeray MD

72 The Mangled Extremity 437
Tiffany Huynh MD and Ted V. Tufescu MD FRCSC

73 Acute Compartment Syndrome 441
Aurelia Bihari PhD, Christopher Del Balso MBBS MSc FRCSC, and Abdel-Rahman Lawend MD
PhD FRCSC

74 Noninvasive Technologies for Fracture Repair 447
Natsumi Saka MD, Yoshinobu Watanabe MD PhD, and Takashi Matsushita MD DSc

75 Calcium-Based Bone Substitutes 451
Ross Leighton BSc MD FRCSC, Kelly Trask BEng MSc CCRP, Thomas A. Russell MD, Mohit Bhandari MD MSc, and Richard E. Buckley MD FRCSC

IV.II Shoulder Girdle and Upper Extremity

76 Scapula Fractures 457
Peter A. Cole MD and Lisa K. Schroder BS MBA

77 Sternoclavicular Joint 463
Annie Weber MD and Raymond A. Pensy MD

78 Clavicle Fractures 469
Chad Myeroff MD and Michael D.McKee MD FRCS(C)

79 Acromioclavicular Joint 475
Chad Myeroff MD and Michael D. McKee MD FRCS (C)

80 Proximal Humeral Fractures 481
Benjamin Kopp MD and David Ring MD PhD

81 Humeral Shaft Fractures 487
David J. Hak MD MBA FACS and Cyril Mauffrey MD FRCS FACS

82 Distal Humerus Fractures 491
Brandon Girardi MD, Emil H. Schemitsch MD, and Aaron Nauth MD MSc

83 Elbow Dislocations 499
Lisa C. Howard MD and Jason W. Pollock MD

84 Radial Head Fractures 505
James D. Spearman Jr MD MBA, David Ring MD PhD, and Lee M. Reichel MD

85 Olecranon Fractures 509
Michael C. Daly MD and Jesse B. Jupiter MD

86 Forearm Fractures 515
Habeeb Khan CCPA and Rudolf W. Poolman MD PhD

87 Distal Radius Fractures 521
Boris A. Zelle MD and Riikkaa E. Nomides MD

88 Carpal Dislocations 525
Carl Nunziato MD, Geert A. Buijze MD PhD, and David Ring MD PhD

89 Carpal Fractures 529
Bert Perey MD FRCSC, Emanuelle Villemaire-Côté MD FRCSC, and Francesc A. Marcano-Fernández MD
PhD

90 Metacarpal Fractures 537
Christina Ward MD

IV.III Pelvis and Lower Extremity

91 Pelvic Fractures 541
G. Yves Laflamme MD FRCS(c), Jonah Hébert-Davies MD
FRCS(c)c, and Dominique M.Rouleau MD MSc FRCS(c)

92 Acetabular Fractures 547
Juan Antonio Porcel Vázquez MD and Ernesto Guerra-Farfán

93 Hip Dislocations 553
Luis Felipe López MD, Carlos Prada MD MHSc, Brett D. Crist MD FACS, and Gregory J. Della Rocca MD PhD Facs

94 Femoral Head Fractures 559
Kevin D. Phelps MD, Joshua L. Gary MD, and Milton Lee “Chip” Routt Jr MD

95 Femoral Neck Fractures in Younger Patients 565
Malynda Wynn MD, Trevor Gulbrandsen MD, Michael Willey MD, and Matthew Hogue MD

96 Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly 571
Dylan McCreary BA, Brian P. Cunningham MD, and Marc Swiontkowski MD

97 Extracapsular Hip Fractures 577
Luke A. Lopas MD, Andrew F. Tyler MD PhD, and Samir Mehta MD

98 Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures 583
John Morellato BSc (Pharm) MBBS (Hons) FRCSC, Steven Papp BSc MSc MD FRCSC, Wade Gofton BSc MSc MD FRCSC, and Allan Liew BSc MD FRCSC

99 Femoral Shaft Fractures 589
Costas Papakostidis MD and Peter V. Giannoudis MD
Facs Frcs

100 Distal Femur Fractures 595
Graeme Hoit MD, Amir Khoshbin MD, and Rudolf W. Poolman MD PhD

101 Proximal Tibia Fractures 601
Daniel Axelrod MD, Richard Jenkinson MD MSc FRCSC, and Hans Kreder MD MPH FRCSC

102 Tibial Shaft Fractures 607
Taylor Yong MD MS, Ilda Molloy MD MS, and Leah Gitajn MD

103 Intra-Articular Distal Tibia (Pilon/Plafond) Fractures 613
Luc Rubinger MD, Seper Ekhtiari MD MSc, and Peter J. O’Brien MD

104 Malleolar Fractures 619
Daniel Axelrod MD and David W. Sanders MD FRCSC

105 Talus Fractures 625
Pablo Mery MD and Carlos Prada MD MHSc

106 Calcaneal Fractures 631
Richard E. Buckley MD FRCSC

107 Lisfranc Injuries 637
Robin R. Elliot MA FRCS, Nicholas B. Jorgensen MBBS, and Terrence S. Saxby MBBS FRACS

108 Fifth Metatarsal Fractures 643
Robin R. Elliot MA FRCS, Nicholas B. Jorgensen MBBS, and Terrence S. Saxby MBBS FRACS

Section V Spine

109 Mechanical Neck Pain 651
Kenneth Nwosu MD and Thomas Cha MD MBA

110 Whiplash 655
Eren O. Kuris MD and Alan H. Daniels MD

111 Cervical Radiculopathy and Myelopathy 659
Michael Fehlings MD PhD FACS FRCSC and Jetan Badhiwala MD

112 Mechanical Low Back Pain: Operative Management 665
Pranay Patel MD, Ian Buchanan MD, Zorica Buser PhD, and Jeffrey C. Wang MD

113 Mechanical Low Back Pain: Nonoperative Management 671
Kirkham Wood MD and Craig McMains MD

114 Neurogenic Claudication 677
Gregor Lønne MD PhD and Øystein Nygaard MD

115 Lumbar Radiculopathy 683
Daniel G. Tobert MD and James D. Kang MD

116 Adolescent and Adult Spinal Deformity: Nonoperative Management 687
Patrick Thornley MD and Colby Oitment MD
FRCSC

117 Adolescent and Adult Spinal Deformity: Operative Management 693
Peter G. Passias MD, Frank A. Segreto MD, Samantha R. Horn BA, and Cole A. Bortz BA

118 Metastatic/Myeloma Disease 699
Marco Ferrone MD and Justin Bulcher MSc

119 Spinal Infections 705
Stuart D. Kinsella MD MTR, Lauren B. Barton BS, and Andrew J. Schoenfeld MD MSc

Section VI Sports Medicine

VI.I General

120 Ergogenic Aids 713
Michael J. O’Brien MD

VI.II Shoulder

121 First Time Shoulder Dislocation 717
Dane Swinehart MD, Jordan Meiss MD, and Charles Cox MD

122 Recurrent Shoulder Instability 723
Joost I. P. Willems MD, Amber von Gerhardt MD, W. Jaap Willems MD, and Arthur van Noort MD PhD

123 Rotator Cuff Tears 729
Alberto Blanco MD, Montserrat García-Portabella MD, Lledó Batalla MD, and Josep Massons MD

124 Massive and Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears 735
Brandon J. Erickson MD and Joshua S. Dines MD

125 Subacromial Pain Syndrome 739
Egbert J. D. Veen MD and Ron L. Diercks MD

126 Pathology of the Long Head of the Biceps 743
Daniel Wang BA, David Ring MD PhD, and Matt Driscoll MD

127 Superior Labral Tears and Throwing Shoulder Injuries 749
Michael T. Freehill MD, Jacob M. Kirsch MD, Hiroyuki Sugaya MD, and Jon J. P. Warner MD

VI.III Elbow

128 Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Elbow 755
Frank G. J. Loeffen MD, Izaäk F. Kodde MD PhD, and Denise Eygendaal MD PhD

129 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) 761
Neeru Jayanthi MD

130 Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Elbow 769
Matthew Smith MD and Mitchel Obey MD

VI.IV Hip

131 Labral Tears 775
Chetan Gohal MD, Nolan S. Horner MD, and Marc R. Safran MD

132 Femoroacetabular Impingement 779
Marc J. Philippon MD, Ioanna K. Bolia MD, and Karen K. Briggs MPH

VI.V Knee

133 Initial Management of the Sports Injured Knee 783
Marc Aguilar Garcia MD, Carla Carbonell Rosell MD, and Joan Pijoan Bueno MD

134 Meniscal Tears 787
Nicola Maffulli MD MS PhD FRCS (Orth), Domiziano Tarantino MD, and Rocco Aicale MD

135 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries 793
Aaron Gazendam MD, Darren de SA MD, and Freddie Fu MD

136 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries 799
Chetan Gohal MD, Nolan S. Horner MD, Jihad Abouali MD, and John Theodoropoulos MD MSc

137 Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries 805
Domiziano Tarantino MD, Rocco Aicale MD, and NicolaMaffulli MD MS PhD FRCS (Orth)

138 Multiligamentous Knee Injuries 811
James P. Stannard MD and Hee Young Lee MD

139 Posterolateral Corner Injuries 815
Nolan S. Horner MD, Chetan Gohal MD, Olufemi R. Ayeni MD PhD, and Daniel B. Whelan MD MSc

140 Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis Procedures and the Anterolateral Ligament 819
Felipe Moreira MD, Merce Reverté MD PhD, Enric Castellet MD, and Joan Minguell MD PhD

141 Cartilage Lesions of the Knee 825
Mario Hevesi MD, Aaron J. Krych MD, and Daniël B. F. Saris MD PhD

142 Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner’s Knee) 831
Carlos Prada MD MHSc and Sebastián Irarrázaval MD

143 Osteotomy and Lower Extremity Realignment Procedures 837
Jayson Lian BA, Darren de SA MD, João V. Novaretti MD, and Volker Musahl MD

VI.VI Foot & Ankle

144 Ankle Ligament Injuries 843
Gwendolyn Vuurberg PhD, J. Nienke Altink BSc, Rover Krips MD PhD, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs MD PhD

145 Achilles Tendinopathy 849
Domiziano Tarantino MD, Rocco Aicale MD, and Nicola Maffulli MD MS PhD FRCS (Orth)

Section VII Wrist

146 Distal Radius Malunions 855
Muhanned Ali MD, Roberto S. Rosales MD PhD, and Isam Atroshi MD PhD

147 Distal Radial-Ulnar Joint 861
Nina Suh MD

148 Wrist Osteoarthritis 867
Randy Bindra MD

149 Rheumatoid Wrist Reconstruction 873
Warren Hammert DDS MD

150 Acute Scaphoid Fractures 877
Joseph J. Dias MD (Research) FRCS MBBS

151 Scaphoid Nonunions 883
Anne Eva J. Bulstra MD, Job N. Doornberg MD PhD, Myriam C. Obdeijn MD PhD, and Geert A. Buijze MD
PhD

152 Carpal Instability 889
Jessica B. Hawken MD and Aviram M. Giladi MD MS

153 Kienböck’s Disease 895
Simon B. M. MacLean and Gregory I. Bain

154 Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis 899
Jeremiah D. Johnson MD, Jennifer M. Brewer BA, and Jennifer Moriatis Wolf MD

Section VIII Hand

155 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Nonoperative Management 907
Thomas A. Miller MD FRCPC, Christopher Doherty MD
MPH FRCSC, and Douglas C. Ross MD MEd FRCSC

156 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Operative Management 913
Douglas C. Ross MD MEd FRCSC, Christopher Doherty MD MPH FRCSC, and Thomas A. Miller MD FRCPC

157 Carpal Tunnel Release: Minor Procedure Room or Operating Room? 917
Kevin Cheung MD and Hannah St Denis-Katz MD

158 Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis 921
Ryan Wolek MD, Steven McCabe MD MSc, and Matthew Furey MD MSc

159 Flexor Tendon Injuries: Surgical Management 925
Robert M. Szabo MD MPH and Shima Sokol MD

160 Flexor Tendon Injuries: Rehabilitation 931
Matthew McRae MD, Mark McRae MD, Daniel Waltho MD, and Jenny Santos MSc

161 Extensor Tendon Injuries 935
Noor Alolabi MD, Monica Alderson MSc, and Carolyn M. Levis MD MSc

162 Dupuytren’s Disease 947
Lauren Willoughby BMSc MD FRCSC, Daniel Waltho MD, Marta Karpinski BHSc, and Achilleas Thoma MD
MSc

163 Rheumatoid Hand Reconstruction 953
Kevin C. Chung MD MS, Oluseyi Aliu MD, and Sandra V. Kotsis MPH

164 Replantation 957
Serge Goekjian MD FRCS (C), Lucas Gallo BHSc MD (c), and Achilleas Thoma MD MSc

165 Ulnar Neuropathy 963
Christopher Doherty MD MPH FRCSC, Thomas A. Miller MD FRCPC, and Douglas C. Ross MD MEd FRCSC

166 Finger Fractures 969
Claire Ryan MD and David Ring MD PhD

Section IX Oncology

167 Radiation Therapy in Soft Tissue Sarcoma 975
Anthony Bozzo MD MSc, Aaron Gazendam MD, and Kurt R. Weiss MD

168 Chemotherapy in Soft Tissue Sarcoma 981
Robert J. Wilson ii MD, Jennifer L. Halpern MD, Jill Gilbert MD, Ginger E. Holt MD, Vicki L. Keedy MD, and Herbert S. Schwartz MD

169 Surgical Margins in Soft Tissue Sarcoma 993
Eugenia Schwarzkopf MD, Tomohiro Fujiwara MD, and John H. Healey MD

170 Allograft versus Megaprosthesis 999
Kelly C. Homlar MD, Robert J. Wilson ii MD, Jessica Rose Wilson MD MSCI, Jennifer L. Halpern MD, Herbert S. Schwartz MD, and Ginger E. Holt MD

171 Biopsy of Soft Tissue Masses 1005
Aaron Gazendam MD, Anthony Bozzo MD MSc, Casey Wang MD, and David Wilson MD MASc

172 Denosumab in Giant Cell Tumors of Bone 1011
Michael Parry MD and Robert Grimer MD

Section X Pediatrics

174 Cerebral Palsy 1029
Vedant Kulkarni MD

175 Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections 1035
Brice Ilharreborde MD, Cindy Mallet MD, and Dimitri Ceroni MD

176 Simple Bone Cysts 1041
Cristina Alves MD FEBOT, Inês Balacó MD, Marta Salom Taverner MD PhD, Thomas Wirth MD PhD, and Michiel Van De Sande MD PhD

177 Pediatric Clavicle Fractures 1047
Benton E. Heyworth MD and Nirav Pandya MD

178 Supracondylar Humerus Fractures 1053
Ravi Brar MD MPH, David Skaggs MD MMM, and Sanjeev Sabharwal MD MPH

179 Adolescent Spondylolisthesis 1061
Matthew E. Oetgen MD MBA and M. Timothy Hresko MD

180 Early Onset Scoliosis 1067
Jason Pui Yin Cheung MBBS MMedSc MS FHKAM (orth) FRCS(orth) FHKCOS(Edin), Susan Nelson MD
MPH, James O. Sanders MD, and Ron El-Hawary MD
MSc FRCS (C)

181 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip 1075
Emily K. Schaeffer PhD and Wudbhav N. Sankar MD

182 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease 1081
Benjamin Joseph MS Orth MCh Orth FRCS Ed and Hitesh Shah MS Orth

183 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 1087
Eduardo Novais MD and Randy Loder MD

184 Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures 1093
Matthew Winterton MD, Shital Parikh MD FACS, and Keith Baldwin MD MSPT MPH

185 Infantile Blount Disease 1099
Steven M. Rivero MD and Sanjeev Sabharwal MD MPH

186 Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries 1107
Lindsay Schlichte MS, Colleen Wixted BS, and Daniel Green MD MS FACS

187 Clubfoot 1113
Anna D. Vergun MD and Peter Moskal MD

188 Tarsal Coalitions 1119
Joseph Fox MD and Maryse Bouchard MD MSc

173 Outcomes in Pediatric Orthopedics 1019
Unni G. Narayanan MBBS MSc FRCS(C)

Index, 1125

Authors

Mohit Bhandari McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.